Integration 2013
CHAPTER FIVE
INTEGRATION
5.1 ANTI-DERIVATIVES; INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Find a function whose derivative is . ( ) . Because ( ) . is called the
anti-derivative of .
Definition: The function is called the anti-derivative (or indefinite integral) of on the
interval if ( ) ( ) .
Note: let ( )
a. The operation of finding all solutions of this equation is called anti-derivative and
denoted by an integral sign ∫
b. let ( ) ( ) ∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) .
BASIC INTEGRATION RULES
1. ( ) ∫
2. ( ) ∫
3. ( ( )) ( ( )) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
4. ( ( ) ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )) ∫( ( ) ( )) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
5. ( ) ∫
Exponential and logarithm integral
6. ( ) ∫
7. ( ) ∫
8. ( ) ∫
9. ( ) ∫
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Trigonometry and inverse trigonometric integrals
10. ( ) ∫
11. ( ) ∫
12. ( ) ∫
13. ( ) ∫
14. ( ) ∫
15. ( ) ∫
16. ( ) ∫√ for .
√
17. ( ) √
∫√ for
18. ( ) ∫ for
19. ( ) ∫ for | | .
√ √
20. ( ) ∫ for | |
√ √
21. ( ) ∫ for
Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic integrals
22. ( ) ∫
23. ( ) ∫
24. ( ) ∫
25. ( ) ∫
26. ( ) ∫
27. ( ) ∫
28. ( ) ∫√ ( √ ) c,
√
29. ( ) ∫√ ( √ ) ,
√
30. ( ) ∫ . / ,
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√
31. ( ) ∫| ( ) , | |
| |√ |√ | |
√
32. ( ) ∫ , ( -
√ √
33. ( ) ∫ , | |
Examples: evaluate the following integrations.
a. ∫
b. ∫ ∫√ ∫√
√
c. ∫ ∫
5.2 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
5.2.1 Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fraction
I. Substitution rule
If ( ) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval and is continous on ,
then ∫ ( ( )) ( ) ∫ ( )
Examples: Evaluate the following anti-derivatives
a. ∫ ( ) ( )
b. ∫ √
c. ∫ √ . Let ( )
d. ∫ | |
e. ∫ | |
f. ∫ ∫ ∫ | | | | | |
g. ∫ ∫ ∫ | |
II. Integration by parts
( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Hence, ∫ ∫
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Example: Evaluate the following integrals
a. ∫
b. ∫
c. ∫ , use by part 2 times.
d. ∫ ( ) , use by part 2 times.
e. ∫ ∫ ,
Note: choose ( ) such that it is simpler when differentiated.
III. Integration by partial fractions ( for rational functions)
( ) ( )
Let ( ) ( ) where
( ) ( )
Case 1: ( ) is a product of distinct linear factors
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ). Write .
( )
Examples:
a. ∫ ∫ | | | | | |
( )( )
b. ∫ = ( | | | |)
Case 2: ( ) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.
( ) ( )( ) ( ).
( )
( )
, - .
( ) ( )
Example:
a. ∫ ∫( ) ∫ ∫( ) ∫( ) ( )
Case 3: ( ) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which are repeated.
( ) ( )( ) ( ).
( )
( )
.
Example:
a. ∫ ∫ ( )
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5.2.2 Trigonometric integrals
a. Integrals of the form ∫
If is odd ( ), ∫ ∫ ∫ (
) . Substitute
If is odd ( ), ∫ ∫( ) ∫(
) . Substitute
If both are even , use the following identities:
, and .
Examples: evaluate the following integrals
1. ∫ ∫ ∫( ) ∫( )
2. ∫ ∫( ) ∫( ) ( )
3. ∫ ∫( ) ∫. / ,∫ ∫ ∫ -
,∫ ∫ ∫( ) -
b. Integrals of the form ∫
If , then ∫ ∫ use the identity
and
If is odd ( ), ∫ ∫( ) ,
Examples:
1. ∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
∫ ( )
2. ∫ ∫( ) ∫( )
3. ∫ ∫ ∫( ) ∫
∫ | |
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c. Integrals of the form∫ ∫ &∫ .
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Example: ∫
5.2.3 Integration by trigonometric substitution
Equation of circle is √ and equation of ellipse is √
√ √ | |
∫√ ∫ ( ) ∫
Expression Substitution Identity
√ ,
√ ,
√ , or
Example:
√ √ √
1. ∫ , ,∫ ∫ ∫
√
∫ ∫( )
2. ∫ √
let ∫ √
∫
√ √
∫ ∫ . /
√
.
3. ∫ √
4. ∫ √ ∫√ ∫√ ∫√ ∫√
( ) ( ) ( )
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5. ∫ , let . ∫ ∫√
√ √
5.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS; FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF CALCULUS
Definition: If is a function on , - and let * + be the partition of
, -. For each b/n and , let be an arbitrary number in , - and .
Then the definite integral of from to (denoted by ∫ ( ) ) is
∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) provided that this
limit exist.
Note:
A function is integrable over , -, if and every choice of , -
such that | | |∑ ( ) ∫ ( ) | .
If is continous on , - and let * + be the partition of , -. For
each between and , let be an arbitrary number in , - and .Then
is integrable and ∫ ( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
Examples: find the following integrals
a. ∫ ∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) . /
b. ∫ ( ) ( ) { is non-integrable function.
∫ ( ) . / and . /
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PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
If is integrible over , -, then Example a
1. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
2. ∫ ( )
3. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
4. ∫ , ( ) ( )- ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
5. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
6. ( ) ( ) on , -, ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) , if ( ) on , -, ∫ ( )
7. if ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
Example:
a. if ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) find ∫ ( ) , ∫ ( )
b. Estimate ∫ , ( ) . Hence, ( ) ∫ ( )
Theorem1 (fundamental theorems of calculus)
1. If is continuous on , -, then the function ( ) ∫ ( ) is continuous
on , - and differentiable on ( ), and ( ) ( ).
2. If is continous on , -, then ∫ ( ) ( ) ( ), where is anti-derivative of .
Examples: find
a. ∫
b. ∫ (∫ )
c. ∫ ∫
d. ∫ |
e. ∫
f. ∫ [we can define natural logarithm like this].
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5.4 IMPROPER INTEGRALS
We can extend the idea of definite integral when the interval is infinite and has infinite
discontinuity in , - in this case the integral is called improper.
I. Infinite intervals of Improper integral
1. If ∫ ( ) exist , then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) provided that the limit
exist (convergent=finite)
2. If ∫ ( ) exist , then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
3. If ∫ ( ) and ∫ ( ) exist, then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Examples: Determine whether or not the following integrals are convergent or divergent
a. ∫ ∫ divergent
b. ∫ ∫
, | ∫ - [ | ] , -
c. ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
, - , - ( )
II. Discontinuous Improper integral
1. If is continous on , ) and discontinuous at , then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
2. If is continous on ( - and discontinuous at , then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
3. If is discontinouos at , , and ∫ ( ) and ∫ ( ) exist,
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Examples:
a. ∫ ∫ ( √ | ) ( √ √ ) √
√ √
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b. ∫ ∫ ( | | ) ( | |
) . Hence diverges.
c. ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ | | ,
| |- ( )
d. ∫ ∫ [ | ] , -
Comparison theorem: let and are continues function with ( ) ( )
a. If ∫ ( ) converge, ∫ ( ) converge.
b. If ∫ ( ) diverge, ∫ ( ) diverge.
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