CHAPTER 6: APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
6.1 AREA
Le be continuous and non-negative on the interval , -. The area of the region bounded by
the graph of , the -axis and the vertical lines and is
Area ∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) where
Area ∫ ( )
Examples: Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of , the -axis and the vertical
lines and .
a. ( ) and , - , -
b. ( ) and , - , -
c. and , - , -
d. ( ) on , -
e. ( ) on , -
f. Find the area of circle
Definition: if & are continuous with ( ) ( ) , - then the area of the region
between the curve ( ) and ( ) from to is
Area ∫ ( )
Example 3: Find the area of the region enclosed by:
a. and , and the sides and
b. and .
c. √ and below by the -axis and the line
d. find the area of circle
Some regions are best treated by regarding as a function of . If the region is bounded by the
curve ( ), ( ), and where and are continous and ( ) ( ) i.e
is from the right of for , then
Area ∫ , -
Example:
a. area of the curve between , and the line and
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b. Area enclosed by the curve and
6.2 VOLUME
Recall: volume of cylinder
Cylinder is bounded by a plane region , called base, and congruent region in a parallel
plane. So that,
If we have a solid , We can partition , - in to subintervals of and slice the solid as we
would a loaf of bread by a plane perpendicular to -axis at the partition points
.
Volume of the slab ( )
Volume of ∑ ( )
Therefore, the volume of known integrable cross sectional area ( ) from to is
V=∫ ( )
Examples:
1. Find the volume of pyramid with height and square base
( )
∫ ( ) ∫ |
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2. Show that the volume of sphere with radius is .
The cross-section is a Circle with radius √
( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ∫( )
a. SOLID OF REVOLUTION: THE DISK METHOD
The solid generated by rotating a plane region about an axis in its plane is called a solid of
revolution.
In this case each slab is a disk. hence, ( )
Examples:
1. Show that volume of sphere with radius is
Rotate the circle about the -axis. ( ) ( )
Hence, ∫ ( ) .
2. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by √ and the
lines about the line .
( ) (√ )
∫ (√ ) ∫ ( √ )
3. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the -axis and the
curve , about the -axis.
( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ∫
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b. SOLID OF THE REVOLUTION: THE WASHER METHOD
If the region we revolve to generate a solid doesn’t border on or cross the axis of revolution, the
solid has a hole in it. The cross sections perpendicular to the axis of revolution is washers (ቀለበት)
instead of discs.
Dimensions of washers: outer radius: ( ) and inner radius: ( )
Area of washers ,( ( ) ( ) -
∫ ,( ( ) ( ) -
Examples:
1. The volume of the region bounded by the curve and that revolved
about the -axis
∫ ,( ) ( ) ∫ , -
2. The volume of the region bounded by the curve and √ that revolved about the
-axis
6.3 ARC(CURVE) LENGTH
a. LENGTH OF PARAMETRIC CURVE
If the curve is defined parametrically by ( ) and ( ) for , where
are continuous and not simultaneously zero on , - and is traversed once as increase from
to , then the length of is
∫ √, ( )- , ( )-
∑| | ∑ √( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ))
∑ √( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ∑ √, ( )- , ( )- [MVT]
Take ( ) √, ( )- , ( )-
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∫ ( ) ∫ √, ( )- , ( )-
Examples:
1. Find the length of circle of radius defined parametricaly as
.
∫ √ ∫
2. Find the length of astroid
∫ √ ( ) ∫ | |
, ∫ -
b. LENGTH OF A CURVE ( )
If the curve has equation ( ) where is a continuous function on , -. We can
parameterized as and ( ) for
Hence, ∫ √ ( ) ∫ √ . / .
If ( ). ∫ √ ( ) ∫ √ . / [If we write as a function of y]
Examples 1: find the length of the curve
a. between the points ( ) and ( )
b. from ( ) to ( )
Example 2: Find the length of arc on circle on , -
6.4 SURFACE AREA
Surface area of frustum
where and is slant height
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Let be a surface generated by revolving a non negative function on , - about -axis. Let
* + be the partition of , -. On the interval , - we get a frustum
with surface area
( ) ( )
( ) where ength of curve on, - i.e. | |
√( ) ( ( ) ( ) √ ( )
Hence, the total surface area is
∑ , ( ) ( )-√ ( ) ∑ ( )√ ( )
[As small ( ) ( ) ( )]
Take ( ) ( )√ , ( )-
Hence,
∑ ( )√ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )√ , ( )-
If we write the curve ( ) as a function of , ( ) for , then
∫ ( )√ , ( )-
Similarly, for rotation about y-axis
Let the curve is described with ( ) for and rotate about -axis. Then
∫ ( )√ , ( )-
Examples:
a. The curve √ . Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating this
arc about the -axis.
∫ ( )√ , ( )- , ( ) and , ( )-
√
∫ √ √ ∫ ∫
b. The arc of the parabola from ( ) to ( ) is rotated about the axis. Find the
area of the resulting surface.
∫ √ √ . / ∫ √ ∫ √ ( √ √ )
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