Burke Johnson developed a typology for classifying non-experimental quantitative research that uses two dimensions: research objective (description, prediction, explanation) and time (cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective). This results in 9 types of non-experimental research. Traditional classification only focuses on one variable rather than relationships between variables. The two dimensions allow comprehensive classification of non-experimental research approaches.
Burke Johnson developed a typology for classifying non-experimental quantitative research that uses two dimensions: research objective (description, prediction, explanation) and time (cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective). This results in 9 types of non-experimental research. Traditional classification only focuses on one variable rather than relationships between variables. The two dimensions allow comprehensive classification of non-experimental research approaches.
Burke Johnson developed a typology for classifying non-experimental quantitative research that uses two dimensions: research objective (description, prediction, explanation) and time (cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective). This results in 9 types of non-experimental research. Traditional classification only focuses on one variable rather than relationships between variables. The two dimensions allow comprehensive classification of non-experimental research approaches.
Burke Johnson developed a typology for classifying non-experimental quantitative research that uses two dimensions: research objective (description, prediction, explanation) and time (cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective). This results in 9 types of non-experimental research. Traditional classification only focuses on one variable rather than relationships between variables. The two dimensions allow comprehensive classification of non-experimental research approaches.
The supplemental development: A strike to consistency
Ramiel Yna C. Leuterio
12 - St. Mutien Marie
August 13, 2023
1 Summary: The fundamental idea of nonexperimental research was the foundation for quantitative research, which was constructed upon the unique content that came through classification systems. As a result, we move in a direction away from manipulable standards and toward an interdisciplinary approach that is both highly descriptive of what we do and enhances our ability to communicate. Through means of the two dimensions "research objective" and "time" (Johnson, 2001). Additionally, Pressbooks (2016) reported in their studies that "Nonexperimental research is research that lacks manipulation of an independent variable, random assignments of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both."
The focus on relationships, non-experimental research falls under correlational research, a
summary of the conditions had to be dealt with in regards to the relationship (Chiang, 2015). On the other hand, nonexperimental research can also focus on relationships, such as a causal-comparative strategy or a cause and effect approach (Velázquez, 2023). According to an article from CliffsNotes, 2023, "the main disadvantage of nonexperimental quantitative research is that it cannot establish a causal relationship between two variables. This is because the researcher has no control over the variables and cannot manipulate them in any way”, as nonexperimental research embarks towards a non-manipulable aspect.
A path for the way is the method in which non-experimental research concentrates on offering descriptive results rather than attempting to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship. Although the causal variable and its impact on the dependent variables are acknowledged, this analysis does not quantify how or to what extent these dependent variables change (Ayanyemi, 2020). With the statement from the article Methodspace (2023b), it is stated that “Non-experimental research designs are those that look at social phenomena without directly altering the circumstances that the participants go through and without randomly assigning people to various groups. As a result, there is little data to back up the cause-and-effect correlations..”
Non-experimental research may be timely and necessitate prior consistency, but the vast bulk of these investigations rely heavily on past experiences and preceding events (R, 2023). 2 How is Burke Johnson’s typology of non-experimental quantitative research different from the conventional classification of non-experimental quantitative research? There are nine distinct categories of nonexperimental quantitative research in Burke Johnson's typology, all of which are thorough. On the other hand, the singulative characteristic of traditional classification of non-experimental quantitative study that currently concentrates on the single variable rather than a statistical link between two variables (Chiang, 2015).
The usual approach to single-variable research entails identifying one variable and attempting to extrapolate new meaning from these events, as described in the article by Adam (2023). This kind of research seeks to learn more about a specific problem frequently to conduct additional testing, rather than attempting to determine a relationship between two variables. Burke Johnson's typology eagerly marks his notion of depleting the length in a time dimension under the singulative idea. We should move in the direction of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective research (Johnson, 2000).
