Chapters 1-3 For Proposal - Revised

Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
This ordinance is a manifestation of Tandag City’s support to the national
fight against smoking as the Department of Health declared its all-out fight
against tobacco. DOH Secretary Ona (2011) stressed that the DOH shall
continue to support the conduct of studies to provide quality data for more
informed policy development. The tobacco control concerted efforts will benefit
not only the youth of this generation but also the youth of the future. As the youth
are established to be more susceptible to smoking, it is crucial for them to have
an outlet where they can channel their issues and concerns so they can be
participate, cooperate, and help in the successful implementation of the
ordinance. Accordingly, this will keep them safe from the possible threats of
smoking.
To help the youth and the government, the researcher is motivated to
pursue this study. Exploring this topic is timely and it offers new significant
insights because it is a newly amended ordinance. Consequently, it means that
new results will be obtained and will offer new bases for an informed policy
improvement. It is hoped that with this study, the researcher will be able to
design a proposed intervention program relative to the findings of this study.
1
Theoretical Framework
This study is also based on Albert Badura’s Social Cognitive
Learning theory (1997 cited by Bektas, et, al., 2010). This theory states that the
social structure affects the health status as well as personal characteristics and
that in order to develop health it is not enough just to change the behaviors of an
individual but that it is also necessary to change the social systems in which the
individual operates. The theory emphasizes simultaneous and reciprocal effects
of environment and behavior, and suggests that behavior is affected by both
external stimuli and internal cognitive factors. Bandura, (1989) identified the
basic arguments of the theory as the following: a) People can learn the behaviors
of others through observation. b) Learning is an internal process which leads to
or does not lead to a change in behavior. c) The behavior is goal-oriented. e)
People can self-regulate their behaviors. They can learn how to control and take
responsibility of their behaviors. f) Punishment and reward affect a certain
behavior both directly and indirectly. Behaviors are more often affected by the
punishment or reinforcement obtained from previous experiences.
This study is anchored on the Ecological Models of Health Behavior (Nuru,
2014) which emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of behavior,
while incorporating social and psychological influences. Ecological models lead
to the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influence, thereby guiding the
2
development of more comprehensive interventions. The core concept of an
ecological model is that behavior has multiple levels of influences, often including
intrapersonal (biological, psychological), interpersonal (social, cultural),
organizational, community, physical environmental, and policy.
In the context of this study, ecological model suggests that public policy
can regulate or support healthy practices/actions. The implementation of the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance systematically target mechanisms of
change at several levels of influence. It is expected that smoking behavior
change will be maximized when environments and policies support healthful
choices, when social norms and social support for healthful choices are strong,
and when individuals are motivated and educated to make those choices. It is
important to note that motivation and skill in individual cannot be effective if
environment and policies unsupported. It is therefore timely to conduct this study
in order to determine how the ordinance affects the direct beneficiaries and the
vulnerable ones who are the youth.
This study is also based on the Health Belief Model by Rosenstock et., al.
(1994, cited by WHO, 2009) which states that changing a health behavior is
assumed to be related to the individual’s beliefs and perceptions about engaging
in adopting or stopping the behavior. According to this article, the key elements
that determine whether a smoker will quit include perceived susceptibility to the
3
consequences of smoking behavior, perceived severity of those consequences,
and perceived and actual barriers to change (e.g. costs of quitting, beliefs about
efficacy of treatment), as well as perceived benefits (decreased risk, better
health). In addition, cues to action that stimulate motivation and increase
readiness to change must be present to initiate a change in smoking behavior.
Integrating this theory in this study, it implies that the ordinance may serve
as a factor for change in the students’ smoking prevalence and perception. With
the provisions on penalty, the students will be warned about the consequences
they may face if they violate the ordinance. If the students perceive that they will
suffer consequences, smoking cessation will start. For those who are not into
smoking, possible instances of smoking will be avoided. Hence, it is an essential
component of this study to determine the level of policy awareness of the
students as this data will provide concrete evidence whether the ordinance has
been effectively disseminated or not. The result may also provide feedback and
allow discovery of loopholes in the ordinance that are needed to be addressed.
Another related theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior by Icek Ajzen
(as cited by Chang, 2017). It is used to elucidate health behaviors and guide
interventions, such as smoking cessation programs. This theory assumes that an
individual’s attitude, social norms and perceived control over a behavior influence
his intention to perform the behavior. That intention, in turn, predicts whether the
4
behavior will occur. According to the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory
of Planned Behavior, the individual’s intent to perform a behavior predicts the
occurrence of that behavior. Assuming this is true, the appeal is that if intention
influences behavior, then interventions can strategically identify and target
factors--in this case, attitudes, norms and perceived behavioral control about
quitting smoking--that influence intention.
Conceptual Framework
The Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City is a call for
students to become participative and responsible citizens through being aware of
the ordinance and being appreciative of its provisions. To attain such goal, it is
crucial to determine the effect of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance to
know how it affects or influences their smoking perceptions and habits. It is also
equally important to determine the perception of the respondents in the act of
smoking in relation to how they accept the rules and regulations implemented in
the ordinance. More importantly, it is essential to determine the problems in the
implementation of Ordinance No. 005-2016 and the corresponding measures
recommended so that appropriate actions may be planned for the success of the
program. Figure 1 presents these variables in the schematic diagram.
5
 Level of Policy
Personal Profile of Awareness
the Respondents
 Effect of the
 Age ordinance on the
 Gender students’ smoking
 Civil Status behaviors
 Program
 Problems Proposed
 Daily Allowance
Encountered in Intervention
the Program
implementation of
the ordinance
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework
6
The schematic diagram concisely shows the systematic progression of the
study. The first box shows the profile of the respondents, specifically their age,
gender, civil status, program, and daily allowance. This variable is important to
have an understanding of the common profile of the respondents as this will offer
significant implication on their responses. The second box encloses the Level of
Policy Awareness, Effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance in the
smoking behaviors of the respondents, and the problems in the implementation
Ordinance No. 005-2016. Lastly, the third box shows the measures
recommended which is to come up with a Proposed Intervention Program. The
researcher will formulate findings and conclusions which will be used to formulate
recommendations appropriate for improving the implementation policies.
Statement of the Problem
This study determines the effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance of Tandag City in the smoking behaviors of college students in Saint
Theresa College.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Personal profile

