APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Math 27
Analytic Geometry and Calculus II

Kimberly Hazel B. Camino, MSc

Department of Mathematics, Physics,
and Computer Science
Outline

1 Length of an Arc of a Plane Curve

2 Center of Mass of a Rod

3 Centroid of a Plane Region

4 Area of a Surface of Revolution

5 Volume
Length of an Arc
Length of an Arc
Length of an Arc

Definition
Suppose that the function f is continuous on the closed interval
[a, b]. Further suppose that there exists a number L having the
following property:
For any  > 0, there is a δ > 0 such that for every partition
∆ of the interval [a, b] it is true that
 
Xn 
 
if k∆k < δ, then  Pi−1 Pi  − L < .

 
i=1

Then we write
n
X  
L = lim  Pi−1 Pi 
k∆k→0
i=1

and L is called the length of arc of the curve y = f (x) from the
point (a, f (a)) to the point (b, f (b)).
Length of an Arc

Theorem
0
If the function f and its derivative f are continuous on the
closed interval [a, b], then the length of arc of the curve y = f (x)
from the point (a, f (a)) to the point (b, f (b)) is given by
Z bq
2
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)] dx
a
Length of an Arc

Theorem
0
If the function g and its derivative g are continuous on the
closed interval [c, d], then the length of arc of the curve x = g(y)
from the point (g (c) , c) to the point (g (d) , d) is given by
Z dq
2
L= 1 + [g 0 (y)] dy
c
Length of an Arc

Examples
√
4 2 3/2
1. Find the length of the curve y = x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
3
 x 2
2. Find the length of the curve y 3 = from x = 0 to
2
x = 2.
Seatwork (1/2 crosswise yellow paper)

Find the length of the arc of the curve y 2 = x3

between the points (1, 1) and (4, 8).
Outline

1 Length of an Arc of a Plane Curve

2 Center of Mass of a Rod

3 Centroid of a Plane Region

4 Area of a Surface of Revolution

5 Volume
Center of Mass

Source: Wikipedia
Center of Mass

Source: http://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/63558/the-physics-
equation-for-a-perpetual-seesaw
Center of Mass

Center of Mass
The center of mass of a system is the point in which the system
will be perfectly balanced.
Center of Mass of a Discrete System

m1 (x − x1 ) = m2 (x2 − x)
or
m1 x1 + m2 x2
x=
m1 + m2

Example
Find the moments and center of mass of the system of objects
that have masses 5, 7, and 8 located at the points 2, 3,-4 on the
x-axis, respectively.
Center of Mass of a Rod

Consider a nonhomogeneous rod. A rod is nonhomogeneous if

its linear density(mass per unit length) varies along the rod.

Let L meters be the length of a rod that has its left endpoint at
the origin and let ρ (x) kilograms per meter be the linear
density of the rod at a point x meters from the origin, where ρ
is continuous on [0, L].
Center of Mass of a Rod
Mass of a Rod
The total mass of the rod is
Z L
M= ρ (x) dx.
0

Moment of Mass
The moment of mass of the rod with respect to the origin is
Z L
M0 = xρ (x) dx.
0

Formula for Center of Mass

RL
M0 xρ (x) dx
x= = R0 L
M ρ (x) dx
0
Center of Mass of a Rod

Example 1
A 10-meter long rod thickens from left to right so that its
x
density is ρ (x) = 1 + kg/m. Find the rod’s center of mass
10
Center of Mass of a Rod

Example 3
The length of a rod is 12cm and the measure of the linear
density at a point is a linear function of the measure of the
distance from the left end of the rod. The linear density of the
left end is 3 g/cm and at the right end is 4 g/cm. Find the
center of mass of the rod.
QUIZ (1/2 crosswise yellow paper)

The measure of the linear density at a point of a rod varies

directly as the 3rd power of the measure of the distance of
the point from one end. The length of the rod is 4 ft and
the linear density is 2slugs/ft at the center. Find the center
of mass of the rod.
Outline