Burke Johnson's typology, which differs from the compounding idea of including every single and methodically formed typology and yielding nine conceptions, is described above. The research objective and the time dimension were combined from the cross-classification process using Johnson's typology's two distinct dimensions. It was the exact reverse of what was expected because, as was already indicated, it was probably identifying one variable and trying to infer new meaning from these events, which is known as confounding on singularity in non-experimental research.
To summarize, Burke Johnson's typology extends the concepts of confusing association without prior experimentation purely cross-classification. Whereas traditional, as explained in Adam (2023), recognizes one variable and attempts to deduce additional meaning from these events. As Burke Johnson, encompasses all components or aspects; entirely comprehensive. 3
What are the dimensions in classifying non-experimental quantitative research (NQR)?
How many NQRs are there altogether? Burke Johnson (2001) outlined the dimension in classifying non-experimental quantitative research in his work by stating "The first dimension is based on the primary “research objective” (i.e., description, prediction, and explanation), and the second dimension is called the “time” dimension (i.e., cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective)." It simply provides valuable and meaningful information on the various forms that nonexperimental research can take.”
The first dimension, research objective, is what the researchers attempt to achieve by performing. It is regarded as the most straightforward method of determining relevant groupings. The following categories are particularly useful: descriptive study of the measurable data to statistically assess a population sample (Dovetail Editorial Team, 2023). Predictive research states that events, outcomes, repercussions, costs, or effects can be forecasted (Wollman, n.d.). Finally, explanatory study is the why, why something happens when there is minimal evidence accessible to investigate the occurrences (George, 2023).
The time dimension, the second dimension, describes the time periods employed in your model. It alludes to the extent to which the research could collapse. The time dimension has the following folds: Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that assess data from a population at a single point in time (CHEST, n.d.) In a longitudinal study, researchers evaluate the same individuals over and over again to detect any changes that may occur over time. (Thomas, 2023). Finally, a posteriori retrospective investigation is carried out, utilizing knowledge from prior events. Most of the data has already been collected and recorded in the register (RetrosPective studies, n.d.).
After all, it was cross-researched from the two dimensions in classifying non-experimental quantitative study. And in collecting cross research from Burke Johnson's article titled "Toward a New Classification of Nonexperimental Quantitative Research", it derives into 9 types by integrating the two dimensions of the research objection and time dimension. As a result, the nonexperimental research typology created in this work has two dimensions. This typology should be beneficial in education and related fields. 4 References Ayanyemi, T. (2020, January 24). Experimental Vs Non-Experimental Research: 15 Key Differences. Formplus. https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-non-experimental-research#:~:text=Rather%20than%20 establish%20a%20cause,which%20these%20dependent%20variables%20change.
Chiang, I. A. (2015, October 13). Overview of nonexperimental research. Pressbooks.
Johnson, B. (2000). It's (beyond) Time To Drop the Terms Causal-Comparative and Correlational Research in Educational Research Methods Textbooks. 1-24. https://doi.org/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445010.pdf
Publisher, A. R. a. R. O. O. (2016, April 8). 7.1 Overview of nonexperimental research.
R, A. (2023, March 22). Non-Experimental Research: Overview & Advantages | Helpfull. helpfull. https://helpfull.com/blog/non-experimental-research-overview-advantages#:~:text=Characteristic s%20of%20Non%2DExperimental%20Research&text=The%20vast%20majority%20of%20these ,events%20that%20are%20being%20studied.
RetrosPective studies. (n.d.). EBMT.
https://www.ebmt.org/retrospective-studies#:~:text=A%20retrospective%20study%20is%20perfor med,and%20stored%20in%20the%20registry. [Solved] Which of the following is a disadvantage of nonexperimental. . . | CliffsNotes. (2023, January 9). https://www.cliffsnotes.com/tutors-problems/Psychology/47844925-Which-of-the-following-is-a-di sadvantage-of-nonexperimental/#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20the%20main%20disadvantag e,manipulate%20them%20in%20any%20way.
Thomas, L. (2023). Longitudinal Study | Definition, Approaches & Examples. Scribbr.