1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2 Gender;
7
1.1.3 Civil Status

1.1.4 Program; and
1.1.5 Daily Allowance?
2. What is the level of policy awareness among the respondents?
3. What is the effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance to the students’
smoking behaviors as perceived by them?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the level of policy awareness and
the effect of the ordinance to the students’ smoking behaviors?
5. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of Ordinance No.
005-2016?
6. What intervention program may be proposed based on the findings of the
study?
Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the level of policy
awareness and the effect of the ordinance to the students’ smoking behaviors.
Significance of the Study
This study may provide insight to the following individuals, groups or
sectors, in the academic and non-academic community:
Department of Health (DOH). The findings of the study shall offer
feedback and additional information that would be a useful tool in crafting

8
appropriate actions to help improve the implementation of the ordinance. In this
way, the DOH can determine what support they can give to strengthen the
implementation of the ordinance.
Local Government Unit of Tandag City (LGU). This study shall
determine how well the students are responding to the implementation of the
ordinance. Hence, it provides development implication that would be a significant
feedback to the policy makers and implementers.
Residents. The findings of this study shall give the readers, particularly
the Tandaganons, deeper and better understanding of the intention of passing
the ordinance. This will also provide encouragement to them to become active
partakers in the implementation of the ordinance in the city.
Parents. Through this study, the parents will attain a certain level of
awareness in the anti-smoking ordinance in the locality. This will ultimately
encourage them to commit themselves in accordance to the provisions of the
ordinance. Consequently, they can educate their children about the bad effects of
smoking. As parents, it is important to intervene early in order to prevent the
long-term negative consequences of smoking.
Students. They will be aware of the ordinance and they can show
involvement in the implementation of the ordinance by quitting smoking,
encouraging others to avoid smoking, and be responsible youths in the city.