1 Length of an Arc of a Plane Curve

2 Center of Mass of a Rod

3 Centroid of a Plane Region

4 Area of a Surface of Revolution

5 Volume
Centroid of a Plane Region

Objective
Our main objective is to find the point on which a thin plate of
any given shape balances horizontally. This point is called the
center of mass or centroid of the plate.
Formula for the Centroid
The centroid of the region has coordinates (x, y), where
Rb
x [f (x) − g(x)] dx
x = Ra b
a [f (x) − g(x)] dx
Rb 2 2 dx

a f (x) − g(x)
y = Rb
2 a [f (x) − g(x)] dx
Formula for the Centroid
The centroid of the region has coordinates (x, y), where
Rd 2 2 dy

c F (y) − G(y)
x = Rd
2 c [F (y) − G(y)] dy
Rd
y [F (y) − G(y)] dy
y = Rc d
c [F (y) − G(y)] dy
Example 1
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the line y = x and
the parabola y = x2 .
Example 2
Find the centroid of region bounded by y 2 = 4x in the first
quadrant, x-axis, x = 1 and x = 4.
Example 3
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the curves
y = (x − 3)2 and the line y = 4.
Example 4
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the curves
y = 2x − 2, y = −2x + 10 and the x-axis.
Outline

1 Length of an Arc of a Plane Curve

2 Center of Mass of a Rod

3 Centroid of a Plane Region

4 Area of a Surface of Revolution

5 Volume
Outline

1 Length of an Arc of a Plane Curve

2 Center of Mass of a Rod

3 Centroid of a Plane Region

4 Area of a Surface of Revolution

5 Volume
Right Cylinder
A solid is a right cylinder if it isbounded y two congruent plane
regions lying in parallel planes and by a lateral surface
generated by line segments having its endpoints on the
boundaries of these regions.
Right Cylinder
Volume
Deriving the formula for volume of solid S
Let S be a solid that lies between the planes perpendicular to
the x-axis at a and b. Let ∆ be a partition of the closed interval
[a, b] given by
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn = b.
For each i = 1, 2, . . . , n, choose ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] and construct the
ith right cylinder with height δi x = xi − xi−1 units and plane
section area A(ξi ) square units.

Then the volume of this right cylinder is

∆i V = A(ξi )∆i x.
The sum of the volumes on n right cylinders is
n
X n
X
∆i V = A(ξi )∆i x
i=i i=i

which approximates the volume of of the solid S.

Deriving the formula for volume of solid S
Observe that as the norm k∆k of the partition gets closer to 0,
a better estimate for the value of the volume is obtained. We,
therefore, define V as
n
X Z b
V = lim A(ξi )∆i x = A(x)dx.
k∆k→0 a
i=i

Volume(Slicing Method)
Let S be a solid that lies between the planes perpendicular to
the x-axis at a and b. If the measure of the area of the plane
section of S drawn perpendicular to the x-axis is given by A(x),
where A is continuous on [a, b], then the volume of S is given by
Z b
V (x) = A(x)dx.
a
Volume by Slicing Method

Example
Suppose that the radius and altitude of a right circular cone is r
πr2 h
and h, respectively. Show that the volume of the cone is .
3
Volume by Slicing Method

Example
Use slicing to find the volume of a right pyramid whose altitude
is h units and whose base is a square of side s units.
Volume by Disk Method

Disk Method
Let the function f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b],
and assume that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b]. If S is obtained by
revolving about the x-axis the region bounded by y = f (x) and
the lines x = a and x = b, and if V is the volume of S, then
Z b
V =π [f (x)]2 dx.
a

Steps
1 Sketch the region R and a rectangular strip perpendicular

to the axis of revolution.

2 Use the formula for V .
Volume by Disk Method

Example
√
Let R be the region bounded by the curve y = x + 2 and the
lines x = 7 and y = 1. Find the volume of the solid generated
by revolving R about the line (a) y = 1 and (b) x = 7.
Volume by Washers/Circular Ring Method

Washers/Circular Ring Method

Let the functions f and g be continuous on the closed interval
[a, b], and assume that f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b]. If S is
obtained by revolving about the x-axis the region bounded by
the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) and the lines x = a and x = b,
and if V is the volume of S, then
Z b 
V =π [f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 dx.
a
Volume by Washers/Circular Ring Method

Example
Let R be the region bounded by curves y = x2 and y = 2 − x2 .
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R about
the line (a) y = −2 and (b) y = 3.