As Far As Research and My Plan For Dissertation Is Concerned, It Is Important To Know The Importance of The

Philippine Normal University
The National Center for Teacher Education

College of Graduate Studies and Teacher Education Research
ED 803 QUANTITATIVE DESIGN AND DATA MANAGEMENT
CRITIQUE PAPER RE: READING NO.1

STUDENT: KELVIN G. LANSANG
PROGRAM: PHD EDUKASYONG PANGWIKA
ABSTRACT Burke (2001) stated that a substantial proportion of

quantitative educational research is non-experimental because
many important variables of interest are not manipulable.
Research nowadays is the staple of nation and society
building. Because non-experimental research is an important
methodology employed by many researchers, it is important to
use a classification system of non-experimental methods that is
highly descriptive of what we do and also allows us to
communicate effectively in an interdisciplinary research
environment. In his paper, he emphasized and clarified that the
present treatment of nonexperimental methods must be
reviewed and critiqued. Thus, a new, two-dimensional
classification of nonexperimental quantitative research is
proposed. The first dimension is based on the primary
“research objective” (i.e., description, prediction, and
explanation), and the second dimension is called the “time”
dimension (i.e., cross-sectional, longitudinal, and
retrospective).
REFERENCE It is clearly evident, that from the readings, Johnson
(2001) advocated for a new classification of research
terminology in which terms such as correlational research and
causal‐comparative research should be eliminated from
educational research. Given that counseling research
historically evolved from educational research, Johnson's
assertion is applicable to humanistic counseling research as
well.
In his same paper, he also emphasized that he doesn’t
want to argue or to leave any impressions that causal
comparative and correlational research are misleading.
However, he mentioned that several authors do not make the
claim that causal comparative research provides superior
evidence for establishing cause and effect than does
correlational. But on the other hand, he cited Gall (1996) who
explicitly and correctly made an important point that the causal
comparative method is the simplest quantitative approach to
exploring cause and effect between phenomena. Gall also
mentioned that it involves a particular method of analyzing data
to detect relationship between variables. The correlational
approach is another method to achieve such goals.
HOW THE ARTICLE MAY As far as research and my plan for dissertation is
HELP ME IN MY concerned, it is important to know the importance of the
RESEARCH existing classification system of non-experimental
methods that is highly descriptive of what we do and also
allows us to communicate effectively in an
interdisciplinary research environment. Given the fact that
Johnson strongly supported his argument about non-
experimental research as a form of research that lacks
the manipulation of an independent variable rather than
manipulating an independent variable, researchers like
myself who will attempt on conducting non-experimental
research simply can be guided accordingly on how to
measure variables as they naturally occur (in the lab or
real world).
Most researchers in any forms or manner must
consider the distinction between experimental and non-
experimental research to be an extremely important one.
This can be brought about the truth that although
experimental research can provide strong evidence that
changes in an independent variable and cause
differences in a dependent variable, non-experimental
research generally cannot. As we will see, in retrospect,
this inability to make causal conclusions does not mean
that non-experimental research is less important than
experimental research. One thing that I ponder is the
thought that the types of research the academe required
so far so are all quantitative, referring to the fact that the
data consist of numbers that are validated and analyzed
using statistical techniques. But as we learn from every
facets of research, it’s a good thing to fathom that many
observational research studies are more qualitative in
nature.
This, I suppose will help me prepare in my
dissertation in a more technical aspect and manner.
SOURCES:
Balkin, Richard S. (2014). Principles of Quantitative Research in Counseling: A

Humanistic Perspective. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2161-
1939.2014.00059.x#citedby-section
Johnson, B. (2001). Toward a New Classification of Nonexperimental Quantitative

Research. Educational Researcher, 30(2), 13.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030002003
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York, NY:

Harper & Row. Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane
places. Science, 179, 250–258.

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Philippine Normal University

The National Center for Teacher Education

CRITIQUE PAPER RE: READING NO.1

ABSTRACT Burke (2001) stated that a substantial proportion of

Balkin, Richard S. (2014). Principles of Quantitative Research in Counseling: A

Johnson, B. (2001). Toward a New Classification of Nonexperimental Quantitative

Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York, NY:

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