9
Future researchers. This study can be a springboard for more
researches regarding anti-smoking. This serves as a stepping stone for
upholding developmental research relative to this study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is confined only at determining the effect of Comprehensive
Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City to the students’ smoking behaviors. The
current study will focus specifically on a limited number of students. It is limited
only to the college students of Saint Theresa College who are enrolled during the
second semester of academic year 2017-2018. In particular, this will be
conducted on November 2017.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally and conceptually defined for the
purpose of clarity and understanding:
Level of Policy Awareness. Refers to the students’ level of
understanding about the implementing guidelines of Ordinance No. 005-2016. It
is a function of information systems that provides users of that specific system
with accessible, understandable views of the policies associated with information
resources. Policy awareness provides representations of policies in order to
10
facilitate compliance with stated rules, and enables accountability when rules are
intentionally or accidentally broken (Beal, 2017).
Ordinance. Is a law passed by a municipal government. In this study, the
term ordinance is specifically used to refer to Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance of Tandag City.
Ordinance No. 005 series of 2016. Is otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. This ordinance
declares that it shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any
tobacco product, or use Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like, in all
forms of Public Conveyances, Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation
and Entertainment Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially enclosed
Public places, Public Building, and Public outdoor Spaces, except duly
designated smoking areas.
Perception about smoking. Refers to the thoughts, beliefs, or opinions,
held by the students regarding the act of smoking.
Problems in the implementation of the ordinance. Are the difficulties
that arise in the implementation Ordinance No. 005-2016.
Measures recommended. Are the possible solutions suggested to
address the problems that are found in the implementation of the ordinance.
11
Smoking behaviors. Are the actions taken by a person that are
associated with the burning and inhalation of a substance. In the context of this
study, it refers to the actual act of smoking, puffing style, depth of inhalation, and
rate and frequency of smoking.
12
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the literature and studies taken from books,
magazines and electronic devices done prior to this research. This will provide
the background and the current issues related to the research topic. It will also
offer enrichment to the basic concepts being established in this research.
Related Literature
Foreign
Smoking is bad for one’s health. It harms nearly every organ of the body.
Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is also responsible
for many other cancers and health problems. These include lung disease, heart
and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a
greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking is also bad for other people - they
breathe in the secondhand smoke and can get many of the same problems as
smokers do. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems. The
earlier you quit, the greater the benefit (NIH: National Cancer Institute, 2015).
Seymour (2017) agrees that quitting smoking reduces health risks. The
chances of having a stroke reduce to half of that of a non-smoker in 2 years, and
13
the same as a non-smoker in 5 years. Risks for cancers of the mouth, throat,
esophagus, and bladder drop by half within 5 years. The risk for lung cancer
drops by half after 10 years. A year after quitting smoking, the risk of a heart
attack is reduced by half. After 15 years, it is the same as someone who has
never smoked. Overall, once someone stops smoking, their health will improve
and their body will begin to recover.
It is fortunate that the war against Big Tobacco has made key strides in
many developed countries, where tobacco use is decreasing, and more and
more people enjoy legal protection from secondhand smoke. But that battle is
just getting under way in developing countries, where untold numbers face
growing risks. Smoking is expected to kill 1 billion in the twenty-first century,
according to the 2006 WHO Tobacco Atlas. Ideally, those working to limit
smoking will drum up the sustainable momentum that’s needed to stop that trend
in its tracks (Schmidt, 2007).
Moreover, the tobacco pandemic has been shifting from industrialized to
developing nations to increasingly involve women. The increase in tobacco use
among women has typically followed weakening social, cultural, and political
constraints, which have been exploited by multinational tobacco companies.
Evidence suggests that girls and women may be more inﬂuenced by beliefs
about weight control and self-image and by female friends or role models, and
14
that women smoke to cope with stress and negative feelings more than men do
(WHO, 2009).
To help achieve a large reduction in smoking in the 2010s or 2020s,
governments, health professionals, journalists, and other opinion leaders should
appreciate the full eventual hazards of smoking cigarettes from early adulthood,
the substantial benefits of stopping at various ages, the eventual magnitude of
the epidemic of tobacco-attributable deaths if current smoking patterns persist,
and the effectiveness of tax increases and other interventions to reduce cigarette
consumption (Jha and Peto, 2014).
Local
Times do change. Smoking incidence is dropping rapidly among the upper
classes, and is seen as almost vulgar. But the middle and lower classes still think
it’s glamorous to smoke. Among young people in the outsourcing industry (for
example, call centers), smoking incidence is also very high, and is seen as a way
of reducing work-related stress (Tan, 2014).
Statistics shows that the Philippines ranks 15th out of the 23 countries in
the Western Pacific with youth smokers. In the report made by the World Health
Organization (WHO)’s Global Youth and Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2005-2014,
13.7 percent of students aged 13 to 15 years surveyed in the Philippines
admitted to being “current tobacco users” (Crisostomo, 2016).

15
A Sunstar news report (2016) cited the Youth and Tobacco in the Western
Pacific Region: Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2005-2014 of the World
Health Organization (WHO) revealing that one in every eight Filipino aged 13–15
years old have been found to be puffing tobacco products. According to the latest
GYTS report of the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office (WPRO), 13.7 percent
of those aged 13 to 15 years old in the Philippines are using tobacco products.
Similarly, the National Youth Commission (NYC) is alarmed by the rising
number of youth smokers in the country and called on the government to
significantly increase tobacco prices to make these less accessible to teens. The
group also cited the low price of cigarettes here in the Philippines as a reason
behind smoking addiction among young people. NYC called on the government
to strengthen the imposition of the current ban on selling tobacco products to
minors, as well as to pass House Bill 5727, which significantly increases the
prices of these items (Aragones, ABS-CBN News, 2012).
Smoking among youth is not only the problem. Smoking has also been
increasing among women. In the Philippines, the number of women who smoke
is constantly on the rise. It is a phenomenon that, in recent years, smoking
seems to affect the youngest most of all: 30% of girls between the ages of 13
and 15 smoke regularly. According to a recent study conducted by the Southeast
Asia Tabacco Control Alliance, 18.7% of Filipino young women between the ages
16
of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The numbers go up if the sample is restricted to
teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10 already have the smoking habit.
Among female smokers, 60% say that they smoked their first cigarette at the age
of 18, while the remaining 40% say they started when they were still very young
(Digal .2008).
Malacañang is reportedly finalizing an executive order that will impose a
nationwide smoking ban. The prohibition, officials say, will be patterned after the
ban in President Duterte’s home city of Davao. The President has said he
opposes even smoking areas inside buildings, such as those in airports, since
the smoke still seeps out of the rooms. This is good news for public health.
Children, the elderly and ailing are particularly vulnerable to the sickening effects
of second-hand smoke. Numerous forms of illnesses including tuberculosis and
cancer have been linked to smoking. Studies have also shown that it raises the
risks of a heart attack or stroke. Experts have stressed that stopping smoking
adds several years to life (The Philippine Star, 2016).
Tan (2014) emphasizes that cooperation has to be done to stop young
people from picking up the habit. That includes e-cigarettes, which may be
smokeless but whose main ingredient is the highly addictive nicotine. If people
don’t work harder on reducing the number of young smokers, the costs of caring
for their smoking-related illnesses will be tremendous.
17
Related Studies
Foreign
A study by Hugo et, al (2015) revealed that cigarette smoking constitutes
a significant health hazard in college students in Douala. Youth population and
especially male students should be continuously targeted by preventive
measures and sensitization campaigns against tobacco use. Parents should be
aware on the influence of their smoking behavior on initiation of smoking in their
children and should be encouraged to quit smoking.
Malak’s study (2002) investigated the prevalence of smoking and to
describe the habits, attitudes, and practices related to smoking among students
of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan. The study
revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 28.6% (50.2% among males and
6.5% among females). Friends, not family, were the main source of the first
smoking, and this most often occurred after 15 years of age (82.3%). Males
preferred smoking in the cafeteria, females in the bathroom. The main advantage
of smoking for males was calming down, while for females it was independence.
Non-smokers chose not to smoke because of health and hatred of the habit. The
non-smokers had more positive attitudes against smoking and were more aware
of the adverse effects of smoking.
18
The reasons smokers gave for starting smoking were pleasure, followed
by stress and curiosity. Two-thirds of smokers intended to quit smoking in the
future. Some smokers disagreed with some criticisms against smoking, and
reasons why they did not want to quit included social attitudes, addiction, and not
knowing how to quit.
Another study by Taheri et, al. (2015) aimed to investigate the prevalence
of cigarette smoking and the related factors among the students of medical
sciences in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Among the
students, 18.3% reported having ever tried or experienced with cigarette
smoking. The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 9.8% with significant
differences in prevalence rates by gender, 17.6% among males and 4.2% among
females. Starting and continuing smoking was significantly correlated with the
family cigarette consumption habits. The most common reason to start smoking
was friends (24.9%) and the most important reason to continue smoking was
personal life distress (17.6%). The majority of participants (92.3%) reported that
they were aware of the hazards of smoking. A significant difference regarding
awareness of smoking hazards was observed between smokers and non-
smokers. The most important preventive factor for cigarette smoking was
religious beliefs (69.1%).
19
Page’s study (2005) aimed to assess the perceptions of the prevalence of
peer cigarette smoking in samples of high school students from three Southeast
Asian countries and to examine the association of these perceptions to self-
reported personal use of cigarettes. Results revealed that perceptions of the
prevalence of peer smoking were generally characterized by the perception that
most students do not smoke. However, a significant percentage of students held
the perception that most students were current smokers. Students who held this
perception were at increased risk of being current smokers relative to those who
believed most students were not current smokers. The results of this study imply
that public health programs may benefit from health promotion interventions
which focus on dispelling misconceptions that most youth smoke cigarettes.
Dao’s study (2010) on smoking behaviors of adolescents and youth in
Chilinh, Haiduong reveals that smoking behavior is more common among males
than for females. In general, the prevalence of current smoker is totally different
by age groups and by gender. Smoking seemed not to be an urgent problem for
female adolescent youth at Chililab. To sum up, factors that should be tackled to
reduce smoking prevalence in this group are: peer’s factor which is having close
friends who smoke, family’s factor which is having a brother who smokes, and
individual factors which are: alcohol use, premarital sex, do not aware of the
harmfulness of tobacco, and living in poor family. Therefore, not only tobacco but
also other individual risk factors (alcohol us, premarital sex) as well as peer
20
network and information, education, communication) should be concerned in the
intervention’s activities.
Local
Aguillon, and Romano’s study (2012) determined the effects of the extent
of exposure to anti-smoking advertisements and the recall of National Capital
Region (NCR) male high school students to their perceptions of and attitudes
toward smoking. Results found out that three in ten NCR male high school
students had tried smoking at ages 12 to 14 years. There was a high general
perceived susceptibility and severity of having smoking-related diseases among
the NCR male high school students. The general attitude of the students toward
smoking was either positive or negative (neutral). The study also found out that
there was a weak correlation between the NCR male high school students’
exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements and their perceptions of
and attitudes towards smoking.
A study by Bautista and Pring (2011) assessed the primary reasons for
smoking among female students as well as their level of awareness on its health
hazard. Specifically, the study discussed the smoking habit, reasons for initiation
of smoking, level of awareness on the health hazard and the health risk to
women and the major diseases caused by smoking. Based from the findings, the
study disclosed that the habit of smoking started as early as adolescence and
21
continued until adulthood. Socio-cultural factors such as peer and parents
influence motivated the young female to start smoking. Meanwhile, availability
and affordability of cigarettes made easier for the female for the female smokers
to start smoking. Likewise, they were fully aware of the hazardous effects of
smoking to health although the specific effects to childbearing women were not
known to them.
Sarmiento (2009) conducted a study which provides updated data on
women and young girls smoking experience and behavior, awareness to
smoking ban and advertisements, attitude and beliefs on smoking, smoking
prevalence and smoking behavior of the respondent’s family. The results of the
quantitative and qualitative analysis, revealed the extent of smoking is increasing
among girls in the Philippines. Cigarettes in the Philippines are widely available
and accessible and young girls find it easy to acquire cigarettes preferring
manufactured brands. The qualitative research also supports the notion that
mixed forms of tobacco promotions flourish in this country due to weak control on
penalty measures, that cigarette packs should contain more health information,
and that the government should implement pictorial health warnings which are
more effective in reducing smoking among young people, with a high level of
perception that cigarette companies lie about the dangers of smoking.
22
Another study by Florendo (2014) which deals on the smoking behavior
among college students and its correlates to anxiety revealed that most of the
participants are in their adolescence stage, male dominated, received minimal
allowance, have parents with high educational attainment, and their parents’ jobs
require physical labor. Results showed that peer, familial, mass media,
environmental factors respectively except for the teacher factor had considerable
impact on the smoking behavior of the participants. Findings indicated that most
of the smokers have a high level of anxiety. Anxiety is significantly related to the
developmental stage when one started smoking and sticks he/she consumed per
day. An intervention program aimed at reducing anxiety and cigarette smoking
among students need further research.
According to Punzalan’s, et, al. (2013) study, tobacco use in the
Philippines is still prevalent at 31% and is predominantly composed of males in
the 20-29 age groups. Current smoking is highest among rural dwellers and
among individuals with elementary education, while majority of women and
college level respondents are never smokers.
Insights gained:
The literatures emphasized the urgency of quitting smoking in as early as
now. Medical experts advise smokers to stop smoking to keep away from health
risks and extend years in their life span.
23
Majority of the surveys conducted by World Health Organization and the
National Government reveal an alarming statistics on the increase of fatality due
to smoking.. This data is common even among countries worldwide. However,
developed countries have shown a declining rate of smoking prevalence in these
countries and risks of smoking have channeled to developing countries like the
Philippines.
It is also interesting to note that there has also been a trend of increase
among youth smokers and among women. Statistics shows that Filipino youth
starts smoking in as early as 13 years old and a growing number of young
professionals are also into smoking.
Fortunately, the government continues to exert efforts to address the
problem. From the National Government down to the LGUs, smoking cessation
programs have been implemented. With proper monitoring through researches
such as this academic undertaking, the ordinance will improve and will hopefully
address the improvement of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.
24
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter establishes the viability of the study. It presents and
discusses the Research Design, Research Locale, Research Respondents,
Sampling Procedure, Data Gathering Procedure, Research Instrument, Statistical
Treatment, and the Scoring.
Research Design
The researcher will utilize the descriptive method of research to determine
the level of policy awareness, effect of comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance in
the perception and smoking behaviors of the respondents, the problems in the
implementation ordinance no. 005-2016 and the measures recommended to
improve some loopholes in the ordinance.
Research Locale
This study will be conducted in Saint Theresa College, Tandag City,
Surigao del Sur. Saint Theresa College is a non-sectarian private school located
at Rizal St. Corner Magsaysay St., Tandag City, Surigao del Sur. It was
established in the year 1916 and just had its centennial celebration last year.
Presently, the school offers Kindergarten, Elementary, Junior High School,
Senior High School, Baccalaureate and Graduate Studies.
25
Figure 2. Spot Map of Saint Theresa College
26
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study are the students of Saint Theresa College,
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur. They are all from the college department who are
enrolled in the second semester of Academic Year 2017-2018. Table 1 shows
the distribution of respondents in detail.
Table 1
Distribution of Respondents in Saint Theresa College by Department
Name of Department N n
College of Information Technology (CIT) 78 26

College of Teacher Education (CTE) 142 50
College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) 50 18
College of Accountancy (COA) 63 21
College of Business and Management
180 63
Education (CBME)
College of Criminology (COC) 245 84
758 262
Total
Sampling Procedure
The sampling method to be used to determine the number of respondents
is the stratified proportional random sampling followed by simple random
sampling through fishbowl technique. The students will specifically be determined
in reference to the list obtained from the College Secretary.
27
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher will ask permission from the Schools Division
Superintendent of Tandag City, the President of Saint Theresa College and the
College deans before the administration of the instrument to the respondents.
Once granted, the researcher will personally administer the questionnaires and
retrieve the questionnaires on the same day they are to be administered to
ensure 100% retrieval. After this, the gathered data will be tabulated, interpreted
and analyzed.
Research Instrument
A standardized questionnaire will be used in the study. It is adapted from
the study of Dr. Chona Q. Sarmiento (2009). It is a seven-page questionnaire
divided into five parts. Part I identified the personal profile of the respondents
which includes their age, sex, civil status, college department, and monthly
income. It also deals on the Smoking Behavior profile of the respondents.
Part II required the respondents to describe the Level of their awareness
in the implementation of Ordinance No. 005-2016 (The Comprehensive Anti-
Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City).
Part III is about Effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance in
Students’ Smoking Behavior. In a five point scale rating, the respondents were
28
asked to read the statements and indicate their perception by checking the space
provided for each item.
Part IV dealt on recognizing the problems encountered in the
implementation of the ordinance. The respondents were asked to read
statements about the problems which are likely to occur in the implementation of
the program. They have to evaluate the seriousness of the problems on the basis
of their own observation and/or personal experience.
Statistical Treatment
The data gathered will be analyzed and interpreted using the following
statistical treatments:
1. Frequency count and Percentage Rank – This will be used to
determine the profile of the respondents.
2. Weighted Mean – This will be used to determine the Level of Policy
Awareness, Effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance in the
smoking behaviors of the respondents, and the problems encountered
in the implementation Ordinance No. 005-2016.
3. Pearson R Correlation – This statistical treatment will test the
significant difference between the level of policy awareness and the
effect of the ordinance to the students’ smoking behaviors.
29
Table 2
Scoring and Adjectival Rating (Descriptor)
Adjectival Rating (Descriptor)

Effect of Problems in the Measures
Scale Range Level of
Comprehensiv implementation recommended
Policy
e Anti-Smoking
Awareness
Ordinance
4.20- Most
5 Most Aware Strongly agree Most Serious
5.00 recommended
3.40- Moderately More
4 Much Aware More Serious
4.19 agree recommended
2.00- Less
3 Less Aware Agree Less Serious
3.39 recommended
1.50- Least
2 Least Aware Disagree Least Serious
2.59 recommended
1.00- Strongly Not
1 Not Aware Not Serious
1.79 Disagree recommended
30
References Cited
Aguillon, J. &Romano, P(2012). SMOKECHECK: A study on the effects of NCR

male high school students’ exposure to and recall of anti-smoking
advertisements to their perceptions of and attitudes towards smoking,
Unpublished Thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass
Communication. Retrieved from iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/.../Aguillon
%2CJoyce_Mendoza%26Romano%2CPrecious_Barre..
Aragones, S. (2012). Number of youth smokers rising: group. ABS-CBN News.

Retrieved from http://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/16/12/number-youth-
smokers-rising-group
Bautista, J.R. and Cecilia .C. Pring. (2011). Epidemiological Study Of Smoking
Among Female Students In Batangas City. Retrieved from
research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/.../EISRJ-
Epidemiological_Study_Of_Smoking_Among..
Beal, V. (2017). Policy Awareness. Retrieved at

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/policy_awareness.html
Bektas et.al. (2010). (An Approach to Children's Smoking Behaviors Using Social
Cognitive Learning Theory (PDF Download Available). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49660244_An_Approach_to_Chi
ldren
%27s_Smoking_Behaviors_Using_Social_Cognitive_Learning_Theory
[accessed Oct 23 2017].
Chang, A. (2017). Theory of Planned Behavior & Smoking. Retrieved from

https://www.livestrong.com/article/221185-theory-of-planned-behavior-
smoking/
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance No.005-2016. Retrieved from Tandag

City Hall.
Crisostomo, S. (2016). Phl 15th among 23 Western Pacific countries with youth
smokers. Retrieved from
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/03/1599054/phl-15th-among-
23-western-pacific-countries-youth-smokers
31
Dao, H.P. (2010). Smoking behaviors of adolescents and youth in chilinh,

haiduong–a Province in the north of vietnam. risk and protective factors.
Retrieved from
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/h/hai+duong+province.html
Department of Health. (2016). Smoking Cessation Program. Retrieved from

http://www.doh.gov.ph/smoking-cessation-program.
Digal, S. (2008). Philippines: teenage smoking at alarming levels. Retrieved from

http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Philippines:-teenage-smoking-at-
alarming-levels-13937.html
Florendo, H.B. (2014). Cigarette-Smoking Behavior Correlates with High Anxiety

among University Students. Retrieved from
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=2662
Hugo, B., Mbatchou Ngahane, Huguette Atangana Ekobo, and Christopher

Kuaban. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking
among college students: a cross-sectional study in Douala, Cameroon.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4685632/
Jha, P. and Richard Peto. (2014). Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of
Taxing Tobacco. Retrieved at
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1308383#t=article
Malak, M.Z. (2002).Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among

university students in Jordan. Retrieved from
http://www.journalofnursingstudies.com/article/S0020-7489(02)00016-
0/abstract
NIH: National Cancer Institute. (2015). Smoking . Retrieved from

https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html
Nuru, H. (2014). Ecological model. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/acchank/ecological-model.
Ona, E.T. (2011). Foreword. Philippines Country Report Global Youth Tobacco
Survey (GYTS). Retrieved from
www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/gyts/en/
Page, R.M., Emilia Patricia Zarco, Jiraporn Suwanteerangkul, Ching Mei-Lee,

Nae-Fang Miao and Jerry Taylor. (2005). Perceptions of the prevalence
32
of cigarette Smoking by peers: a study of taiwanese, filipino, and thai high

school students. Retrieved from
www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2005_36_5/42-3554.pdf
Punzalan, FE. R, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, and Eugene B. Reyes. Smoking

Burden in the Philippines. Retrieved from
actamedicaphilippina.com.ph/sites/default/files/fulltexts/vol-47-no-3-
smoking.pdf
Sarmiento, (2009). Smoking in girls and young women in the philippines.

Retrieved from
https://seatca.org/.../8_smoking_in_girls_and_young_women_in_the_phili
ppines.pdf
Schmidt, C.W. (2007). A Change in the Air: Smoking Bans Gain Momentum
Worldwide. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940108/
Seymour, T.(2017). Why is smoking bad for you? Retrieved from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php.
Sunstar. (2016). 14% of Filipino youth found smoking. Retrieved from

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/06/29/14-filipino-
youth-found-smoking-482269
Taheri, E., Ahmad Ghorbani, Maryam Salehi,and Hamid Reza Sadeghnia.

(2015). Cigarette Smoking Behavior and the Related Factors Among the
Students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341359/
Tan, M.L. (2014). Young smokers. Retrieved from
http://opinion.inquirer.net/71814/young-smokers#ixzz4wN6yrrwa
The Philippine Star. (2016). Editorial - Smoke-free Philippines. Retrieved from

http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2016/10/17/1634346/editorial-smoke-
free-philippines
The Tobacco Atlas. (2015). Smoking Among Youth. Retrieved from
http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/smoking-among-youth/
World Health Organization, (2009). Health Belief Model. Gender, Women, and
the Tobacco Epidemic: 8. Quitting Smoking and Beating Nicotine
Addiction. Retrieved from
www.who.int/tobacco/publications/gender/women_tob_epidemic/en/
33
Appendix A
Survey Questionnaire
THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING ORDINANCE OF TANDAG: ITS

EFFECT TO SMOKING BEHAVIORS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS
Name (Optional) _____________________________________
I. Profile of the Respondents

Direction: Kindly answer the following by filling only the blank and/or checking marks
inside the blank provided for each item.
1.1 Age:
_____ 15 to 19 years old
_____ 31 years old and above
1.2 Gender: _____ Male _____ Female
1.3 Civil status:

_____ Single
_____ Married
_____ Widowed
others, please specify _______________
1.4 Program:
_____ College of Information Technology (CIT)
_____ College of Teacher Education (CTE)
_____ College of Arts and Sciences (CAS)
_____ College of Accountancy (COA)
_____ College of Business and Management Education(CBME)
_____ College of Criminology (COC)
others, please specify _______________
1.5 Daily Allowance:

_____ 1.00-50.00
_____ 51.00--100.00
_____ 101.00-150.00
_____ 151.00 and above
ll. Level of Policy Awareness of Ordinance No. 005-2016 (The Comprehensive

Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City)
34
Direction: The items below describe the Level of your awareness in the
implementation of Ordinance No. 005-2016 (The Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance of Tandag City). Please indicate your perception on the appropriate
criteria below by checking the space provided for each item. Please use the rating
scale corresponding to the descriptive category indicated below.
5- Most Aware
4- Much Aware
3- Less Aware
2- Least Aware
1- Not Aware
Policy Awareness 5 4 3 2 1
1. It is unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of
any tobacco product, or use any Electronic Device
Systems, Shisha and the like.
2. Smoking is not allowed in all forms of public conveyances,
Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation and
entertainment Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or
Partially Enclosed Public Places, Public building, and
Public Outdoor Spaces.
3. A designated smoking area is where a person is allowed
to smoke without violating this ordinance.
4. Every smoking area shall have highly visible and
prominently displayed “smoking area” sign and a graphic
depiction and corresponding explanation of the ill effects
of smoking to the smoker’s health or exposure to second-
hand smoke.
5. Government and private establishments should post and
display 8x13 inches “this is a non-smoking establishment
sign at all entrances. “No Smoking” signs should be
displayed in the most visible locations in the area where
smoking is prohibited.
6. It is prohibited to knowingly allow or tolerate smoking any
tobacco product.
7. Ashtrays or any receptacles for dispensing cigarette
refuse should be removed from establishments where
smoking is prohibited.
8. Selling of cigarettes or any tobacco product is strictly
prohibited in a non-smoking area.
9. Penalty for first offense is P1,000.00
10. Penalty for second offense is P2, 000.00 or two months
imprisonment or both at the discretion of the court.
11. Penalty for third and subsequent offense is P5,000.00 or
four months imprisonment or both at the discretion of the
35
court.
12. In case of a minor, the City Social Welfare and
Development officer shall meet with the child and his/her
parents or guardians for proper smoking cessation
counseling.
13. For every apprehension, a cash award of 30% of the
penalty actually paid shall be given to the deputized
enforcer.
14. Should the apprehension be based on a tip or text
message from a civilian, the cash award of 10% of the
penalty actually paid shall be given to the civilian and 20%
to the deputized officer.
15. Person violating this ordinance shall be allowed to pay
P500.00 to the City treasurer’s office to avoid being
criminally prosecuted within 3 days from apprehension.
lll. Effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance in Students’ Smoking

Behavior
Direction: The items below describe the effect of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance in your smoking behaviors. Please indicate your perception on the
appropriate criteria below by checking the space provided for each item. Please use the
rating scale corresponding to the descriptive category indicated below.
5 – Strongly Agree 2 – Disagree

4 – Moderately Agree 1 – Strongly Disagree
3 – Agree
Effects 5 4 3 2 1
1. I will never try to smoke a cigarette, even with just a few
puffs
/I will never smoke again

2. I will encourage other people not to smoke
3. I will not tolerate smoking any tobacco product.
4. I will support the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance
5. I will report persons violating the ordinance
6. I will volunteer myself in activities related to anti-smoking

campaigns
7. I will keep myself free from secondhand smoke
36
8. I will not sell or buy cigarettes or any tobacco product

especially in a non-smoking area.
9. I will help spread the word about the ordinance
10. It is now easy for me to never try smoking
/I will try to cease my smoking habits

11. If one of my best friends or family members were to offer
me a cigarette, I will not accept it
12. I will notice health warnings on cigarette packages and

keep them in mind
13. I will not accept even free sample of cigarettes
14. I will not use or wear something that has a cigarette name
or logo on it, like a t-shirt or hat
15. I believe that banning tobacco sales to minors is an

effective way to reduce smoking among young people in
the country
lV. Problems in the implementation of Ordinance No. 005-2016 (The

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City)
Direction: The items below describe the problems in the implementation
of Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance in Tandag City. Please
indicate your perception on the appropriate criteria below by checking the
space provided for each item. Check on the problems enumerated below
according to the level of seriousness.
5 – Most serious 2 – Least serious

4 – More serious 1 – Not serious at all
3 – Less serious
Problems 5 4 3 2 1
1. The people are not aware of the ordinance.
2. Negative attitude of the people.
3. There is no strict implementation of the ordinance.
4. Hesitance of civilians to report violators.
5. The ordinance is not being monitored.
6. The penalty is not clearly stated and the public does not
know it well.
7. Lack of signage (tarpaulin, sign boards, leaflets, etc.) in
non-smoking areas.
8. Conduct of conferences with the people is minimal.
37
9. There is a few personnel implementing the ordinance.
10. Lack of advocacy to increase community participation.
THANK YOU, YOU HAVE FINISHED. Thank you very much for your
help. Please check to see that you have answered all the questions. Please
hand the survey questionnaire back to the researcher. As a reminder, all of
your answers will be kept strictly confidential. If you have any questions,
please ask the researcher.
38
39

Chapters 1-3 For Proposal - Revised

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapters 1-3 For Proposal - Revised

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapters 1-3 For Proposal - Revised

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

This ordinance is a manifestation of Tandag City’s support to the national

are established to be more susceptible to smoking, it is crucial for them to have

participate, cooperate, and help in the successful implementation of the

To help the youth and the government, the researcher is motivated to

insights because it is a newly amended ordinance. Consequently, it means that

design a proposed intervention program relative to the findings of this study.

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

This study is also based on Albert Badura’s Social Cognitive

individual operates. The theory emphasizes simultaneous and reciprocal effects

of environment and behavior, and suggests that behavior is affected by both

of others through observation. b) Learning is an internal process which leads to

or does not lead to a change in behavior. c) The behavior is goal-oriented. e)

responsibility of their behaviors. f) Punishment and reward affect a certain

punishment or reinforcement obtained from previous experiences.

This study is anchored on the Ecological Models of Health Behavior (Nuru,

2014) which emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of behavior,

while incorporating social and psychological influences. Ecological models lead

to the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influence, thereby guiding the

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

development of more comprehensive interventions. The core concept of an

intrapersonal (biological, psychological), interpersonal (social, cultural),

organizational, community, physical environmental, and policy.

can regulate or support healthy practices/actions. The implementation of the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance systematically target mechanisms of

change at several levels of influence. It is expected that smoking behavior

change will be maximized when environments and policies support healthful

important to note that motivation and skill in individual cannot be effective if

environment and policies unsupported. It is therefore timely to conduct this study

vulnerable ones who are the youth.

assumed to be related to the individual’s beliefs and perceptions about engaging

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

consequences of smoking behavior, perceived severity of those consequences,

efficacy of treatment), as well as perceived benefits (decreased risk, better

health). In addition, cues to action that stimulate motivation and increase

readiness to change must be present to initiate a change in smoking behavior.

smoking, possible instances of smoking will be avoided. Hence, it is an essential

component of this study to determine the level of policy awareness of the

allow discovery of loopholes in the ordinance that are needed to be addressed.

Another related theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior by Icek Ajzen

interventions, such as smoking cessation programs. This theory assumes that an

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

of Planned Behavior, the individual’s intent to perform a behavior predicts the

influences behavior, then interventions can strategically identify and target

quitting smoking--that influence intention.

The Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City is a call for

students to become participative and responsible citizens through being aware of

crucial to determine the effect of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance to

equally important to determine the perception of the respondents in the act of

the ordinance. More importantly, it is essential to determine the problems in the

implementation of Ordinance No. 005-2016 and the corresponding measures

program. Figure 1 presents these variables in the schematic diagram.

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES