Class Iv Bookk PDF

F
JKSSB CLASS IV
SUCCESS GUIDE - 2020
COMPILERS
1) ASHIQ HUSSAIN (LECTURER GOVT. OF NCT NEW DELHI)
2) ER. SHARIQ AHMAD (TEACHER GMS LM VERINAG)
3) SAYAR YOUSUF (TEACHER GGHS LB ANANTNAG)
SALIENT FEATURES
 100% SYALLABUS COVERAGE
 EASY TO UNDERSTAND
 1000+ MCQS
 MODEL TEST PAPERS WITH JKSSB PATTERN
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PART – I BASIC MATHEMATICS
1. PERCENTAGE AND AVERAGE
2. DISTANCE TIME AND SPEED
3. RATIO AND PROPORTIONS
4. WORK AND PROBLEMS ON AGE
5. LCM HCF AND PROBABILITY
6. MENSURATION
PART – II BASIC REASONING
7. ANALOGIES
8. ODD ONE OUT
9. DIRECTION SENSE
10. FIGURE SERIES AND NUMBER SERIES
11. CODING DECODING
12. VENN DIAGRAMS
PART – III BASIC ENGLISH
13. ARTICLES
14. VERBS
15. PROPOSITIONS
16. DETERMINERS
17. SPELLINGS
18. SENTENCES
19. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
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PART – IV GENERAL AWARENESS AND GENERAL SCIENCE
20. INDIAN HISTORY
21. INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
22. HISTORY OF J&K
23. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
24. GENERAL SCIENCE
25. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
26. MODEL TEST PAPERS
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PART- I (BASIC MATHEMATICS)
PERCENTAGE
Percentage means per hundred.
For Example 35% = , 50% = , , 75% = and so on.
To convert a given percentage into fraction divide the quantity by
100 and remove the % sign e.g 20% = .
To convert a given fraction into percentage multiply the given
quantity by 100 e.g = x100 %
% of one quantity to another = x 100 %
E.g % of 30 kg in 120 is x 100 % = 25%
EXAMPLE: A basket contains 500 Bulbs. 300 were not broken. Find
the percentage of broken Bulbs and not broken Bulbs?
SOLUTION: total number of Bulbs = 500
Not broken Bulbs = 300
Broken Bulbs is 500 – 300 = 200
% of not broken Bulbs = x 100 % = 60 %
% of broken Bulbs = = 40 %
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EXAMPLE: what is the 30% of 250?
SOLUTION: 30 % of 450 is
EXAMPLE: What is the % of 10kg in 120 kg?
SOLUTION: % OF 10kg in 120 kg is
EXAMPLE: What is the 20 % of 80 litres?
SOLUTION: 20% of 80 Litres is
AVERAGE
Average is defined as sum of observations divided by number of
observations
Average =
EXAMPLE: What is the average of 2,4,6,8,10?

SOLUTION: Sum of observations is 2+4+6+8+10 = 30
Number of observations = 5
Therefore Average is
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DISTANCE TIME AND SPEED
SPEED =
Distance is measured in mitres (m) or in Kilometres (Km)
Speed is measured in m/s or in Km/hr.
1Km = 1000 m
If we have to convert Km/hr to m/s, multiply Km/hr by 5/18
If we have to convert m/s to km/hr, multiply m/s by 18/5
EXAMPLE: A bus covers 100km in 2 hours. Find the speed of the bus?
SOLUTION: SPEED =
= 50km/hr
EXAMPLE: Abus has a speed of 50 km/hr. Find the time to cover 100km
by the bus?
SOLUTION: SPEED =
TIME =
TIME =
THUS TIME = 2 HOURS
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RATIO AND PROPORTIONS:
Ratio is a relation between two quantities.
Ratio of A and B is A:B or A/B.
If a:b is a ratio then : is its duplicate ratio.
: is its triplicate ratio.
If a:b is a ratio then square root of a and b is its sub duplicate ratio.
Proportion is an expression in which two ratios are equal.
Proportion is denoted by ::
If a, b, c, d are in proportion then a:b :: c:d or a/b = c/d.
EXAMPLE: What is the duplicate ratio of 2:3?
SOLUTION: Duplicate ratio of 2:3 is 4:9.
EXAMPLE: What is the triplicate ratio of 2:3?
SOLUTION: triplicate ratio of 2:3 is 8:27.
EXAMPLE: What is the sub duplicate ratio of 16:25?
SOLUTION: sub Duplicate ratio of 16:25 is 4:5.
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WORK
If a person can do a work in n days , then persons one day work os
1/n.
If one day work of a person is 1/n, then the person will complete
the work in n days.
If one person can do a work in n days and another person can do the
same work in m days, if they work together the work will be
completed in
Work is denoted by W = m x d x h
Where m = no of people doing work
d = no of days
h = no of hours
EXAMPLE: Arshid can do a work in 20 days and Hilal can do the same
work in 10 days. If they work together , in how many days the work will
be completed.
SOLUTION: By using formula
We have m = 20
And n = 10
Thus time taken will be
= 6.6 days or 6 days.
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PROBLEMS ON AGE
EXAMPLE: The present age of A is 9 times the present age of B. 3years
after age of A will be 5 times that of B. find their present ages?
SOLUTION: Let present age of B = x years
Then present age of A will be = 9x years
3 years after age of B will be = (x+3) years
3 years after age of A will be = (9x+3) years
According to question 9x+3 = 5(x+3)
9x+3 = 5x+15
Simplifying we get 4x=12
x= 3 (this is B’s present age)
So age of A will be 3 times B = 9 years
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LCM AND HCF
The HCF of two or more numbers is the number which divides
them without any remainder.
The least number which exactly divisible by two or more given
numbers is called LCM.
LCM X HCF = Product of two numbers
EXAMPLE: Find HCF of 12 and 15
SOLUTION: By using prime factorization
12 = 2x2x3
15 = 3x5
Thus HCF is 3
EXAMPLE: Find HCF of 20 and 25
20 = 2x2x5
25 = 5x5
Thus HCF is 5
EXAMPLE: Find LCM of 20 and 25
20 = 2x2x5 AND 25 = 5x5
LCM = 2 x 2 x 5 x 5 = 100
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PROBABILITY
Probabilit means extent to which something is likely to happen.
Value of probability lies b/w 0 and 1.
Probability is defined as
In a deck of cards, 52 cards are present.
Probability is denoted by P
EXAMPLE: When a coin is tossed, the probability of head and tail is?
SOLUTION: When coin is tossed wither head or tail occurs
Thus total number of outcomes are H,T
Thus P(H) = ½
P(T) = ½
EXAMPLE: When two coins are tossed, the probability of HH is?
SOLUTION: when two coins are tossed , total number of outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT
Thus P(HH) = ¼
EXAMPLE: When two coins are tossed, the probability of TT is?
SOLUTION: when two coins are tossed , total number of outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT
Thus P(TT) = ¼
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MENSURATION
Mensuration is concerned with measuring length, areas and
volumes of geometrical figures.
FIGURE PERIMETER AREA VOLUME
RECTANGLE 2(l+b) lb
SQUARE 4a
TRIANGLE a+b+c
PARALLEOGRAM 2(a+b) axh

RHOMBUS 4a
TRAPEZIUM a+b+c+d
CIRCLE 2πr π
SEMI CIRCLE πr+2r π
FIGURE LATERAL TOTAL VOLUME
AREA AREA
CUBE
CYLINDER 2πrh 2πr(r+h) π
SPHERE 4π π
HEMISPHERE 2π 3π π
CUBIOD 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+hl) lbh
CONE πrl πr (l+r) π
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EXAMPLE: The two sides of a rectangle are 5m and 10 m. Find area
and perimeter?
SOLUTION: given b = 5m and l = 10 m
Area of rectangle = lxb
Area = 10mx5m
= 50
Now perimeter of Rectangle is 2(l+b)
= 2 (10+5)
= 30 m
EXAMPLE: The length of a rectangle is10 m and area is
50
SOLUTION: given l = 10 m and area = 50
Area of rectangle = lxb
50 = 10 x b
b = 50/10
thus b = 5 m
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PART – II (BASIC REASONING)
ANALOGY
Analogy means having similar features
E.g if Chandigarh is related to Punjab then Patna is related to Bihar.
Because both are the capitals of their states.
Chandigarh:Punjab :: Patna: Bihar
EXAMPLE: Farmer: Crops :: Teacher: ?
SOLUTION: Education
Farmer gives crops in the same way teacher gives education.
EXAMPLE: India : Country :: J&K : ?
SOLUTION : UT
As india is a country in the same way J&K is a UT.
EXAMPLE: Teacher : School :: Doctor : ?
SOLUTION: Hospital
As teacher works in school in the same way a doctor works in hospital.
EXAMPLE: Cat : Kitten :: Lion : ?
SOLUTION: Cub
As young one of a cat is called kitten in the same way young one of a
lion is called a cub
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ODD ONE OUT
Odd one out is associated with removing that one which is different
as compared to other ones
E.g in (Eyes: Nose : Hand : Tail) Tail is odd one because it is not
present in a human being.
EXAMPLE: Choose the odd one out in following question
( Eyes : Ears : Lungs : Heart)
SOLUTION: Heart
As eyes ears and lungs are in two in number and heart is only one in a
human being. So heart is odd one.
( Bihar : Utter pradesh : Jharkhand : Delhi)
SOLUTION : Delhi
As bihar, utter pradesh and Jharkhand are states while as delhi is a
union territory . so delhi is odd one.
(Pen : Pencil : Marker : Eraser)
SOLUTION: Eraser
As pen , pencil and marker are used for writing while as eraser is not
used for writing. So eraser is odd one.
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DIRECTION SENSE
First memorize the names of these directions.
If you learn these directions, you can easily do a question on
direction sense.
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Movements
Shortest distance between two points
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EXAMPLE: FROM HIS HOUSE AAMIR WALKED 5 KM
TOWARDS NORTH, THEN HE TURNED RIGHT AND WALKED 5
KMS MORE. AGAIN HE TURNED RIGHT AND WALKED 5KM. IN
WHICH DIRECTION HE IS NOW?
SOLUTION:SOUTH
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EXAMPLE: FROM HIS HOUSE AAMINA WALKED 15 KM
TOWARDS
ARDS NORTH, THEN SHE TURNED RIGHT AND WALKED
5 KMS MORE. AGAIN SHE TURNED RIGHT AND WALKED
15KM. HOW FAR SHE IS FROM STARTING POINT?
SOLUTION:5KM
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NUMBER SERIES
In number series we have to find the next number depending on the
relation between numbers in the series.
EXAMPLE: WHAT WILL COME NEXT IN FOLLOWING SERIES.
2, 4 , 6, 8,10, ?
SOLUTION: 12
As numbers are increasing by 2 in a order, so next number will be 12
5, 10, 15, 20, ?
SOLUTION: 25
As numbers are increasing by 5 in a order , so next number will be 25.
4, 9, 16, 25, ?
SOLUTION: 36
As the above series is a square of numbers so next number will be
square of 6 that is 36.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ?
SOLUTION: 13 ( because it is series of prime numbers)
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FIGURE SERIES
In Figure series we have to find the next number depending
dep on the
relation between figures in the series.
EXAMPLE: WHAT WILL COME NEXT IN FOLLOWING SERIES
EXPLANATION: THE + SIGN IS ROTATING IN CLOCKWISE

DIRECTION.
EXAMPLE: WHAT WILL COME NEXT IN FOLLOWING SERIES
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CODING DECODING
When a word is written in a language that hides the actual meaning
of the word it is called coding.
Decoding means tracing out the actual meaning of the word.
EXAMPLE: IF “ROD” IS WRITTEN AS “SPE”. THEN CAR WILL
BE WRITTEN AS?
SOLUTION : DBS
EXPLANATION:-
It is given that
R=S
O=P
D=E
In the given word one letter is moving forward by +1
Thus
C=D
A=B
R=S
THEREFORE ANSWER IS “DBS”
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EXAMPLE: IF “ROD” IS WRITTEN AS “QNC”. THEN CAR WILL
BE WRITTEN AS?
SOLUTION : BZQ
EXPLANATION:-
It is given that
R=Q
O=N
D=C
In the given word one letter is moving backward by -1
Thus
C=B
A=Z
R=Q
THEREFORE ANSWER IS “BZQ”
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VENN DIAGRAMS
A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows the possible logical
relation between a finite collection of sets.
EXAMPLE: SHOW THE POSSIBLE VENN DIAGRAM OF
COUNTRY : STATE : DISTRICT.
SOLUTION:

CAT: RAT : ANIMALS
SOLUTION:
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WORLD: COUNTRY :STATE
SOLUTION:

TEACHER : MAN : WOMAN
SOLUTION:
SOME TEACHERS ARE MEN AND SOME ARE WOMAN SO ABOVE VENN
DIAGRAM WILL APPLY FOR IT
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PART- III (GENERAL ENGLISH)
ARTICLES
Articles are used to indicate whether a noun refers to a specific or a
general item.
There are two types of articles, definite and indefinite. However, in
your choice about whether to use an article, or which one to use,
you have four possible choices: the, a, an, or no article.
‘the’ is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE and ‘a’ and ‘an’ are
INDEFINITE ARTICLES.
Rules for using the indefinite article (a/an)
1. The indefinite article (a, an) cannot be used with uncountable nouns
or with plural nouns.
2. Use ‘an’ if the word immediately after the article begins with a, e, i,
o or u, except where the ‘u’ is pronounced like a ‘y’ (e.g. an apple, an
egg, an interesting result, an odd couple, an umbrella, BUT a
university).
3. Use a, an when you first mention a singular countable noun.
4. Use zero article when you first mention a plural noun or an
uncountable noun.
Rules for using the definite article (the)
1. Use ‘the’ for the second and subsequent references to an item. The
item could be explicity referred to, or implied (e.g. The committee has
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approved a new policy. The policy...) (A survey was administered
to.... The results showed that ... )
2. Use ‘the’ when you use ‘most’ as the superlative form (e.g. The
most critical step is...)
3. Use ‘the’ when using ordinal forms to show order or number (e.g.
The first students to graduate were...; The last students to leave...)
4. Use ‘the’ when using words that specify a particular item (e.g. The
same student, the only essay, the principal reason)
5. Use ‘the’ for reference to an item that is understood by all speakers
(the sun, the planets, the moon, the stars).
VERBS
A verb expresses action or a state of being and tells (in active voice)
what the subject of the clause is or does. A verb is necessary to make
a complete statement.
Active and Passive Verbs
Active verbs (active voice) tell what the subject (a person, place,
thing, or concept) does. Example: The boy kicked the ball.
Passive verbs (passive voice) tell what is done to the subject. Example:
The ball was kicked by the boy.
Verb Forms
Regular Verbs: A regular verb is used to form the past tense by adding
a suffix –d or -ed. Example: hope, hoped laugh, laughed.
Irregular Verbs: An irregular verb does not take the –d or –ed ending.
The past tense for irregular verbs is formed by changing the verb
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internally. Refer to the Southeastern Writing Center’s handout
Irregular Verbs for a list of the most commonly used irregular verb
forms. Example: run, ran catch, caught
Verb Tenses
Verb tenses are used to show time. Verb tenses tell when events happen,
happened, or will happen.
Simple Tense
Present: The present tense may express an action that is repeated or
ongoing. It can also express an action that is happening at this moment or
a situation that is always true.
Example: Jane and Sarah jog every morning.
Past: The past tense expresses an action that has already happened. In
regular verbs, the past tense is formed by adding –ed or –d to the base
form. In irregular verbs, the past tense takes a variety of forms.
Example: John and Sara hiked to the top of the mountain.
Future: The future tense expresses an action that will take place in the
future. The future tense is formed by adding will to the base form.
Example: I will fly to Atlanta Friday evening.
Perfect Tense
Present perfect: The present perfect tense is used to express an action that
took place at some unspecified time in the past. The present perfect tense
can also be used to express an action that began in the past and continues
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in the present. The present perfect tense is formed with the past tense of
the verb and the helping verbs has or have.
Example: Sarah has watched the movie.
Past perfect: The past perfect tense is used to show that one action in the
past began and ended before another action in the past started. The past
perfect tense is formed with the past participle of the verb and the
helping verb had.
Example: Sarah had seen the movie before I watched it.
Future perfect: The future perfect tense is used to show that one action or
condition in the future will begin and end before another event in the
future starts. The future perfect tense is formed with the past participle of
the verb and the construction will have.
Example: By the time I finish this semester, I will have read ten novels.
Progressive Tense
Present progressive: The present progressive tense is used to show an
ongoing event that is happening at the moment of speaking or writing.
The present progressive tense is formed by using am, is, or are with the
verb form ending in –ing.
Example: The children are sleeping.
Past progressive: The past progressive tense is used to show a past event
that was happening when another event occurred. The past progressive
tense is formed by using was or were with the verb form ending in –ing.
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Example: The children were sleeping when we arrived.
Future progressive: The future progressive tense is used to show an
ongoing or continuous event that will take place in the future. The future
progressive tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb
form ending in –ing.
Example: The children will be sleeping when we arrive.
Present perfect progressive: The present perfect progressive tense is used
to show an event that began in the past, continues in the present, and may
continue in the future. The present perfect progressive tense is form by
using has been or have been with the present participle verb form ending
in –ing.
Example: The children have been sleeping.
Past perfect progressive: The past perfect progressive tense is used to
show a past, ongoing event that was completed before another past event.
The past perfect progressive tense is formed by using had been with the
present perfect verb form ending in -ing.
Example: The children had been sleeping when we arrived.
Future perfect progressive: The future perfect progressive tense is used to
show a future, ongoing event that will happen before a specified future
time. The future perfect progressive tense is formed by using will have
been and the present participle verb form ending in –ing.
Example: The children will have been sleeping.
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PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between two
things. In the example above, the prepositions show the
relationships between a plane and a cloud. Below is a list of most
common prepositions.
IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS
On is used with days.
I will see you on Monday.
The week begins on Sunday.
At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day.
My plane leaves at noon.
The movie starts at 6 p.m.
In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with
seasons.
He likes to read in the afternoon.
The days are long in August.
The book was published in 1999.
The flowers will bloom in spring.
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Since, for, by, from—to, from—until, during, (with)in – expresses
extended time.
She has been gone since yesterday.
I'm going to Paris for two weeks.
The movie showed from August to/until October.
I watch TV during the evening.
We must finish the project within a year.
Over, above – when the object is higher than a point.

He threw the ball over the roof.
Hang that picture above the couch.
Under, underneath, beneath, below – when the object is lower than a

point.
The rabbit burrowed under the ground.
The child hid underneath the blanket.
We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.
The valley is below sea-level.
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beside, besides . Beside means next to, whereas besides means in
addition.
The comb is beside the brush.
Besides planning the trip, she is also getting the tickets.
between, among . Generally, between is used when two items are

involved; with three or more, among is preferred.
Between you and me,
he is among friends.
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DETERMINERS
Determiners are words that are used before nouns to identify them.
Determiners may be divided into:
Articles: a/an, the
The words ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite articles. They are used with
singular countable nouns. Example: Have you a pencil? T
he word ‘the’ is called the definite article. It is used before a noun
which refers to something or someone definite. Example: You may
keep the change.
Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those
These adjectives indicate the noun that is being referred to. Examples:
This book is mine. Those books are yours.
Adjectives of quantity: some, much, less
They tell us how much of a thing is being referred to.
Examples: I ate some rice. I did not eat any rice. I ate much rice.
Adjectives of number: many, few, several, each
They tell us how many things or persons are being referred to.
Examples: Several books were stolen from the library. This cell phone
has many useful features. December is the twelth month of the year.
Listen to every word I say.
Possessive pronouns: my, our, your, their, his, her, its
These pronouns are used to show posession or belonging.
Examples:
This is my family.
What is your address?
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SPELLINGS
•Acceptable •Accidentally •Accommodation •A lot •Amateur
•Apparently •Argument •Audience •Believe •Committed
•Conscience •Conscientious •Definitely •Disappear •Disappoint
•Discipline •Embarrass •Equipment •Exhilarating •Existence
•Experience •Foreign •Fourth •Generally •Grammar •Grateful
•Guarantee •Height •Ignorance •Immediately
•Independent •Intelligence •Interesting •Knowledge •Leisure •Library
•Lightning •Manoeuvre •Millennium •Miniature
•Mischievous •Noticeable •Occasionally •Occurred •Parallel
•Possession •Privilege •Questionnaire •Receive •Recommend
•Reference •Relevant •Religious •Restaurant •Ridiculous •Rhythm
•Separate •Special •Success •Tomorrow
•Their •Exercise •Weird •Onomatopoeia •Alliteration •Sincerely
•Faithfully •Writing •Does •Exciting
•Familiar •Fascinating •Forty •Exaggerate •Environment •Government
•Description •Careful •Finally •Vicious
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SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words having a complete sense.
There are many types of sentences as follows
Simple Sentences - A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. - It
expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own.
Examples:
1. The baby cried for food. ^There is a subject and a verb that expresses
a complete thought.
2. Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their
homework. ^ A simple sentence does not necessarily have to be short. It
can have adjectives. In this case, there are two verbs “completed” and
“turned in.” However, the sentence expresses one complete thought and
therefore is a simple sentence.
3. Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick. ^Although there are
two subjects and two verbs, it is still a simple sentence because both
verbs share the same subjects and express one complete thought.
Compound Sentences - A compound sentence has two independent
clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand
alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thought. - Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences. -
These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so). Examples:
1. The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police.
^Both sides of the conjunction “so” are complete sentences. “The
shoplifter had stolen clothes” can stand alone and so can “he ran once he
saw the police.” Therefore, this is a compound sentence.
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2. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English. ^This is
also a compound sentence that uses a conjunction to separate two
individual clauses.
Complex Sentences - A complex sentence is an independent clause
joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either
lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not
express a complete thought. - A complex sentence always has a
subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative
pronouns (who, that, which). Examples:
1. After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to
exercise. ^ The independent clause is ‘Tim went to the gym to exercise.”
The subordinating clause before it is dependent on the main,
independent clause. If one were to say “after eating lunch at The
Cheesecake Factory,” it would be an incomplete thought.
2. Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege
male accomplishments. ^ The subject is “opinionated women” and the
verb is “are given.” The first part of the sentence “opinionated women
are given disadvantages in societies” is an independent clause that
expresses a complete thought. The following “that privilege male
accomplishments” is a relative clause that describes which types of
societies.
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SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
One of the earliest civilizations of the world.
Period of Indus valley civilization is around 2350-1750 BC.
Meluha is the ancient name given to IVC by Mesapotamis.
Town planning was based on grid system and burnt bricks were used
for construction.
Town were divided into 2 parts upper part or Citadel and lower part.
Great bath at Mohenjdaro was used for religious bathing.
Six Granaries at Harappa were present in Indus valley civilization.
Indus people sowed seeds in November and reaped their harvest in
April.
Indus people first produced cotton which the Greeks termed as Sindon.
They produced wheat, barley, rai, peas, seasum, rice and mustard.
Animals known where oxen, sheep, buffaloes, goats, pigs, elephants,
dogs, cats, asses and camels.
In Trade barter system was generally used.
In IVC dead bodies were kept in N-S direction.
Pashupati was mostly worshipped in IVC.
Mother Goddess was also worshipped.
Iron was not known to People of IVC.
Red and Black pottery was also prevalent.
Seals were used by Merchants as a sign of property.
Agriculture was the backbone of IVC.
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INDUS VALLEY SITES
SITE RIVER FAMOUS FOR
HARAPPA RAVI LARGE GRANARY
MOHENJDARO INDUS GREAT BATH
BRONZE DANCING
GIRL
KALIBHANGAN GHAGGAR BANGLE FACTORY
LOTHAL BHAGVAR FIRE ALTAR
RICE
BANWALI SARASWATI PLOUGH
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RIG VEDA
Oldest religious text in the world.
Collection of 1028 hymns and 10 mandalas.
Rig veda is written in Sanskrit language.
3rd Mantra contains Gayatri Mantra dedicated to sun god.
Saraswati is the religious river of rig veda.
Sama veda is collection of melodies.
Yajur veda is associated with sacrifices.
Athar veda is associated with charms and spells towards diseases.
RISE OF JAINISM
Founded by Rishabadeva.
Emblem is bull.
There are 24 tirthanktas, 24th being Mahavira.
Mahavira was born in 540 BC in kundagram near vaishali.
Mahavira attained kavailya under sal tree.
First jain council held at pataliputra 300 BC under Chandargupta
maurya.
First sermon at pava.
RISE OF BUDDHISM
Founded by Gautum Buddha
Gautum Buddha born in 563 BC Lumbini Nepal.
Attained nirvana under papal tree.
First sermon at Sarnath.
First council at Rajgarha in 483 BC under Ajashatru.
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HARYANKA DYNASTY (544 – 492 BC)
Founder of Haryanka Dynasty is Bimbisara.
Capital of this dynasty was Rajgir.
Bimbisara was the contemporary of Gautum Buddha.
Ajashatru was the son of Bimbisara and killed his father.
Ajashatru patronized first Buddhist council.
Udayin was another ruler of Haryanka Dynasty and transferred capital
from Rajgir to Pataliputra.
NANDA DYNASTY ( 344 – 323 BC)
Mahapadmananda is the founder of Nanda Dynasty.
Mahapadmananda is known as Ekarat (sovereign ruler).
Mahapadmananda is known as first empire builder of Indian
history.
Alexender the great invaded india in 326 BC during his reign.
MAURYA DYNASTY ( 321 – 298 BC)
Chandargupata Maurya over threw nanda ruler with help of Chanakya.
Chandargupata Maurya is the founder of this dynasty.
Chandargupata Maurya is called sandrocottus by greek scholars.
Chandargupata Maurya defeated Seleucus Nikator in 304 BC.
Bindusara was another ruler of this dynasty and is known as
Amitraghat (slayer of foes).
Ashoka was the son of Bindusara and was appointed the viceroy of
taxilla and Ujjain by his father.
Ashoka was called devanampriya ( dear to gods).
Ashoka fought Kalinga war in 261 BC.
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GUPTA DYNASTY (319 – 467 AD)
Founder of gupta dynasty is Srigupta.
Fall of kushan ruler led to rise of gupta period.
Kanishka was an important ruler of kushan dynasty who started saka
era in 78 AD.
Chandragupta I was the first Gupta ruler to acquire the title of
Maharajadhiraja.
Chandragupta I was able to establish his authority over Magadha,
Prayaga and Saketa.
Samudragupta is known as Napoleon of India by V.A Smith.
Harisena was the court poet of Samudragupta.
The court of Chandragupta II was adorned by Navratnas
Kalidasa was the court poet of Chandragupta II.
Fah-ein the Chinese pilgrim visited India during Chandragupta II reign.
Chandragupta II is also known as Vikramaditya.
Chandragupta II was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins.
THE RAJPUTS
The Rajputs always insisted that they were of the kshatriya caste
and they were divided into clans.
The Rajput kings belonged to ordered family, which connected
them with either the sun-family (surya-vamshi) or the moon-family
(chandravamsha) of ancient Indian kings. However, there were four
clans who claimed that they had not descended from either of these two
families, but rather from the fire-family (agni-kula).
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THE INVADER MAHMUD OF GHAZNI
Ghazni was a small kingdom in Afghanistan, which was founded by a
Turkish nobleman in the tenth century. One of its successors, namely
Mahmud wanted to make Ghazni into a big and powerful kingdom;
therefore, he decided to conquer a part of Central Asia.
In order to make his large and powerful army, Mahmud had needed a
huge property; hence, he decided to attack India to rob Indian wealth
(to accomplish his a great ambition).
The first raid of Mahmud began in A.D. 1,000. In a short period of
twenty five years, Mahmud made seventeen raids. Meanwhile, he
fought battles in Central Asia and in Afghanistan as well.
Between A.D. 1,010 and 1025, Mahmud attacked only on the temple
towns in northern India, as he had heard that there were much gold and
jewelry kept in the big temples in India.
One of these attacks, which is frequently mentioned while discussing
Medieval History, was the destruction of the Somnath temple located in
western India.
In 1,030, Mahmud died and the people of northern India get relieved.
Though Mahmud was destructor for the Indians, but in his own country,
he was a builder of a beautiful mosque and a large library.
Mahmud was the patron of the famous Persian poet, Firdausi, who
wrote the epic poem ‘Shah Namah.’
Mahmud sent the Central Asian scholar Alberuni to India, who lived
here for many years and had written his experience, describing the
country and the condition of the people.
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THE INVADER MAHMUD OF GHORI
Muhammad Ghori was the ruler of the Ghor kingdom, a small
kingdom of Afghanistan. He was the supreme ruler of Ghurid Empire.
Muhammad's most important campaign in India was against the
Chauhan ruler, Prithviraj III. In 1191, Prithviraj defeated Ghori; this
battle is popularly known as the ‘first battle of Tarain.
In 1192, Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj in the second battle
of Tarin. The defeat of Prithviraj opened the Delhi area to Muhammad
and he began to establish his power.
In 1206, Ghori was murdered and his kingdom in northern India
was left in the control of his general Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
SLAVE SULTANS (1206-1290)
Mamluks were the earliest rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. They are also
known as the Slave Kings because many of them were either slaves or
were the sons of slaves and became Sultans.
The first of the slave kings was Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who was the
general of Muhammad Ghori. After the death of Ghori, Qutb-ud-din
stayed in India and established his kingdom.
The ruler of Ghazni tried to annex the territory held by Qutb-ud-din,
but he failed. When lltutmish succeeded Qutbud-din as Sultan, a
separate kingdom was established in the northern India, namely Delhi
Sultanate.
Over a period of time, the Sultans of Delhi extended their control up to
Bengal in the east and Sind in the west.
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Sultanate had also problems from the north-west, for example, the
rulers of Afghanistan were quiet, but the Mongol people of Central
Asia, led by Chenghiz Khan, made fresh conquests.
The Sultan Iltutmish had faced the administrative problems. However,
when he died, his daughter Raziya became the sultan and she had to
face the problems.
After Iltutmish, the next important Sultans was Balban, a strong and
ironwilled Sultan. He was more successful in solving the problems than
his predecessors. He defended the Sultanate from the attacks of the
Mongols.
Balban fought against the local rulers who troubled him. His biggest
problem was that the nobles who had become very powerful and were
threatening the position of the Sultan. Slowly but firmly, Balban broke
their power and finally the position of the Sultan became all-important.
Balban encouraged people to do the ‘sijdah’ in his presence. Sijdah
means, people had to kneel and touch the ground with their forehead in
salutation to him (Balban).
KHILJI SULTANS (1290-1320)
In 1,290, the Slave Sultans were succeeded by a new dynasty, known
as Khiljis. Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji was the founder of Khilji dynasty.
Alauddin Khilji, who was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din
was one of the most ambitious and powerful sultans of Khilji dynasty.
He wanted to become conquer the world (to become second
Alexander).
Alauddin Khilji, when became sultan, he gave presents (of gold) to the
citizens. At the same time, he also contended that he was a strong and
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powerful ruler and hence, he would deal severely with anyone who
showed signs of disloyalty.
Alauddin Khilji raised the land taxes on the wealthier people of the
Doab (the fertile area between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers). Further,
he strictly monitored the revenue, which the nobles got from their land
and hence, did not allow them to keep anything, which was not their
due.
The prices of goods were also closely controlled so that everyone
could afford to pay the price demanded as well as no one could make a
large profit.
Alauddin Khilji made a new policy i.e. he ordered a new assessment of
the cultivated land and the revenue. First, the land under cultivation (of
his kingdom) was measured. And the revenue of these lands was
assessed on the basis of the measurement.
Alauddin Khilji campaigned against the kingdoms of Gujarat and
Malwa. He tried to establish his control over Rajasthan by capturing
the famous forts of Ranthambhor and Chittor.
Under the command of Malik Kafur, Ala-ud-din sent a large army
towards the south with the intention to conquer the peninsula as well as
obtain money and wealth.
Malik Kafur plundered in all directions and collected a large amount
of gold from the various kingdoms of the south, including the Yadavas
(of Devagiri), the Kakatiyas (of Warangal), and the Hoyasalas (of
Dvarasamudra).
The defeated rulers were allowed to keep their throne provided they
paid a tribute. Malik Kafur also conquered the city of Madurai. By the
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time, no north Indian ruler attempted to penetrate so far in the south
India.
In 1,315, Aladdin Khilji died. After his death, there was a chaotic
situation for the succession. Ambitious Malik Kafur made himself as
sultan, but lacked support from Muslim amirs and hence, he was killed
only after few months.
By 1,320, three more Khilji successors assumed power, but no one
sustained rather killed brutally. Likewise, a new dynasty namely
Tughlaq was founded.
TUGHLAQ SULTANS (1320-1413)
In 1,320, Ghazi Malik became the king under the title of Ghiyath
al-Din Tughlaq. Likewise, the ‘Tughlaq’ dynasty began.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-51), the eldest son and successor of
Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, was one of the most ambitious and powerful
Sultans of Tughlaq dynasty.
Ibn Battutah, the North African Arab traveler, came India during
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s period and he had written the detailed
description of the Muhammad’s kingdom.
Muhammad increased the taxes of the peasants (especially who
were from the Doab area). However, a famine in the Doab region made
condition worse.
Muhammad also moved the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (which
he renamed Daulatabad). As per his strategic plan, Daulatabad (located
nearby modern Aurangabad in Maharashtra) was a better place for
controlling the Deccan.
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Muhammad decided to issue 'token' coins on brass and copper,
which could be exchanged for silver coins from the treasury.
In March, 1351, Muhammad died. After his death, his cousin Firoz
Shah came to the throne who ruled till 1388.
Firoz realized that one of the reasons for the failure of Muhammad
was that he did not have the support of the nobles. Therefore, Firoz first
established a friendly relation with them and made them happy by giving
them, grants or revenue.
Firoz, further, allowed the orthodox ulema to influence state policy
in certain matters. Thus Firoz improved his relationship with the
powerful groups at the court; however, in spite of all these, the power of
the Sultan decreased.
Firoz was interested in improving the general welfare of his
subjects. He improved parts of the kingdom by starting new irrigation
schemes. The Yamuna Canal was one of his schemes.
Firoz also established a few new towns, such as Ferozpur,
Ferozabad, HissarFiroza, and Jaunpur.
Firoz also owned two of the pillars of the emperor Ashoka and one
of them was placed on the roof of his palace.
In September 1388, Firoz died, after which there was a civil war
among his descendants. Because of the political instability, the
governors of many provinces became independent kings and finally only
a small area around Delhi remained in the hands of the Tughluq Sultans.
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SAYYID DYNASTY (1413-1451)
By 1413, the Tughlaq dynasty ended completely and local governor
occupied Delhi and given way to Sayyid Dynasty.
In 1398, Timur, the Turkish chief invaded India and robed Indian
wealth. While returning back, he appointed Khizr Khan as the governor
of Delhi.
Khizr Khan had taken Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi and founded
Sayyid dynasty in 1414. Sayyid dynasty ruled Delhi until 1451.
In 1421, Khizr Khan died, hence, his son Mubarrak Khan
succeeded. Mubarrak Khan represented himself as ‘Muizz-ud-Din
Mubarak Shah’ on his coins.
Mubarrak Khan ruled till 1434 and he was succeeded by his
nephew Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah ruled till 1445.
Muhammad succeeded by Ala-ud-din Alam Sham, who ruled till
1451. In 1451, Bahlul Lodi became the Sultan and founded the Lodi
dynasty.
LODI DYNASTY (1451-1526)
Lodi dynasty was originally from Afghan who ruled Delhi
Sultanate for about 75 years.
Bahlul Lodi, who founded the dynasty and ruled Delhi from 1451
to 1489. After his death in 1489, his second son Sikandar Lodi
succeeded the throne.
Sikandar Lodi took the title of Sikandar Shah. It was Sikandar Lodi
who founded Agra city in 1504 and moved capital from Delhi to Agra.
Sikandar Lodi, further, abolished the corn duties and patronized
trade and commerce in his kingdom.
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After Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi (the youngest son of Sikandar
Lodi) became sultan. Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of Lodi dynasty
who ruled from 1517 to 1526.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in 1526, in the first battle of
Panipat and from now Mughal Empire established.
SUFI MOVEMENT
During the eleventh century, some of the Muslims (especially who
had come from Persia and nearby regions) were fundamentally Sufis.
They settled in different parts of India and soon gathered plenty of
Indian followers.
The Sufi ideology promoted love and devotion as means of coming
nearer to God. The true God’s devotees bound to came close (both) to
God and to one's fellow men. Secondly, Sufis suggested that prayers,
fasts, and rituals were not as important as the true love of God.
The Sufis, as they were promoting true love to God and fellow men,
they were pretty flexible and tolerant for all other religions and sects,
and advocated that the paths to God can be many.
The Sufis, further, promoted respect for all human beings. This was
the reason that the orthodox Ulema did not approve of the ideology of
Sufis and said that Sufi teachings were not in agreement with orthodox
Islam.
Many of the Hindus also respected the Sufi saints and became
followers. However, the Sufis did not attempt to deceive or convert
Hindus to Islam, but rather advised Hindus to be better Hindus by
loving the one true God.
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One of the most popular Sufi saints was Muin-ud-din Chishti. He
lived most of his life in the city of Ajmer (where he died in 1236).
Muin-ud-din Chishti emphasized on the devotional music and said that
the devotional music is one of the ways to go closer to the God.
The Ulema did not approve of linking music with religion or God.
However, Chishti's followers held gatherings at the places where some
of the finest music could be heard.
The qawwali was a familiar form of singing at the sufi gatherings.
Some songs sung in Hindi were also popular.
Nizam-ud-din Auliya was the Sufi saint who was loved by both the
Sultans and by the public. His center was in the neighborhood of Delhi.
BHAKTI MOVEMENT
During the seventh century, Bhakti movement evolved in the south part
of the country (especially in the Tamil speaking regions). Over a period
of time, it spread in all the directions.
The alvars and the nayannars of the Tamil devotional cult had started the
tradition of preaching the idea of bhakti through hymns and stories.
Most of the saints of Bhakti movement were from the non-Brahman
families.
Like Sufi ideology, the bhakti ideology also taught that the relationship
between man and God was based on love, and worshipping God with
devotion was better than merely performing any number of religious
ceremonies. Bhakti Saints emphasized on the tolerance among men and
religions.
Chaitanya, the devotee of Krishna, was a religious teacher who preached
in Bengal. He composed many hymns dedicated to Krishna.
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Kabir, who was basically a weaver, was also a Bhakti saint (in Banaras).
The dohas (or couplets), which Kabir composed and preached to his
followers are still recited.
The followers of Kabir had formed a separate group, popular as
Kabirpanthis. Later, Surdas and Dadu continued the bhakti tradition.
THE SIKH MOVEMENT
In the northern India, Nanak was another religious teacher who was
as important as Kabir. Nanak had founded the Sikh religion and became
popular as Guru Nanak.
Probably, Nanak was the son of a village accountant and born and
lived in Punjab region.
Nanak left his job and travelled across the country. Finally, he
returned and settled down at Kartarpur now called Dera Baba Nanak.
Guru Nanak’s teachings (which available in the form of verses) are
included in a scripture, named as the Adi Granth. Adi Granth was
compiled by his fourth successor in the early 17th century.
Guru Nanak insisted that his followers must be willing to eat in a
common kitchen i.e. langar. Likewise, he promoted unity irrespective of
the caste.
Guru Nanak grouped his followers together and before his death, he
appointed a guru to be their leader.
The followers of the tenth guru came to be known as the ‘Khalsa,’
which means "the pure".
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MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526 – 1862)
BABUR
Founder of mughal empire in India.
He defeated Ibrahim lodhi in the first battle of panipat.
Babur born on 14 February 1483 at Andijan in Mughalistan
(present day Uzbekistan).
Babur had the prestige of being a descendant of two of the most
legendary warriors of Asia namely Changez, and Timur.
Babur groomed himself to his begs by his personal qualities. He
was always prepared to share the hardships with his soldiers.
Babur was master of Persian and Arabic languages, and is regarded
as one of the most famous writers in the Turkish language (which was
his mother tongue).
Babur’s famous memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Baburi is considered as one
of the classics of world literature. His other popular works are a masnavi
and the Turkish translation of a well-known Sufi work.
Babur introduced a new concept of the state, which was to be based
on:
a) The strength and prestige of the Crown;
b) The absence of religious and sectarian bigotry; and
c) The careful fostering of culture and the fine arts.
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HUMAYUN
Throughout the reign period (1530-1556), Humayn had faced many
adverse conditions; however, he did not lose his patience rather fought
with courage.
Born on 17 March 1508, Humayun succeeded Babur (his father) in
December 1530 at the young age of 23.
The swiftly growing powers of Afghans in the east and Bahadur Shah
(ruler of Gujarat) in the west were becoming problems that Humayun
had to suppress.
Humayun spent one and half years of his time in building a new city
nearby Delhi, and he named it as Dinpanah.
Humayun’s absence from Agra (between February 1535 and February
1537), gave an opportunity to Sher Shah to strengthened his power and
position.
Sher Shah’s forces attacked on Humayun surreptitiously; however,
Humayun, somehow managed to escape from the battle field. He swam
across the river with the help of a water-carrier. Sher Shah robbed
Humayun’s treasures. In this war, about 7,000 Mughal soldiers and
many prominent nobles were killed.
After the defeat at Chausa in March 1539, only the fullest unity among
the Timurid princes and the nobles could have saved Humayun.
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AKBAR
In 1542, Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal rulers, was born at
Amarkot.
When Humayun fled to Iran, Kamran (brother of Humayun)
captured young Akbar. Kamran treated the child well; however, Akbar
was re-united with his parents after the capture of Qandhar.
When Humayun died, Akbar was in Punjab, commanding
operations against the Afghan rebels.
In 1556, Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur at the age of merely
thirteen years and four months.
When Akbar succeeded, the Afghans were still strong beyond Agra,
and were reorganizing their forces under the leadership of Hemu.
Bairam Khan, the tutor of the prince Akbar and a loyal and favorite
officer of Humayun, became the wakil (advocate) of the kingdom and
received the title of ‘khan.i.khanan;’ he united the Mughal forces.
Akbar fought second battle of panipat in 1556 wih Hemu.
Akbar conquered Kashmir in 1586.
Abul fazal and birbal were his famous poets.
Akbar abolished Jaziya Tax.
He also introduced zabti system of land revenue.
He also established Din I ilahi.
He built ibadat khana at fathepur sikri.
Akbar organized and strengthen his army and encouraged the
mansabdari system. “Mansab” is an Arabic word, which means ‘rank’ or
‘position.’
The mansabs (ranks) were categorized as: zat and sawar.
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Akbar followed the system of the Subhah, the pargana, and the sarkar as
his major administrative units. Subhah was the top most administrative
unit, which was further sub-divided into Sarkar. Sarkar (equivalent to
district) was constituted of certain number of parganas and pargana was
the collective administrative unit of a few villages.
The chief officer of subhah was subedar.
The chief officers of the sarkar were the faujdar and the amalguzar.
The faujdar was in-charge of law and order, and the amalguzar was
responsible for the assessment and collection of the land revenue.
The Amalguzar was assigned to exercise a general supervision over
all types of lands for the purpose of imperial rules and regulations and
the assessment and collection of land revenue uniformly.
The Jagir lands were allotted to the nobles and members of the
Royal family including the queens.
During the Sultanate period, the role of wazir was very important
and the chief adviser of the ruler, but Akbar reduced the responsibilities
of wazir by creating separate departments.
Akbar assigned wazir as head of the revenue department. Thus, he
was no longer the principal adviser to the ruler, but an expert in revenue
affairs (only). However, to emphasize on wazir’s importance, Akbar
generally used the title of diwan or diwan-i-ala (in preference to the title
wazir).
The head of the military department was known as the mir bakhshi.
It was the mir bakhshi (and not the diwan) who was considered as the
head of the nobility.
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JAHANGIR
Jahangir executed 5th sikh guru, Guru Arjun Dev.
He prohibited the sale of Tabbaco.
Jahangir has given farman to captain Hawkings to built a factory at
surat.
SHAHJAHAN
Real name was Khurram.
His reign is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal Empire.
He built Moti masjid and taj mahal at agra.
He also built jamia masjid and red fort and new delhi.
AURANGZEB
He became victorious after brutal war of succession among his
brothers.
He executed 9th sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur.
He is also called darvesh or zinda pir.
He forbade Sati.
Built Biwi ka Maqbara at Aurangabad.
He built moti masjid inside red fort.
He also reintroduced jaziya tax.
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ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA
The East Indian Company came to India on 31 December 1600.
Queen Elizabeth I provided a charter to the Governor and Company
of merchants of London to trade with the Indies
The East India Company made two voyages to the Spice Islands. In
1608, the third voyage arrived at Surat in India. In 1609 Captain
William Hawkins arrived to the court of Jahangir with a letter from
James I for trade concessions.
In 1613 Jahangir permitted the British to set uo a factory at Surat..In
1615 Thomas Roe got concessions to set up trading stations.
In 1619 the British factories were set up at Agra, Ahmedabad and
Broach.
In 1661 the British got Bombay as part of dowry from the
Portuguese.
In 1668 Bombay was given to the East India Company for an annual
rent of 10 dollars.
In 1611 the British established a factory at Masulipatam in the
south. In 1639 it got Madras from Raja of Chandragiri. A factory was
erected at Fort St. George.
England and France were traditional enemies and that political
rivalry spread to India also. The commercial rivalry between the two
Companies reached the boiling point on the eve of the First Carnatic
War.(1746-1748)
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Battle of Plassey
The famous battle, in which the 39th Foot (later the Dorset Regiment)
played such a prominent part, was fought on the 23rd June 1757 and
effectively marked the beginning of 200 years‘ British rule in India.
Universally known as Plassey, after the village near which the action
took place, the battlefield is located north of Calcutta in the region
known as Bengal and is now near the north eastern border of India with
Bangladesh. As has been the case in many other instances, the military
action was a comparatively straightforward matter compared to the
politics, rivalry, greed, treachery, bribery, spin‘ and general skul
duggery which led up to it.
Historically, the British began trading with India in the early 17th
Century through the British East India Company and became more and
more influential, effectively ruling many districts. Although the
Company used mostly locally-enlisted troops (sepoys) they had small
detachments of the British Army ‗under command.‘ Any form of British
rule was obviously unpopular with some local rulers, including the
Nawab of Bengal, Surajah Dowlah, who in 1756 captured a British fort
in Calcutta and imprisoned 146 members of the garrison in a tiny
building. Many of the captives died of heat exhaustion in what became
known as the Black Hole of Calcutta.
Clive and his masters in the East India Company decided that they could
not trust the Nawab, whose army was assembled at Plassey and was
therefore a threat to Calcutta. Anxious that there should be no repetition
of The Black Hole incident, they decided to depose the Nawab and
replace him with Mir Jafar, Commander-in-Chief of the Nawab's army.
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Battle of Buxar
Venue: Near Buxar. Then within the territory of Bengal, Buxar,
presently, is one of the 38 districts of Bihar in India.
Date and Year: 23rd October, 1764
The Battle of Buxar, a significant battle in the history of India, was
fought between British East India Company and the combined forces of
Nawabs and the Mughal Emperor.
While the East India Company's force was led by Hector Munro, the
Indian force was led by the Mughal rulers of three princely states - Mir
Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh
and Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor.
The primary cause was the conflict between the English and Mir
Qasim. Mir Qasim was an independent ruler and was the strongest and
ablest of all Nawabs. He undertook some reformation, under which there
was a reduction in expenditure on administration and palaces; fire locks
and guns were manufactured, there was regular payment of salaries, new
taxes were imposed and the capital was shifted from Monghyar to
Murshidabad, which annoyed the British nobles and officers.
Winner: Hector Munro
Losers: Combined armies of Nawab Mir Qasim, Nawab Shuja-
udDaulah & Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II
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The Larger Implications of the Battle of baxur 1764
It led to the signing of the Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by Lord Robert
Clive with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
With the defeat of Mir Kasim, the rule of Nawabs came to an end.
Diwani rights or fiscal rights were secured which meant that the British
would administer and manage revenues of large areas which included
the present-day West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, as
well as of Bangladesh. The British became the masters of the people of
these places.
In return of this right, the British would give Rs 26 lakh to the Mughal
emperor Shah Alam II.
Regulating Act 1773
The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June
1773.
It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining
the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its
Indian possessions.
This Act deserves special mention because it was the first actron on
the part of the British Government to regulate the affairs of the
Company in India. The Company, through a Charter, had only been
given trading rights by the British Crown. When it acquired territories in
India and slowly but surely converted itself into a ruling body, the
Parliament could not accept and regularise this development. Moreover,
it was believed that whatever lands the Company acquired were in the
name of and on behalf of the King. Therefore, the administration of
these territories had to be controlled by the Crown.
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Pitt’s India Act 1784
The Pitt‘s India Act, 1784 also called the East India Company Act,
1784 was passed by the British Parliament to correct the defects of the
Regulating Act of 1773. This act resulted in dual control of British
possessions in India by the British government and the Company with
the final authority resting with the government. This act continued in
effect until 1858. The act is named after William Pitt the Younger,
Britain‘s Prime Minister when the act was passed.
Pitt‘s lndiaAct of 1784 brought about two important changes in the
constitution of the company, first, itconstituted a department of state in
England known as Board of Control, whose specialfunction was to
controlthe policy of the Court of Directors. Secondly, the Act reduced the
number of members of the Executive.council to three. It also modified
the councits of Madras and Bombay on the pattern of Bengal.
ln the title of the Act, the Company's territories wee called 'the
British .possessions in lndia'. This was the first clear assertion of the
Crown's ctaim of ownership over the lndian Territory acquired by the
company.
This act made a distinction between the commercial and political
activities of the East India Company.For the first time, the term ‗British
possessions in India‘ was used
The Company became subordinate to the British government unlike
as in the previous Regulating Act of 1773, where the government only
sought to ‗regulate‘ matters and not take over.This act established the
British Crown‘s authority in civil and military administration of its
Indian territories.
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THE CHARTER ACT OF 1833
All the Acts passed by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs
of the East India Company, the Charter Act of 1833 stands out as the
most comprehensive and far reaching in effect.
There were circumstances both in India and England which
necessitated the passing of the Act.
In India, the policy of intervention and territorial aggrandisement
pursued by Wellesley and Hastings had added enormously to the
territories of the Company and also to the consequent difficulties in
administration.
In England, Parliamentary reforms had brought into being a
reformed House of Commons where liberalism was as the ascendancy.
Further that was a clamour for freedom of trade in India, unrestricted
immigration of Europeans into India, reform of Indian laws and also
important to mention the influence, among others, of two Liberals who
were intimately associated with James Mill.
As a result of the Act, the last traces of the commercial monopoly
which the Company enjoyed were abolished and all restrictions to
European immigration into India were removed.
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Permanent Settlement
The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the
East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis
in 1793.
This was basically an agreement between the company and the
Zamindars to fix the land revenue. First enacted in Bengal, Bihar and
Odisha, this was later followed in northern Madras Presidency and the
district of Varanasi.
Cornwallis thought of this system inspired by the prevailing system
of land revenue in England where the landlords were the permanent
masters of their holdings and they collected revenue from the peasants
and looked after their interests.
He envisaged the creation of a hereditary class of landlords in India.
This system was also called the Zamindari System.
Doctrine of Lapse
Doctrine of lapse was the policy of Dalhousie, the then Governor
General, to annexed the independent Indian States in 1848 A.D.
This doctrine was based on the idea that in case a ruler of dependent
state died childless, the right of ruling over the State reverted or ‗lapsed‘
to the sovereign.
According to this, any princely state under the direct or indirect (as
a vassal) control of the East India Company where the ruler did not have
a legal male heir would be annexed by the company.This was not
introduced by Lord Dalhousie even though it was he who documented it,
and used it widely to acquire territories for the British.
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By applying the doctrine of lapse, Dalhousie annexed the States of
Satara (1848 A.D.), Jaipur (1849 A.D.), Sambhalpur (1849 A.D.), Bahat
(1850 A.D.), Udaipur (1852 A.D.), Jhansi (1853 A.D.), and Nagpur
(1854 A.D.). Annexation by lapse of ‗Karauli‘ was disallowed by the
Court of Directors.The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy
followed widely by Lord Dalhousie when he was India‘s Governor-
General from 1848 to 1856.
GOVT. OF INDIA ACT 1858
On 2nd August 1858 the Parliament passed a bill to take over the
administration of India from the East Indian Company by the British
Crown.
The title of Viceroy was introduced for the supreme representation
of the British Government in India.
The provision of this bill called for the dissolution of the British
East India Company that was ruling India under the patronage of the
Parliament and transfer of that power to the British Crown.
The then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Lord Palmerston,
introduced this bill, which would transfer power from the East India
Company to the Crown, citing shortcomings in their administration of
India.
This bill was passed in 1858, the year following the first war of
Independence in India (or what the British referred to as the Indian
Rebellion) to calm down the after effects of the uprising.
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GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BENGAL
WARREN HASTINGS (1772-1885)
Warren Hastings was an English statesman and the first Governor of the
Presidency of Fort William (Bengal).
Hastings brought the Dual Government system to an end by enforcing
the Regulating Act of 1773.
Warren Hastings founded the Calcutta Madrasa for the promotion of
Islamic studies in 1781 and founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with
William Jones in 1784.
LORD CORNWAILLS (1786-1793)
Lord Cornwallis enacted various significant reforms within the East
India Company and its territories, including the Cornwallis code, part of
which was responsible for implementing a number of significant land
taxation reforms known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal (also
known as the Zamindari system).
Lord Cornwallis also introduced Civil Services in our country and
established lower courts and appellate courts.
From 1789 to 1792, he led the British and Company forces in the Third
Anglo-Mysore War to defeat Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.
Sir John Shore (1793-1798) succeeded Lord Cornwallis as the Governor
General of Bengal in 1793. The period of Sir John Shore‘s rule as the
governor general of India was comparatively uneventful as he followed
the policy of non-intervention.
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Lord Wellesley (1798-1805)
Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of bengal at a time
when the British were involved in a life and death struggle with France
all over the world. He soon realized that the political conditions in India
were favorable for the expansion of the British Empire in India.
Lord Wellesley adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance to keep
the Indian rulers under control and to further strengthen the British
Empire in India.
Sir George Barlow (1805-1807)
Sir George Barlow served as the Acting Governor General of India
from 1805 to 1807 until the arrival of Lord Minto in 1807.
It was during the tenure of Sir George Barlow that the Mutiny of
Vellore took place in 1806 in which the Indian soldiers killed many
English officials.
Lord Minto I (1807-1813)
Lord Minto concluded the treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit
Singh in 1809. He also introduced the Charter Act of 1813.
Lord Hastings (1813-1823)
Lord Hastings served as the Governor General of India from 1813 to
1823, a long ten years term. His tenure is known for the policy of
intervention and war.
Lord Hastings put an end to the policy of non-intervention which
was adopted by John Shore. He abolished the censorship of the press and
established the Ryotwari System in Madras and the Mahalwari System
in Central India, Punjab, and Western UP.
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Lord Amherst (1823-1828)
Lord Amherst was the Governor General of India from 1823 to 1828.
The principal events of his tenure were the annexation of Assam leading
to the first Burmese war of 1824, resulting in the surrender of Arakan
and Tenasserim to the British Empire.
The mutiny of Barrackpur in 1824 also took place during Lord
Amherst‘s tenure.
GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA
Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
Lord William Bentinck is known as the liberal Governor General of
India.
He is credited with very important social and educational reforms in
India including the abolishing of Sati, the suppression of female
infanticide and Thuggee, ending lawlessness, human sacrifices.
Most liberal and enlightened Governor-General of India; Regarded as
the Father of Modern Western Education in India.
He carried out social reforms such as the abolition of Sati Pratha with
the help of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Suppression of Thuggee.
Passed the Charter Act of 1833, which provided that no Indian subject of
Company was to be debarred from holding an office on account of his
religion, place of birth, descent and colour.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836)
Sir Charles Metcalfe removed the restrictions on the Vernacular Press
and is thus known as liberator of press.
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Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
Lord Auckland served as the Governor General of India from 1836
to 1842. As a legislator, he dedicated himself especially to the
improvement of native schools and the expansion of the commercial
industry of India.
During Lord Auckland‘s tenure, the first Anglo-Afghan war gave a
severe blow to the British Prestige in India.
Lord Ellenborough (1842–44)
Brought an end to the Afghan War. Annexation of Sindh (1843)
War with Gwalior (1843).
Lord Hardinge I (1844–48)
1st Anglo-Sikh war (1845–46) and the Treaty of Lahore 1846
(marked the end of Sikh sovereignty in India.
Gave preference to English education in employment.
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Lord Dalhousie served as the Governor General of India from 1848
to 1856. During his tenure, the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1849) was
fought in which the Sikhs were again defeated and Lord Dalhousie
annexed the whole of Punjab to the British administration.
He introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848),
Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), and
Nagpur (1854).
During Lord Dalhousie‘s tenure, the first railway line between
Bombay and Thane was opened in 1853 and in the same year, Calcutta
and Agra were connected by telegraph.
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In 1854, Wood‘s Despatch was passed which provided the proper
system of education from the School to the University.
His other reforms include setting up of P.W.D. and passing of the
Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
Lord Dalhousie was the one who made Shimla the summer capital of
India.
Youngest Governor-General of India (36 Years), & also known as
• Father of Indian Telegraph
• Father of Indian Railways
• Father of Indian Postal system
• Father of Indian Engineering Services
• Maker of modern India
VICEROYS OF INDIA
Lord Canning (1856–58)
The last Governor General and first Viceroy of India
Revolt of 1857; Passed the Act of 1858, which ended the rule of the
East India Company.
Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
He reorganized the British Indian army and restored financial
stability by introducing income tax, a uniform tariff of ten percent and a
convertible paper currency
LORD ELGIN (1862)
Wahabi movement
LORD LAWERNCE (1864-1869)
Established high courts at Calcutta, Bombay and madras in 1865.
Created Indian forest department.
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LORD MAYO (1869-1872)
Organized statistical survey of india.
First time census 1871 was held in india.
Only viceroy who was murdered in office in 1872.
LORD NORTBROOKE (1872-1876)
Kuka rebellion in Punjab
Famine in bihar.
LORD LYTTON (1876-80)
British poet and diplomat Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton (1831–91)
was viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880.
During his viceroyalty Lytton worked to improve the Indian
administration and supervised his government‘s much-criticized
response to the Great Famine of 1876–78.
Passed The vernacular press act 1878.
Passed The arms act 1878. This act made it a criminal offence to
keep, hearing traffic in arms without license.
Passed The Royal Rules Act 1876. The British passed the royal titles
act, investing Queen Victoria with the title Of Kaisf-I-Hind or Queen
Empress of India.
LORD RIPON (1880-84)
He repealed the Vernacular Press Act and earned much among
Indians.
Ripon believed that self-government is the highest and noblest
principles of politics. Therefore, Ripon helped the growth of local bodies
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like the Municipal Committees in towns and the local boards in taluks
and villages.
Thus introduced local self government in india.
Like Lord William Bentinck, Lord Ripon was a champion of
education of the Indians. Ripon wanted to review the working of the
educational system on the basis of the recommendations of the Wood's
Despatch. For further improvement of the system Ripon appointed a
Commission in 1882 under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter. The
Commission came to be known as the Hunter Commission.
Passed illber bill in 1883 which enabled Indian district magistrates
to try European criminals.
LORD DUFFERIN (1884-1888)
INC came into existence in 1885
Third Burmese war (1885-86)
LORD CURZON (1899-1905)
Passed ancient monuments preservation act 1904
Established Agricultural Research institute 1905.
Partition of Bengal 1905.
Curzon also took an active interest in military matters. In 1901, he
founded the Imperial Cadet Corps, or ICC. The ICC was a corps d'elite,
designed to give Indian princes and aristocrats military training, after
which a few would be given officer commissions in the Indian Army.
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LORD MOUNTBATTEN ( MARCH – AUGUST 1947)
In 1947, Mountbatten was appointed as the Viceroy of India. He
mainly administered the British withdrawal from India with minimal
reputation damage and the transition from British India to independent
states of India and Pakistan.
Though Mountbatten emphasized on the united, independent India,
he could not influence Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who demanded a separate
Muslim state of Pakistan, despite being aware of the difficulties that
would arise while meeting the demands.
Last viceroy of British India and first governor general of free india.
Partition of india by 3rd june mountbatten plan.
Indian independence act was passed by british parliament on 4th july
1947.
India became independent on 15th august 1947.
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Formed in 1885 by A.O Hume.
The first session of the Indian National Congress at Gokul Singh
Tejpal Sanskrit School, Bombay in Decemeber 1885. It was presided
over by W.C. Banerjee and attended by 72 delegates.
The phase of 1885-1904; Phase of moderate nationalism when the
Congress continued to be loyal to the British crown.
The phase of 1905-1917; Swadeshi Movement, rise of militant
nationalism and the Home Rule Movement.
The phase of 1918-1947; Known as the Gandhian era.
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The early leaders of the Indian National Congress were Dadabhai
Naoroji, M.G. Ranade, Sir P.M. Mehta, G.K. Gokhale, and W.C.
Banerjee & S.N. Banerjee. They were staunch believers in liberalism
and Moderate politics.
The younger group of nationalists in the Indian national Congress
led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal; was
known as the Extremist Congress.
IMPORTANT SESSIONS OF CONGRESS
DATE PLACE PRESIDED BY
1885 BOMBAY W.C BANNERJE
1886 CALCUTTA DADABHAI NAOROJI
1888 ALLAHABAD GOERGE YULE
1907 SURAT RAS BEHARI BOSE
1911 KOLKATTA B.N DAS
1916 LUCKNOW M.C MAZMUDAR
1924 BELGIUM GANDHI G
1940 RAMGARH ABDUL KALAM AZAD
Surat session 1907 inc splited into extremists and moderates.
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SWADESHI MOVEMENT (1905)
Has its origin in anti partition movement of Bengal.
Lal , bal, pal and aurobindo ghosh played an important role.
Inc took the swadeshi call in 1905 at banaras session.
MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)
Established by Agha Khan, Nawab salimullah and Nawab Mohsin-

ul-Mulk.
The league supported partition of Bengal and opposed swadeshi
movement.
This league demanded special safeguards to muslims.
At first the league was encouraged by the British and was generally
favourable to their rule, but the organization adopted self-government
for India as its goal in 1913
Jinnah and the Muslim League led the struggle for the partition of
British India into separate Hindu and Muslim states, and after the
formation of Pakistan in 1947 the league became Pakistan‘s dominant
political party.
HOME RULE MOVEMENT (1916)
Started by bal gangadhar tilak in 1916 at poona and annie beasant
at madras.
Its objective was self government for india.
Bal gangadhar tilak raised the slogan swaraj is my birth right and I
shall have it.
Lucknow pact (1916) between INC and Muslim League for joint
dominion status of india.
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ROWLATT ACT & JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSCARE
Rowlatt act 18th March1919 gave powers to british govt. to arrest
and imprison suspects without trial.
This act outraged whole india.
Jallianwal bagh masscare incident happened on 13th April 1919.
General O Dyer fired at the people who were assembled in
Jallianwala Bagh.
Hundreds of people got killed and thousands got injured.
Simon commission was also setup to enquire in this incident.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Mohd Ali and Shaukat ali started this movement in 1920.
Muslims were outraged by the treatment done to turkey by british
after first world war.
Thus they started this movement.
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
First mass based movement under mahatma Gandhi.
On the suggestions of Mahatma Gandhi a programme of non-
cooperation was collectively accepted by the All Party Conference held
at Allahabad on 9 June 1920.
As per the resolution of this Conference, a decree supporting the
programme of non-cooperation was passed in the special session the
Congress at Kolkata in September under the Presidentiship of Lala
Lajpat Rai.
A large number of Muslims also attended this session. Gandhi
moved the resolution. Ali brothers and Pandit Motilal Nehru supported
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it. C. R. Das, Annie Besant and Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya opposed
it.
Before 1920 the aim of the Congress was to accomplish
selfgovernance by constitutional and lawful means. The new aim of the
Congress was attainment of Swaraj by justifiable and nonviolent means.
Due to chauri chaura incident 1922 gandhi g called this movement
off 0n 12th February 1922.
DANDI MARCH AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
(1930)
It is also called salt satyagarha.
Gandhi g started his march from Sabarmati ashram on 12 march
1930 to break the salt law.
He picked up a handful of salt and inaugurated the civil
disobedience movement.
People cheered the marchers and joined them along the way. As
Gandhi walked past them, villager‘s spun yarn on charkhas as a mark of
their solidarity to the movement.
On April 6, after Gandhi reached the sea at Dandi, he picked up
some salt from the seaside as a mark of breaking the Salt Law. Gandhi
had decided to break the law as he believed that salt was a basic
necessity of people and salt tax was against the interest of the poor.
Inspired by Gandhi, people began manufacturing salt all over the
country.
Under Gandhi Irwin pact 1931 gandhi withdraw this movement.
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QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT 1942
On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in
Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India'
movement.
This movement is also called wardha proposal.
The next day, Gandhi, Nehru and many other leaders of the Indian
National Congress were arrested by the British Government. Disorderly
and non-violent demonstrations took place throughout the country in the
following days
In March 1942, the Prime Minister dispatched Sir Stafford Cripps,
a member of the War Cabinet, to India to discuss the British
Government's Draft Declaration. The draft granted India Dominion
status after the war but otherwise conceded few changes to the British
Government Act of 1935. The draft was unacceptable to the Congress
Working Committee who rejected it. The failure of the Cripps Mission
further estranged the Congress and the British Government.
On 7 to 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee met in
Bombay and ratified the 'Quit India' resolution. Gandhi called for 'Do or
Die'
People became extremely violent but the movement was crushed by
the government.
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INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT
The 1947 Indian Independence Act Is an Act of the Parliament of
the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new
independent dominions of India and Pakistan.
The Act received the royal assent on July 18, 1947, and thus India
and Pakistan, comprising West (modern day Pakistan) and East (modern
day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on August 15.
The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress, the
Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with
Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or
Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence.
ATLEE ANNOUNCEMENT : The Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom announced on February 20, 1947, that: The British
Government would grant full self-government to British India by June 3,
1948.
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INTRODUCTION TO INDIA
Location: India is located entirely in the northern hemisphere;
specifically in the south-central part of the continent of Asia. The
mainland of India extends between latitudes 804’N and 3706’N and
longitudes 6807’E and 97025’E (as shown in the map given below). The
southern boundary extends up to 6°45' N latitude in the Bay of Bengal.
Size: With an area of 3.28 million square km, India is the 7th
largest country of the world. India accounts for about 2.4 percent of the
total geographical area of the world. India has a total land boundary of
about 15,200 km. The maximum length of the mainland from north to
south is about 3214 km. The maximum length of the mainland from east
to west is about 2933 km. India’s total length of coastline is 6,100 km of
its mainland and after including Andaman and Nicobar, and
Lakshadweep islands, it is about 7,516 km.
Indian Standard Meridian: 82030’E Meridian crossing through the
Mirzapur city of Uttar Pradesh is taken as India’s Standard Meridian.
Indian Standard Time is ahead of Greenwich (00 or Prime Meridian)
Mean Time by 5 hours and 30 minutes. Tropic of cancer (23030’N)
passes through Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West
Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
India & Neighbors: India is bounded by young fold mountains (the
Great Himalaya) in the North and North-East. India shares its
international boundaries with Afghanistan and Pakistan in the North-
West; China, Tibet (China), Nepal, and Bhutan in the North and
NorthEast; and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the East. Island countries
Sri Lanka and Maldives are India’s neighbors across the sea.
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India - Evolution
As per the estimation, the earth is approximately 460 million years
old.
The endogenic and exogenic forces played a significant role in
giving shape to various surface and subsurface features of the earth.
The theory of Plate Tectonics defines the formation of physical
aspects of the earth.
Initially, all continents were united (there was one landmass), and
known as Pangea or Super Continent (as shown in the image given
below).
The northern part of the ancient super continent Pangea was named
as ‘Angara Land’ or Laurasia and the southern part was named as
‘Gondwana Land.’
The Gondwana Land includes India, Australia, South Africa, South
America, and Antarctica.
Physiography
India’s physiography is divided into six following regions:
The Northern and Northeastern Mountains
The Northern Plain
The Peninsular Plateau
The Indian Desert
The Coastal Plains
The Islands.
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MOUNTAIN PEAKS AND HILLS
Mt K2 8611 m Pok (india)
Kanchenjunga 8598 m sikkim
Nanda Devi 7817 m uttarakhand
Saltoro Kangri 7742 m J&k
Kangto 7090 m Aurnachal pradesh
Reo purgyil 6816 m H.P
Saramati 3841 m Nagaland
Sandakhpu 3636 m Paschim Banga
Khayang 3114 m Manipur
Anaimudi 2695 m Kerala
Dodda betta 2636 m Tamil Nadu
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Northern Plains
The northern plains are formed by the alluvial deposits brought by
the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.
The northern plains are divided into three major zones: the Bhabar,
the Tarai, and the alluvial plains.
Bhabar is a narrow belt spread between 8-10 km parallel to the
Shiwalik foothills at the break-up of the slope where all the rivers
coming through this way deposit heavy materials of rocks and boulders
and get disappeared.
The south of Tarai is a belt consisting of old and new alluvial
deposits known as the Bhangar and Khadar accordingly.
The alluvial plains are further divided as the Khadar and the
Bhangar.
Peninsular Plateau
The Peninsular Block is made up of a series of patland plateaus
such as the Hazaribagh plateau, the Palamu plateau, the Ranchi plateau,
the Malwa plateau, the Coimbatore plateau, and the Karnataka plateau.
Delhi ridge in the northwest, (extension of Aravalli’s), the
Rajmahal hills in the east, Gir range in the west and the Cardamom hills
in the south are the peripheral parts of the Peninsular Block.
The Peninsular plateau can be further divided into three broad
groups i.e. the Deccan Plateau, the Central Highlands, and the
Northeastern Plateau.
Western Ghats is known by different local names. They are known
as Sahyadri in Maharashtra; Nilgiri hills in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu;
and Anaimalai hills, and Cardamom hills in Kerala.
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Located on the Anaimalai hills of the Western Ghats Anaimudi
(2,695 m) is the highest peak of Peninsular plateau, followed by
Dodabetta (2,637 m) on the Nilgiri hills.
Thal, Bhor, and the Pal Ghats are the important passes of the
Western Ghats.
The Eastern Ghats stretch from the Mahanadi Valley in the north to
the Nilgiris in the south.
The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and irregular and dissected by
many rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal.
Mahendragiri (1,501 meters) is the highest peak of the Eastern
Ghats.
The most distinct feature of the peninsular plateau is the black soil
area known as Deccan Trap.
Formed by a series of scarped plateaus on the south, the Satpura
range is part of the Central Highlands.
The general elevation of the Central Highlands ranges between 700
and 1,000 m above the mean sea level.
Meghalaya plateau is rich in mineral resources. The most
significant of these resources are coal, iron ore, sillimanite, limestone,
and uranium.
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Indian Desert
The Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, lies in the
northwest of the Aravalli hills.
The Aravali Hills lie on the western and north western margins of
the peninsular plateau. These are highly eroded hills and are found as
broken hills between Gujarat and Delhi.
Coastal Plains
The Indian coastal plains are divided as the western coastal plains
and the eastern coastal plains.
The western coastal plains are an example of submerged coastal
plain.
The western coast may be divided into the following divisions – the
Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat; Konkan coast in Maharashtra;
Goan coast in Karnataka, and the Malabar coast in Kerala respectively.
The Malabar Coast has certain distinctive features such as Kayals
(backwaters), which are used for fishing, inland navigation, and these
backwaters hold a special attraction for the tourists.
In comparison to the western coastal plains, the eastern coastal
plain is broader and is an example of an Emergent coast.
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Islands
There are two major island groups in India, i.e., one in the Bay of
Bengal (Andaman and Nicobar) and the other in the Arabian Sea
(Lakshadweep).
The Bay of Bengal island group consists of about 572 islands/islets.
The two principal groups of islets include the Ritchie’s archipelago
and the Labyrinth Islands.
However, the entire group of islands is divided into two broad
categories – the Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south and
they are separated by Ten Degree Channel.
Situated in the Nicobar Islands, Barren Island is the only active
volcano in India.
Located on the North Andaman, Saddle peak (738 m) is the highest
peak of the region.
Lakshadweep and Minicoy are the islands of the Arabian Sea.
The entire island group of Lakshadweep is built of coral deposits.
There are approximately 36 islands, among which, 11 are inhabited.
The entire group of islands is broadly divided by the Eleventh-
degree channel. The Amini Island lies to the north and the Cannanore
Island lies to the south of the channel.
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India: Drainage System
The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as
drainage and the network of such channels is known as drainage system.
The drainage pattern of an area is the result of the geological time
period, nature, and structure of rocks, topography, slope, etc.
About 77% of the drainage area consisting of the Ganga, the
Brahmaputra, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, etc. is oriented towards the
Bay of Bengal.
On the other hand, 23% comprising the Indus, the Narmada, the
Tapi, the Mahi, and the Periyar systems discharge their waters in the
Arabian Sea.
A river drain is a specific area, which is known as the catchment
area of that river.
An area drained by a river and its tributaries is known as a drainage
basin.
The boundary line separating one drainage basin from the other is
called as the watershed area.
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The Indus.
The total length of the Indus River system is 2,880 km (in India
1,114 km).
The Indus, which is also known as the Sindhu, is the westernmost
of the Himalayan Rivers in India.
The Indus originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu in the Tibetan
region at an altitude of 4,164 m in the Kailash Mountain range.
The Indus enters into Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region.
In Tibet, the Indus is known as Singi Khamban or the Lion’s
mouth.
Major tributaries of Indus are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Zaskar, the
Hunza, the Nubra, the Shigar, the Gasting, and the Dras in the upper
part.
In the lower part, the Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab, and the
Jhelum are the major tributaries of the Indus.
Finally, the Indus discharges into the Arabian Sea near Karachi in
Pakistan.
The Jhelum, an important tributary of the Indus, rises from a spring
at Verinag situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal.
The Jhelum flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before
entering into Pakistan.
Jhelum joins the Chenab near Jhang in Pakistan.
Formed by two streams i.e. the Chandra and the Bhaga, the Chenab
is the largest tributary of the Indus.
Chenab is also known as Chandrabhaga.
The Chenab flows about 1,180 km before entering into Pakistan.
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The Ganga
The Ganga originates from the Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh
(3,900 m) in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand.
However, the river, when it originates from the Gangotri glacier is
known as the Bhagirathi.
At Devprayag, the Bhagirathi merges with another river, i.e., the
Alaknanda; and from here, it is known as the Ganga. The Alaknanda
originates from the Satopanth glacier above Badrinath.
The total length of the Ganga in India is 2,525 km, which is shared
by Uttarakhand (110 km); Uttar Pradesh (1,450 km); Bihar (445 km);
and West Bengal (520 km).
The Ganga river system is the largest river system in India.
The Son is a major right bank tributary of the Ganga; however,
major left bank tributaries are the Ramganga, the Gomati, the Ghaghara,
the Gandak, the Kosi, and the Mahananda.
Originating from the Yamunotri glacier on the western slopes of
Banderpunch range (6,316 km), the Yamuna is the longest tributary of
the Ganga.
The Yamuna joins the Ganga at Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh.
The Gandak joins the Ganga at Sonpur near Patna, Bihar.
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The Brahmaputra
The Brahmaputra originates from the Chemayungdung glacier of
the Kailash range near the Mansarovar Lake.
In Tibet, the Brahmaputra is known as the Tsangpo (means ‘the
purifier’).
The Rango Tsangpo is the major right bank tributary of the
Brahmaputra in Tibet.
The Brahmaputra enters into India near the west of Sadiya town in
Arunachal Pradesh.
Major left bank tributaries of the Brahmaputra are Lohit, Dibang or
Sikang, Burhi Dihing, and Dhansari.
Major right bank tributaries of the Brahmaputra are the Subansiri,
Kameng, Manas, and Sankosh.
The Tista joins the Brahmaputra on its right bank in Bangladesh
and from here, the river is known as the Yamuna
Finally, the Brahmaputra merges with the river Padma and falls in
the Bay of Bengal.
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OTHER IMPORTANT RIVERS
The Mahanadi originates from Sihawa in Raipur district of
Chhattisgarh and runs through Madhya Pradesh and Odisha and finally
discharges its water into the Bay of Bengal. The total length of
Mahanadi is 851 km.
Popularly known as the Dakshin Ganga, the Godavari is the largest
peninsular river system. The Godavari originates from Nasik district of
Maharashtra and discharges its water into the Bay of Bengal. With total
1,465 km length, Godavari covers the areas of Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.
Originating from Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri, the Krishna is the
second largest east flowing Peninsular River. The Koyna, the
Tungabhadra, and the Bhima are the major tributaries of the Krishna
The Kaveri originates from the Brahmagiri hills (1,341m) located
in Kogadu district of Karnataka. The river Kaveri’s total course of 770
km commands a basin area of 8.8 million hectare mha, of which, 3%
lies in Kerala, 41% lies in Karnataka, and 56% lies in Tamil Nadu.
The Narmada originates from the western flank of the Amarkantak
plateau (1,057 m). Flowing through a rift valley located between the
Satpura in the south and the Vindhya range in the north, the Narmada
forms Dhuandhar waterfall and a picturesque gorge of marble rocks
nearby Jabalpur. The total length of Narmada is 1,312 km. Flowing in
the westward direction, Narmada finally empties into the Arabian Sea in
the Bharuch district of Gujarat.
Originating from Multai in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh,
Tapi is the other important westward flowing river emptying into the
Arabian Sea.
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India: Climate
Weather is the temporary state of the atmosphere, while climate
refers to the average of the weather conditions over a longer period of
time.
Weather changes quickly, may be within a day or week, but climate
changes in imperceptivity and may be noted after 50, 100 years, or even
more.
The climate of India has distinct regional variations discernible by
the pattern of winds, temperature, and rainfall; further, also in the form
of rhythm of seasons and the degree of wetness or dryness.
Major factors that determine the climate of India are:
a. Latitude
b. The Himalayan Mountains
c. Distribution of land and water
d. Distance from the sea
e. Altitude
f. Relief
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India: Natural Vegetation
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left
undisturbed over a long period of time.
According to the India State of Forest Report 2011, the actual forest
cover in India is 21.05%, of which, 12.29% are dense forests and 8.75%
are open forests.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands have 86.93% forest area; on the
other hand, Lakshadweep has zero per cent forest area cover.
With (about) 90 percent of forest cover, Mizoram has the highest
percentage of forest area in India.
Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Gujarat have
less than 10 percent area under forest cover.
Based on climatic conditions, forests are divided into categories.
They are:
Tropical Evergreen Forests
Tropical evergreen forests are found in the regions that receive
annual precipitation of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above
220C.
Tropical evergreen forests are found in the western slope of the
Western Ghats, hills of the northeastern region, and the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.
In tropical evergreen forests, trees reach great heights, i.e., up to 60
m or even above. And, largely these trees do not have fixed time to shed
their leaves.
Major examples of evergreen forests are rosewood, mahogany, aini,
ebony, etc.
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Tropical Deciduous Forests
Tropical Deciduous Forests are the most widespread forests of
India and are popularly as Monsoon Forests.
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the regions, which receive
rainfall between 70 and 200 cm.
Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum, and
sandalwood etc. are the main species of the moist deciduous forests.
Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood, etc. are the major trees
of dry deciduous forests.
Tropical Thorn Forests
Tropical thorn forests are found in the areas, which receive rainfall
less than 50 cm.
Tropical thorn forests are found in the areas of south west Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
Babool, ber, and wild date palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas, etc. are
the important species of tropical thorn forests.
Littoral and Swamp Forests
Chilika Lake (in Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (in Bharatpur,
Rajasthan) are protected as water-fowl habitats under the Convention of
Wetlands of International Importance (i.e. Ramsar Convention).
Mangrove grows along the coasts in the salt marshes, tidal creeks, mud
flats, and estuaries; and, it has a number of salt-tolerant species of plants.
In India, the mangrove forests spread over 6,740 sq. km, which is 7% of
the world’s mangrove forests.
Mangroves are largely found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
the Sunderbans of West Bengal.
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India: Wildlife
India is one of the 12th mega bio-diversity countries of the world.
With approximately 47,000 plant species, India ranks 4th in Asia
and 10th in the world (in terms of plant diversity).
India has about 15,000 species of flowering plants and contributes 6
percent to world’s total flowering plants.
India has about 90,000 species of animals.
In 1972, a comprehensive Wildlife Act was enacted, which
instructed the main legal framework for conservation and protection of
the wildlife in India.
Besides, some other special schemes such as Project Tiger (1973)
and Project Elephant (1992) have been launched to conserve these
species and their habitats.
There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, out of which 9 Biosphere
Reserves have been recognized by the UNESCO on World Network of
Biosphere Reserves.
Established in September 1986, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the
first biosphere reserves of India.
India is the only country in the whole world where both tigers and
lions are found.
Gir forest in Gujarat is the natural habitat of lion in India. Tigers
are found in the Sundarbans of West Bengal, and the forests of Madhya
Pradesh and Himalayan region.
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India: Soil
Soil is very important and a valuable resource for every human
being.
Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials, which
develop on the earth’s surface.
The major factors that determine soils’ characteristics are parent
material, climate, relief, vegetation, time, and some other life-forms.
Major constituents of the soil are mineral particles, humus, water,
and air.
A soil horizon is a layer generally parallel to the soil crust, whose
physical characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath.
On the basis of genesis, color, composition, and location, the soils
of India have been classified as:
Alluvial Soils
Alluvial soils are widespread in the northern plains and the river
valleys and cover about 40% of total area of India.
Alluvial soils are depositional soils, as transported and deposited by
the rivers streams.
Alluvial soils are normally rich in potash, but poor in phosphorous.
In the Upper and Middle Ganga plain, two different types of
alluvial soils are found i.e. Khadar (it is the new alluvium and is
deposited by floods annually) and Bhangar (it is a system of older
alluvium, deposited away from the flood plains).
The alluvial soils normally vary in nature from sandy, loamy, to
clayey and its color varies from light grey to ash grey.
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Black Soils
Also popular as Regur Soil or the Black Cotton Soil, Black soil
covers most of the Deccan Plateau; for example, black soil is found in
parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and
Tamil Nadu.
Black soil is usually clayey, deep, and impermeable; therefore, it
can retain the moisture for a very long time (very useful for the crops
especially cotton).
Black soil is rich in lime, iron, magnesia, alumina, and also potash.
The color of the black soil varies from deep black to grey.
Red & Yellow Soils
Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in the areas of low
rainfall, especially, in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan
Plateau.
Red soil develops a reddish color because of a wide diffusion of
iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. On the other hand, it develops
yellow color when it occurs in a hydrated form.
The fine-grained red and yellow soils are usually fertile, whereas
coarse-grained soils found in dry upland areas have poor fertility.
The red and yellow soils normally have poor content of nitrogen,
phosphorous and humus.
Laterite Soils
The laterite soils develop in areas of high temperature and high
rainfall.
The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
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Laterite soils however are poor in organic matter, nitrogen,
phosphate, and calcium, but rich in iron oxide and potash.
Laterite soils are normally infertile; however, it is widely to make
bricks (used in building construction).
Saline Soils
Saline soils contain a larger proportion of sodium, potassium, and
magnesium, and thus, they are infertile, and do not support vegetation.
Because of the dry climate and poor drainage system, saline soil
contains more salt.
Saline soils are normally found in arid and semi-arid regions, as
well as in waterlogged and swampy areas.
Deficient in nitrogen and calcium, saline soils are found in western
Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coast, and in Sunderban areas of West
Bengal.
Forests Soils
Forest soils are usually formed in the forest areas where sufficient
rainfall is available.
Like other organism, soils are living systems, as they too develop
and decay, get degraded, and respond to proper treatment if
administered in time.
Peaty Soils
In the areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity, large quantity of
dead organic matter accumulates and enrich humus and organic content
that forms the peaty soils.
Peaty soils are normally heavy and black in color and widely found
in the northern part of Bihar, southern part of Uttaranchal, and the
coastal areas of West Bengal, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.
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India: Agriculture
There are three distinct cropping seasons in the northern and
interior parts of India, namely kharif, rabi, and zaid.
The cereals occupy about 54% of total cropped area in India.

India produces about 11% cereals of the world and ranks 3rd in
production after China and U.S.A.
Indian cereals are classified as fine grains (e.g. rice, wheat, etc.)
and coarse grains (e.g. jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, etc.)
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Major Crops
In southern states and West Bengal, the climatic conditions
facilitate the cultivation of two or three crops of rice in an agricultural
year. In West Bengal farmers grow three crops of rice called ‘aus’,
‘aman,’ and ‘boro.’
India contributes more than 20% to world’s rice production and
ranks 2nd after China. About one-fourth of the total cropped area of
India is under rice cultivation.
West Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh are the leading rice
producing states.
India produces about 12% of total wheat production of the world.
About 14% of the total cropped area in the country is under wheat
cultivation.
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh
are wheat producing states.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Haryana are
the leading Bajra producer states.
Maize occupies about 3.6% of the total cropped area of India.
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Rajasthan,
and Uttar Pradesh are the leading maize producers in the country.
India ranks 4th in the world for production of cotton after China,
U.S.A., and Pakistan.
Drylands of Malwa plateau, Marathwada, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Telangana, Rayalseema region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
plateau are the major oilseeds growing regions of India.
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and
Maharashtra are the leading groundnut producer states in India.
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India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. Uttar
Pradesh produces about two-fifth of sugarcane of the country; other
leading producers are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana,
and Andhra Pradesh.
Tea is a plantation crop and used as a major beverage in India. In
India, tea plantation started in 1840s in the Brahmaputra valley of
Assam, which still is a major tea growing area in the country.
Assam accounts for about 53.2% of the total cropped area and
contributes more than half of total production of tea in the country;
West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu are the other leading tea producers.
Coffee in India is cultivated in the highlands of the Western Ghats
in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. India generally
grows superior quality of coffee i.e. arabica, which is in great demand
in the International market.
Karnataka alone contributes more than two-third to the total
production of coffee in India.
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India: Mineral Resources
More than 97% of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar,
Sone, Mahanadi, and Godavari rivers.
Petroleum reserves in India are located in the sedimentary basins of
Assam, Gujarat, and Mumbai High (i.e. off-shore region in the Arabian
Sea – shown in the map given below).
About 95% of total reserves of iron ore is found in the States of
Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra
Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Dalli and Rajhara in Durg district are the important Iron mines of
Chhattisgarh.
Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese. Bonai, Kendujhar,
Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi, and Bolangir are the major
manganese regions in Odisha. Nagpur, Bhandara, and Ratnagiri districts
are the major regions of manganese in Maharashtra.
Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite in India. Kalahandi,
Sambalpur, Bolangir, and Koraput are the leading producers of bauxite
in Odisha. Amarkantak plateau has rich deposits of bauxite in
Chhattisgarh.
Copper deposits are largely concentrated in Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand, Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh, and Jhunjhunu and
Alwar districts of Rajasthan.
Hazaribagh plateau of Jharkhand and Nellore district of Andhra
Pradesh have deposits of high grade mica
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Coal
About 80% of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is
of noncoking grade.
The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in
Damodar Valley region.
Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, and Karanpura are major
coalfields of Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt.
Jharia is the largest coal field followed by Raniganj.
Other important coal mines are Singrauli (partially in Madhya
Pradesh and partially in Uttar Pradesh); Korba in Chhattisgarh; Talcher
and Rampur in Odisha; Chanda–Wardha, Kamptee, and Bander in
Maharashtra; Singareni in Telangana; and Pandur in Andhra Pradesh.
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical
composition, color, and specific gravity are collectively known as
petroleum resource.
Petroleum industries produce various by-products; for example,
fertilizer, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, medicines, vaseline,
lubricants, wax, soap, and cosmetics.
Crude petroleum normally occurs in sedimentary rocks of the
tertiary period.
Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba, and Lunej are
the major petroleum producing regions in Gujarat.
Digboi, Naharkatiya, and Moran are important oil producing areas
in Assam.
For the systematic oil exploration and production, the Oil and
Natural Gas Commission was set up in 1956.
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India: Transport
People use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas
from one place to another.
Land, water, and air are the major modes of transportation.
ROADS
With a total length of about 42.3 lakh km, India has one of the
largest road networks in the world.
About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic are carried by
roads.
Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and
consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in
Bengal. This road was later renamed as the Grand Trunk (GT) Road
during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar.
At present, GT Road extends from Amritsar to Kolkata. It is
bifurcated into 2 segments: (a) National Highway (NH)-1 from Delhi to
Amritsar, and (b) NH- 2 from Delhi to Kolkata.
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), which is an
autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport was
operationalized in 1995.
Golden Quadrilateral is 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic
corridor that connects India’s four big metro cities — Delhi-Mumbai-
Chennai-Kolkata.
With 4,076 km long road, North-South Corridor aims at connecting
Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
With 3,640 km of road length, the East-West Corridor has been
planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port town of Porbandar .
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Railways
Railways was introduced to India in 1853, when a line was
constructed from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km
The total length of Indian Railways network is 64460 km. (March
2011).
Indian Railways system has been divided into sixteen Zones.
India has three system of railways — broad gauge (the distance
between rails is 1.676 meter); meter gauge (the distance between rails is
one meter); and narrow gauge: (the distance between the rails is 0.762
meter or 0.610 meter).
Konkan Railway constructed along the western coast in 1998, is a
landmark achievement of Indian Railway. Konkan Railway is 760 km
long rail route connecting Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in
Karnataka. Konkan Railway crosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000
bridges, and 91 tunnels.
Waterways
India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways, contributing about
1% to the country’s transportation.
Major National Waterways (NW) of India are NW 1 (Allahabad-
Haldia covers 1,620 km); NW 2 (Sadiya-Dhubri covers 891 km); and
NW 3 (KottapuramKollam covers 205 km).
Besides, NW 4 covers specified stretches of rivers Godavari and
Krishna along with Kakinada Puducherry; the total distance is 1078 km.
NW 5 covers specified stretches of river Brahmani along with
Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East
Coast canals; the total distance is 588 km.
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Airways
Air transport in India marked its beginning in 1911 with the
commencement of airmail over a little distance of 10 km between
Allahabad and Naini.
The Airport Authority of India is accountable for providing safe,
efficient air traffic, and aeronautical communication services in the
Indian Air Space.
Pawan Hans is the helicopter service operating in hilly areas and is
widely used by tourists in north-eastern regions.
Pipeline
Asia’s first cross country pipeline covering a distance of 1,157 km
was constructed by Oil India Limited (OIL) from Naharkatiya oilfield in
Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar, which further extended up to
Kanpur in 1966.
Mumbai High-Koyali and Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) are
the most important pipelines in India.
1256 km long pipeline between Salaya (Gujarat) and Mathura
(U.P.) has been constructed recently.
Sea-Ports
At present, India has 12 major ports and 185 minor or intermediate
ports. The 12 major ports handled about 71 per cent of the country’s
oceanic traffic in the year 2008-09.
Kandla Port located in the Gulf of Kachchh, on the west coast of
Gujarat has been developed as a major port.
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Kandla port is specially designed to receive large quantities of
petroleum and petroleum products and fertilizer.
Mumbai has a natural harbor and it is the biggest seaport of the
country.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva, Maharashtra was developed
as a satellite port to relieve the pressure on the Mumbai port. Jawaharlal
Nehru Port is the largest container port in India.
Marmagao Port, situated at the entrance of the Zuari estuary, is a
natural harbor port in Goa
Kochchi Port, situated at the head of Vembanad Kayal is a natural
harbor port; it is popularly known as the “Queen of the Arabian Sea.”
Kolkata Port is a riverine port located on the Hugli River; it is 128
km inland from the Bay of Bengal.
Haldia Port is located 105 km downstream from Kolkata. Haldia
Port has been constructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata port.
Paradip Port has the deepest harbor especially suited to handle very
large vessels.
Located in Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam Port is a land-locked
harbor, connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and
sand.
Tuticorin Port is also an important port located in Tamil Nadu. It
handles the movement of coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar,
chemicals, and petroleum products.
Ennore is a newly developed port in Tamil Nadu. It has been
constructed 25 km north of Chennai to relieve the pressure on Chennai
port.
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1. IMPORTANT POINTS ON J&K
Formation By Maharaja Gulab Singh on 16 March 1846.
Location 33.7782° N, 76.5762° E
Capital Srinagar (Summer), Jammu (Winter)
Area(previous) 2,22236 sq km.(State)
Area (current) 42,241 sq km.(UT)
Seats (previous) Lokh Sabha 06 and Rajya Sabha 04
Seats (current) Lokh Sabha 05 and Rajya Sabha 04
Population (S) 1.25 crores
Sex ratio 889
Literacy 68.74%
State Animal Hangul
State Bird Black-necked crane
Official Language Urdu
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J&K High Court 26 March 1928
J&K Bank 1 October 1938
Highest Population Jammu District.
Highest Literacy Jammu District.
Highest Sex Ratio Kulgam District.
Lowest Literacy Ramban District.
First PM Mehr Chand Mahajan.
First CM Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq.
First Governor Karan Singh.
Last Governor S.P MALIK.
Last PM Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq.
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Union Territory Since 31 October 2019
Int. Boundaries China & Afghanistan
State Tree + Flower Chinar and Lotus
2. FORMATION OF J&K STATE.

 Formed in 1846 by Maharaja Gulab Singh under the Treaty of
Amritsar 1846.
 The Treaty of Amritsar, executed by the British East India
Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu after the First Anglo-
Sikh War, established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Under this treaty Maharaja Gulab Singh paid 75 lakh Rupees to
British.
 Signatories’ of Treaty were H. Hardinge, F. Currie, H. M. Lawrence
& Gulab Singh.
 The Instrument of Accession is a legal document executed by
Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the princely state of Jammu and
Kashmir, on 26 October 1947. By executing this document under
the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947, Maharaja Hari
Singh agreed to accede to the Dominion of India.
 Akbar annexed Kashmir in 1586.
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3. DOGRA RULE (1846 – 1947).
 The dogra dynasty was a dynasty of Hindu Rajputs who ruled the
state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1846 – 1947.
 Founder of Dogra Rule in Jammu & Kashmir is Maharaja Gulab
Singh.
 Zorawar Singh was the General of Maharaja Gulab Singh.
 Gulab Singh was made the raja of Jammu by Maharaja Ranjit Singh
on 16 June 1822.
 Finally Gulab Singh became the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
on 16 March 1846 and J&K state came into existence.
Maharaja Gulab Singh
 Gulab Singh was born on 17 October 1792 in a Dogra Rajput

family. His father was Mian Kishore Singh Jamwal. He joined the
army of Ranjit Singh in 1809.
 Kishore Singh died in 1822 and Gulab Singh was confirmed as Raja
of Jammu by his suzerain, Ranjit Singh.
 After signing the Treaty of Amritsar 1846, He became the Maharaja
of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Ruled from 1846 – 1856.
 Reorganized jagirdari system.
 Revoked revenue free grants.
 Regularized Shali system.
Maharaja Ranbir Singh
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 Ranbir Singh ascended the throne in 1856 after Gulab Singh's
abdication due to his poor health.
 He allied with the British during the Sepoy Mutiny.
 The princely states of Hunza and Nagar started paying tributes to
Jammu and Kashmir during his reign.
 Ruled from 1856 – 1885.
 1856 – 1885 reign is considered as progressive and peaceful.
 Introduced civil and criminal code of law.
 Established postal and telecommunication services in the entire state.
 Established law for cheaper and faster justice.
Maharaja Pratap Singh
 Ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir in 1885.

 British interference with the state intensified during his reign.
 British resident established in the state.
 He was viewed as incompetent by the British rule and divested of
powers by British government in 1889.
 A state council was formed during his reign that exercises its powers
under the resident.
Maharaja Hari Singh
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 Ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir in 1925.
 Before ascending the throne he was the important member of state
council
 Established state subject in Jammu and Kashmir.
4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF J&K.
 J&K is bounded on north by China, east by Tibet, south Pakistan.

Geographically this state was divided into four zones – the mountains
and semi Mountains plain known as Kandit belt, Siwalik ranges,
mountains of Kashmir valley and Pir Panjal ranges and Tibetan tract of
Ladakh and Kargil.
 The climate of the state varies from tropical in Jammu plains to semi
arctic cold in Ladakh with Kashmir and Jammu mountain tracts having
temperate climatic conditions.
 Leh is coldest and Jammu is the hottest region in the state.
 The annual rainfall varies from region to region with 92.6mm in Leh,
650.5mm Srinagar and 1,115.9mm in Jammu.
 Jammu and Kashmir is a home of several valleys such as the
Kashmir Valley, Tawi , Chenab , Poonch , Sind and Lidder . Among
these the major one is Kashmir valley which is 100 km (62 mi) wide
and 15,520.3 km2 (5,992.4 sq mi) in total area. The Himalayas divide
the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which
encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the
great plains of northern India. This densely settled and beautiful valley
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has an average height of 1,850 metres (6,100 ft) above sea-level
sea but
the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5,000
metres (16,000 ft)
 The Jhelum River is the only major Himalayan River which flows
through the Kashmir valley. The Indus, Tawi, Ravi and Chenab are the
major rivers flowing through ththee state. Jammu and Kashmir is home to
several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5,753 metres
(18,870 ft) above sea-level,
level, the Siachen Glacier is 70 km (43 mi) long 38
making it the longest Himalayan glacier
glacier.
SEASONS:
SOILS
 Soils are loamy,, poor in Lime and rich in Magnesia
 Three types of soils are in our state: Hill soil, Alluvial soil and
Karewa soil.
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 Alluvial soils are generally found in the southern plains along with
valley bottom of Kashmir.
 Karewas soils are used for growing saffron and are generally found
in Pampore and Kishtwar.
KASHMIRI NOMENCLATURE OF SOILS
GURTI CLAY
BAHIL LOAM
SEKIL SANDY
NAMBAAL PEATS
SURZAMIN LOSES FERTILITY
KHARZAIN ACIDIC SOIL
LEMB NUTRIENT DEFICIENT
MINERALS
COAL DANDLI JAMMU
GYPSUM BANIYAR, RAMBAN & DODA
BORAX LADAKH
SAPPHIRE PADDAR DODA
LIMESTONE ANANTNAG, SONAMARG,WUYAN, KHREWA
COPPER ORES AISHMUQAM, LASHTIL HILLS, HANDWARA,
SUMBHAL, KANGAN AND LOLAB VALLEY
GOLD KARGIL, LADAKH AND SONAMARG
SULPHUR PUGGA VALLEY LADAKH
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IMPORTANT POWER PROJECTS
POWER PROJECT LOCATION CAPACITY
MOHRA POWER PROJECT (1905) BARAMULLA 9 MW

RIVER: JHELUM
SALAL POWER PROJECT REASI 690 MW

RIVER: CHENAB
DULHASTI POWER PROJECTS KISHTWAR 390 MW

RIVER: CHENAB
KISHANGANGA POWER PROJECT BANDIPORA 330 MW

RIVER: JHELUM
BAGHILAR POWER PROJECT RAMBAN 900 MW

RIVER: CHENAB
RATLE POWER PROJECT KISHTWAR 850 MW

RIVER: CHENAB
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URI POWER PROJECT BARAMULLA 480 MW
5. IMPORTANT RIVERS AND LAKES.
 Important rivers are Jhelum and Chenab. Both are originating from
J&K and flowing to Pakistan.
 There are eleven lakes situated in J&K. Wular Lake is largest
larges in the
valley. It originates from Sopore. Seshnag Lake is shortest in the valley.
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NOTE: AREA OF MANSBAL LAKE IS 2.9 Sq km not 29 sq km.
6. HISTORIC PLACES.
Asif Khan
Dara Shikoh
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HISTORIC PLACES:
PLACE DESCRIPTION
Bahu Fort Jammu. Constructed by Raja Bahulochan.
Leh Palace Ladakh Constructed by King Sengge Namgyal.
Jamia Masjid Sgr. Constructed by Sultan Sikander.
Hari Parbat Fort Sgr. First fortification by akbar and completed by

Shuja Shah Durrani.
Pari Mahal. Constructed by Dara Shikoah.
Sun Martand Constructed by King Lalitaditya.

Temple.
7. MOUNTAINS, PASSES AND GLACIERS.
 Kashmir valley is enclosed by high mountains on all sides, there are

shiwaliks towards south and high peaks in north.
KAROKARAM AND KYUNLUN
 These mountain ranges lie in north and north east of the state.
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 These mountain ranges separate the state from Russia, Turkistan and
Tibet.
 These mountain ranges have two lofty peaks Gasherbrum (8570m)
and Masherbrum (7827m).
 Important passes Karokaram pass (5352m) and Nubra pass (5800m)
from ladakh to Turkistan. Kharudang La pass (5557m) and Chang La
pass (5609) from Ladakh to Tibet.
ZANSKAR
 Separates Indus valley from valley of Kashmir.
 Important passé is Zoji La pass (3529m) from Ladakh to Jammu and
Kashmir.
 Poat pass (5716m) also lies in it.
NANGA PARBAT
 Lies in POK
 Height is about 8107m
AMARNATH
 Famous for its holy Amarnath cave.
 Height is about 5372m.
 Mahagunas pass (1475m) lies in it.
 Glacier Kohali also lies in it.
TOSHMAIDAN AND KAJINAG

 Lies in the inner Himalayas.
 Heights 4270m and 3700m respectively.
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 Remained covered with snow throughout the year.
 When snow melts, the water flows down into the Jhelum river.
AFARWAT
 Spreads throughout the Gulmarg valley.
 Alpathar spring lies in it.
 A nallah namely Nagal comes out from it.
PIR PANJAL
 Separates Kashmir valley from outer Himalayas.
 Famous Banihal pass (2832m) lies in it.
 Jawahar Tunnel (2200m) also lies in it which was opened for traffic
on 22 December 1956.
VOLCANIC PEAKS
 Soyamji (1860m) is situated in muchipora Handwara.
 Kharewa peak is situated in Tehsil Pahalgam.
GLACIERS
Lies b/w India and Tibet border.
SIACHEN Length is 72km. Largest glacier
outside polar regions.
Lies in baltistan region of Ladakh.
BIAFO Length is about 60km.

BALTORO Length is about 62km.

HISPAR Length is about 60km.

NUBRA
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8. WILDLIFE, ART, CULTURE, LANGUAGE & FESTIVALS.
 The Forest cover of Kashmir is 8182 sq km which is about50.97%

of its geographical area.
 Jammu Division has forest cover of 12066 sq km which is about
45.89% of its geographical area.
IMPORTANT NATIONAL PARKS
1. DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK SRINAGAR
2. CITY FOREST NATIONAL PARK SRINAGAR
3. HEMIS NATIONAL PARK LEH
4. KISHTWAR NATIONAL PARK KISHTWAR/DODA
5. KAZINAG NATIONAL PARK BARAMULLA
ART
 Most important textile of Kashmir is Pashmina Shawl.
 The fabric of Pashmina shawl is obtained from kel Goat.
 Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin introduced carpet industry in Kashmir.
 Embroidery of Kashmir is called Kasida.
 Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin also introduced Paper-Machie in Kashmir.
 Wood of chinar tree is best for wood carving.
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 The art of making ceilings of rooms by using thin panels of wood is
called khatam band.
 Shrine of Khawaja Naqshband represents the best example of
khatam band.
FAIRS AND FESTIVALS

 HEMIS: This festival is celebrated in Ladakh that describes the
birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava. This festival lasts for 2 days
and falls on 10th day of the Tibetan lunar month.
 JHIRI - MELA: It is an annual fair held in Jammu in the month of
October-November. It symbolizes courage, honesty and compassion.
 TIHAR: It is celebrated in Bhaderwah and Kishtwar in the month
of Chaitra. Worship of nagas is done in this festival.
 AMARNATH – YATRA: This festival is celebrated by hindus.
Every year hindus go to the Amarnath cave to worship Lord Shiva.
 KHEER – BAWANI: This festival is a major Hindu festival
celebrated at kheer bawani temple Tulla Mulla Ganderbal. This festival
is celebrated on the birthday of Goddess Kheer Bawani.
 BAISAKHI: This Festival is celebrated in first month of Hindu
Calender. It is generally a harvest festival and is celebrated on 13th April
every year.
 LOHRI: This festival is celebrated to welcome the spring with
special attention in Jammu region. It is celebrated on 13 th January.
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9. FAMOUS PERSONALITIES AND MINISTERS.
PRIME MINISTERS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
S.NO NAME OF PM TENURE
1. MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN 15 OCT 1947-5 MAR

1948
2. SHEIKH ABDULLAH 5 MAR 1948-31 OCT

1951
3. BAKSHI GHULAM MOHAMMAD 31 OCT 1951-9 OAUG

1953
4. KHAWAJA SHAMSUDIN 9 AUG 1953-29FEB

1964
5. GHULAM MOHAMMAD SADIQ 29FEB 1964-30 MAR

1965
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CHIEF MINISTERS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
S.NO NAME OF CM TENURE PARTY

30 March 1965 – 12
1. GH MOHD SADIQ December 1971 INC
12 December 1971 – 25
2. SYED MIR QASIM February 1975 INC
25 February 1975 – 26
3. SHEIKH ABDULLAH March 1977 NC
8 September 1982 – 2
4. FAROOQ ABDULLAH July 1984 NC
2 July 1984 – 6 March
5. GH MOHD SHAH 1986 ANC
7 November 1986 – 19
6. FAROOQ ABDULLAH January 1990 NC
9 October 1996 – 18
7. FAROOQ ABDULLAH October 2002 NC
2 November 2002- 2
8. MUFTI MOHD SAYEED November 2005 PDP
2 November 2005 – 11
9. GH NABI AZAD July 2008 INC
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5 January 2009 – 8
10. OMAR ABDULLAH January 2015 NC
1 March 2015 – 7
11. MUFTI MOHD SAYEED January 2016 PDP
4 April 2016 – 20 June
12. MEHBOOBA MUFTI 2018 PDP
GOVERNORS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
S.NO NAME OF GOVERNOR TENURE
1. KARAN SINGH 1965-1967
2. BHAGWAN SAHEY 1967-1973
3. LAKSHMI KANT JHA 1973-1981
4. B.K NEHRU 1981-1984
5. JAGMOHAN 1984-1989
6. K.V.K RAO 1989-1990
7. JAGMOHAN 1990-1990
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8. G.C SAXENA 1990-1993
9. K.V.K RAO 1993-1998
10. G.C SAXENA 1998-2003
11. S.K SINHA 2003-2008
12. N.N VOHRA 2008-2018
13. S.P MALIK 2018-30 OCT 2019
FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
KALHANA
 Kalhana was a kashmiri Brahman and author of Rajtaranghni.
 Kalhana is regarded as the first historian of Kashmir.
Hari Singh
 Hari Singh is a dogra ruler of Kashmir.
 He made compulsory education for all.
 He introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and other reforms.
 He also throws doors open for lower castes in temples.
 He signed the instrument of accession with India on 26 Oct 1947.
HABBA KHATOON
 16th century poetess.
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 Also called zoon.
 Nightingale of Kashmir.
 Her tomb is in Athwajan Srinagar.
LAL DED
 1320-1392.
 Kashmiri sufi poetess.
 4 line stanzas of poetry written by her are called Vaakhs or Vastuns.
MEHJOOR
 1887-1952.
 Peer Zada Ghulam Ahmad Mehjoor.
 Posh mati janao and Baghe nishat ke gulo his incredible works.
ZINDA KAUL
 1884-1965.
 Won Sahitya Academy Award in 1956 for Sumran.
DINNATH NADIM
 1916-1988
 Vitasta, Haemul tu Nagriou, Shuhul Kul, Bumbur tu Yimber Zuil
his incredible works.
RASOOL MIR
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 19th century poet.
 John Keat of Kashmir.
 Father of Ghazals.
MAHMOOD GAMI
 19th century poet.
 Introduced Masnavi in kashmiri Ghazals.
 Yousuf Zulikha his incredible work.
PRAN KISHORE KAUL

 Kashmiri stage personality.
 Won Sahitya Natak Academy Award for his novel sheen tu watu
pod.
MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN

 Former First PM of Kashmir.
 Third Chief Justice of Supreme court.
 Former member of Redcliff Commission.
10. CONSTITUTION OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR.
 The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was the legal document

which established the framework for the state government of the Indian
state of Jammu and Kashmir. The constitution was adopted on 17
November 1956, and came into effect on 26 January 1957.
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 It contains 158 Articles, 7 Schedules and 13 Parts.
IMPORTANT ARTICLES
 ARTICLE 3: The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an
integral part of the Union of India.
 ARTICLE 6: Every person who is, or is deemed to be, a citizen of
India under the provisions of the Constitution of India shall be a
permanent resident of the State, if on the fourteenth day of May, 1954.
 ARTICLE 10: The permanent residents of the State shall have all
the rights guaranteed to them under the Constitution of India.
 ARTICLE 14: Consistently with the objectives outlined in the
foregoing section, the State shall develop in a planed manner the
productive forces of the coun-try with a view to enriching the material
and cul-tural life of the people and foster and protect.
 ARTICLE 15: The State shall endeavour to organise and develop
agriculture and animal husbandry by bringing to the aid of the cultivator
tile benefits of modern and scientific research and techniques so as to
ensure a speedy improvement in the standard of living as also the
prosperity of the rural masses.
 ARTICLE 16: The State shall take steps to organise village
panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be
necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.
 ARTICLE 17: The State shall, in order to rehabilitate, guide and

promote the renowned crafts and cottage industries of the State.
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 ARTICLE 18: The State shall lake steps to separate the judiciary
from the executive in the public-services, and shall seek to secure a
judicial system which is humane, cheap, certain, objective and impartial,
whereby justice shall be done and shall be seen to be done and shall
further strive to ensure efficiency, im-partiality and incorruptibility of its
various organs of justice, administration and public utility.
 ARTICLE 20: The State shall endeavour: (a) to secure to every
permanent resident the right to free education upto the University
standard; (b) to provide, within a period often years from the
commencement of this constitution, com-pulsory education for all
children until they complete the age of fourteen years; and (c) to ensure
to all workers and employees ade-quate facilities for adult education and
part -time technical, professional and vocational courses.
 ARTICLE 21: The State shall strive to secure: (a) to all children the
right to happy childhood with adequate medical care and attention; and
(b) to all children and youth equal opportunities in education and
employment, protection against exploitation, and against moral or
material abandonment.
 ARTICLE 22: . The State shall endeavour to secure to all women:
(a) the right to equal pay for equal work; (b) the right to maternity
benefits as well as ade-quate medical care in all employments; (c) the
right reasonable maintenance, extending to cases of married women who
have been divorced or abandoned; (d) the right to full equality in all
social, educa-tional, political and legal matters; and (e) special
protection against discourtesy, defama-tion, hoolganism and other forms
of miscon-duct.
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 ARTICLE 23: The State shall guarantee to the socially and edu-
cationally backward sections of the people special care in the promotion
of their educational, mate rial and cultural interests and protection
against social injustice.
 ARTICLE 26: The Head of the State shall be designated as the
Sadar-i-Riyasat. The executive power of the State shall be vested in the
Sadar-i-Riyasat and shall be exercised by him either directly or through
officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.
 ARTICLE 28: The Sadar-i-Riyasat shall hold office during the
pleasure of the President.
 ARTICLE 35: There shall be a council of Ministers with the Prime
Minister at the head to aid and advise the Sadar-i-Riyasat in the exercise
of his functions.
 ARTICLE 36: The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the Sadar-
i-Riyasat and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Sadar-i-
Riyasat on the advice of The Prime Minister.
 ARTICLE 42: The Sadar-i-Riyasat shall appoint a person who is
qualified to be appointed a Judge of the High Court, to be Advocate
General for the State.
Article 370, Temporary provision with respect to state of J&K
 Art.370 gave special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It
says that the provisions of act (repealed by the constitution 7th
Amendment Act, 1956) shall not apply in relation to the state of Jammu
and Kashmir.
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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
QUANTITY UNIT
LENGTH METRE
MASS KILOGRAM
TIME SECOND
TEMPERATURE KELVIN
ELECTRIC CURRENT AMPERE
LUMINOUS INTENSITY CANDELA
QUANTITY OF MATTER MOLE
VOLTAGE VOLT
PLANE ANGLE RADIAN
SOLID ANGLE STERDIAN
PRESSURE PASCAL
ACCELERATION m/
FORCE NEWTON
SPEED Km/Hr, m/s
POWER WATT
RESISTANCE OHM
CAPACITANCE FARAD
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SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY
THESE QUANTITIES HAVE THESE QUANTITIES HAVE

MAGNITUDE ONLY BOTH MAGNITUDE AND
DIRECTION.
EXAMPLES ARE: EXAMPLES ARE:

MASS, SPEED, VOLUME, DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY,
WORK, TIME, POWER, ACCELERATION, FORCE,
ENERGY MOMENTUM , TORQUE
NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

FIRST LAW
Every body maintains its initial state of rest or motion with uniform
speed on a straight line unless an external force acts on it.
Its also called Galileo’s law or law of inertia.
Example: While jumping from a moving bus, one must run for a
short distance in the direction of motion.
SECOND LAW
The force acting on a object is directly proportional to mass and
acceleration. i.e F = m x a
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THIRD LAW
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
E.g Bogies of the trains are provided with buffers to avoid severe
jerks during shunting of trains.
E.g Rockets move up due to reaction of downward ejection of gas.
CIRCULAR MOTION
Motion along a circular path is called circular motion
The direction of motion in a circular path is given by tangent to the
circular path.
The force required to act radially inward in a circular path is called
centripetal force.
Centrifugal force is always opposite and equal to centripetal force
Roads are banked to provided required centripetal force.
During rain slip occurs in tyres due tol decrease in centripetal force.
WORK
Work = force x distance.
S.I unit of work is joule.
ENERGY
Capacity of doing work is called energy.
S.I unit of energy is also joule.
POWER
Rate of doing work is called power.
Power = work/time
S.I unit of power is watt.
Kilowatt is the bigger unit of power.
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GRAVITY OF EARTH
The gravitational force of earth is called gravity.
The acceleration produced in a body due gravity is called
acceleration due to gravity.
acceleration due to gravity is independent on mass size and shape
of body
acceleration due to gravity of earth is 9.8 m/s square
acceleration due to gravity of moon is 1/6 of acceleration due to
gravity earth.
acceleration due to gravity at poles is maximum.
acceleration due to gravity at equator is minimum.
acceleration due to gravity at surface of earth is maximum and
decreases with height and depth.
SATELLITES
bodies that revolve around a planet.
Moon is a natural satellite while as INSAT-B is an artificial satellite
of earth.
Geostationary satellites move round the earth at a height of 36000
km and their time period is generally 24 hours.
Polar satellites move round the earth at a height of 800 km and their
time period is generally 84 minutes.
Geostationary satellites are used to telecast tv programmes
throughout the world.
Polar satellites are generally used for weather forecasting.
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PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as force acting normally on unit area of surface.
Pressure = force / area.
It is a scalar quantity having unit of pascal.
Atmospheric pressure is measured by an instrument is called
barometer.
The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.
Boiling point decreases at high altitudes due to low atmospheric
pressure.
Sudden fall in barometric reading is the indication of storm.
Slow fall in barometric reading is the indication of rain.
Slow rise in barometric reading is the indication of fine weather.
DENSITY
Density is mass per unit volume.
Density = mass/volume
Relative density is measured by hydrometer.
Density of sea water is more than normal water.
When a ship enters a sea it rises due to high density of sea water.
SURFACE TENSION
Force acting on unit length of imaginary line in a liquid.
Unit of surface tension is N/m.
Surface tension decreases with temperature ans becomes zero at
critical temperature.
When soap is added to water, its surface tension decreases.
Due to surface tension rain drops are spherical.
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OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS
Viscosity is an internal frictional force that acts between layers of a
liquid its unit is Pascal - second or poise.
In a longitudinal wave particles of medium vibrate in the direction
of propagation. Waves on springs and sound waves are examples of
longitudinal waves.
In a transverse wave particles of medium vibrate perpendicular to
the direction of propagation. waves on strings and waves on water are
examples of transverse waves.
Electromagnetic waves are the waves which don’t require medium
for propagation. Light waves, x rays, radio waves are examples of
electromagnetic waves.
SOUND WAVES
These waves are longitudinal.
The sound waves having frequency range of 20 Hz to 20000 Hz are
audible waves.
The sound waves having frequency less than 20 Hz are infrasonic
waves.
The sound waves having frequency more than 20000 Hz are
ultrasonic waves.
ultrasonic waves are used for measuring the depth of oceans and
seas.
Speed of sound is more in solids than in liquids and gases.
Speed of sound increases with temperature and humididty.
Speed of sound does not change with pressure.
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SONAR stand for sound navigation and ranging is used for
measuring depth of sea and to locate enemy submarines using ultra
sonic waves.
Speed of sound in air is about 243m/s.
LIGHT
Light is an electromagnetic wave.
Speed of light is about 3 x m /s.
From moon light takes 1.28 seconds to reach earth
From sun light takes 8 minute and 19 seconds to reach earth.
EYE
It is an optical instrument like a camera.
Forms the image on retina.
Iris regulates amount of light entering the eye.
Least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm.
Myopia or short sightedness is a defect in eye in which farther
objects are not clearly seen. This defect can be corrected by using
concave lens.
hypermetropia or long sightedness is a defect in eye in which nearer
objects are not clearly seen. This defect can be corrected by using
convex lens.
presbyopia is a defect in which eye can’t see all objects clearly.
This defect can be corrected by using bifocal lens.
Astigmatism is a defect in which eye can not see horizontal and
vertical lines clearly. This defect can be corrected by using cylindrical
lens.
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IMPORTANT INSTRUMENTS IN PHYSICS
AMMETER MEASURES CURRENT
VOLTMETER MEASURES VOLTAGE
WATTMETER MEASURES POWER
THERMOMETER MEASURES TEMPERATURE
ANEMOMETER MEASURES WIND SPEED
BAROMETER MEASURES ATM PRESSURE
BOLOMETER MEASURES RADIATIONS
ALTIMETER MEASURES ALTITUDE
HYDROMETER MEASURES GRAVITY OF
LIQUIDS
HYGROMETER MEASURES HUMIDITY

LACTOMETER MEASURES PURITY OF MILK
OHMETER MEASURES RESISTANCE
PYROMETER MEASURES SURFACE
TEMPERATURE
UDOMETER MEASURES RAINFALL

ODOMETER MEASURES DISTANCE
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CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMICAL CHANGES
Effect physical properties only Effect physical properties and

chemical properties
These changes are temporary These changes are permanent
These changes are reversible These changes are irreversible
Examples are melting of ice, Examples are burning of fuel,

folding of paper, boiling of water burning of paper, ripening of
fruits.
ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS

These have same atomic number and different mass number.
In other words they have same number of protons but different
number of neutrons
Examples are 1 H 1, 1H 2, 1 H 3.
These have same mass number and different atomic number.
In other words they have same number of neutrons but different
number of protons.
Examples are 18 Ar 40, 19 k 40, 20 Ca 40.
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CALORIFIC VALUE OF SOME FUELS
FUEL CALORIFIC VALUE (KJ/KG)
COAL 28
KEROSENE 48
PETROL 50
DIESEL 45
BIOGAS 38
LPG 50
COW DUNG 7
HYDROGEN 150
NATURAL GAS 45
ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

Acids have sour taste and turn blue litmus red. Acids are good
conductors of electricity in aqueous solution. ph value of acids is less
than 7.
Bases have bitter taste and turn red litmus blue. Ph value of Bases
is more than 7.
Salts are the products when acids and bases react with each other.
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PH VALUE OF SOME SUBSTANCES
SUBSTANCE PH VALUE
GASTRIC JUICE 1.2
VINEGAR 2.8
APPLES 3.0
SOFT DRINKS 3.0
TOMATOES 4.5
HUMAN SALIVA 6.4
RAIN WATER 6.5
MILK 6.8
BLOOD 7.4
TEARS 7.4
BAKING SODA 8.3
MILK OF MAGNESIA 10.5
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 14.0
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PLASTER OF PARIS AND GYPSUM
Chemical name of pop is calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
Chemical formula is CaSo4. H2O.
POP is obtained when gypsum is heated
Formula of gypsum is CaSo4. 2 H2O
On mixing with water pop further sets into a hard solid called
gypsum
Pop + water = gypsum
Gypsum + heat = pop
Here pop = plaster of paris.
Pop is used for plastering of fractured bones, for making toys, for
plastering surfaces.
PORTLAND CEMENT
It is a mixture of silicates and aluminates of calcium with small
amounts of gypsum.
Raw material used for manufacture of Portland cement is limestone
and clay.
Composition of Portland cement is calcium oxide (60 %), alumina
(10%) and magnesium oxide (2-3%).
Gypsum is added to decrease its rate of setting.
If lime is in excess, cement cracks during setting.
If lime is very less, cement will have low strength.
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GLASS
Glass is an amorphous or super cooled liquid.
Glass mainly contains silica.
Different substances are added to class for obtaining different
colors.
COLOUR SUBSTANCE TO BE ADDED
RED COPPER OXIDE
GREEN CHROMIUM OXIDE
RUBY RED GOLD CHLORIDE
BLUE COBALT OXIDE
BROWN IRON OXIDE
INDUSTRIAL NAMES OF IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

IND. NAME CHEMICAL NAME
ALUM POTASSIUM ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
ALCOHOL ETHYL ALCOHOL
BAKING SODA SODIUM BICARBONATE
BLEACHING POWDER CALCIUM OXY CHLORIDE
BRINE SODIUM CHLORIDE
BORAX SOD. TETRABORATE DECHYDRATE
CAUSTIC SODA SODIUM HYDROXIDE
CHALK/MARBLE CALCIUM CARBONATE
SPIRIT METHYL ALCOHOL
WASHING SODA SODIUM CARBONATE
LAUGHING GAS NITROUS OXIDE
MARSH GAS METHANE
QUICK LIME CALCIUM OXIDE
SLAKED LIME CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
SAPPHIRE/RUBY ALMUNIUM OXIDE
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BIOLOGY
Biology term coined by Lamarck and Treviranus.
First scientist who gave thoughts of life in plants and animals was
Aristotle.
Aristotle is known as father of biology.
Science of classification of living organisms is called taxonomy.
Whittaker in 1969 gives five kingdom classification of living
organisms.
Cell is basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
Cell theory was given by Schleiden and Schwan.
Prokaryotic cells don’t have nucleus while as Eukaryotic cells have
nucleus.
Nucleic acids contain genetic information and are of two types:
DNA & RNA.
DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
RNA contains adenine , guanine, uracil and thymine.
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS
ORGAN ANIMALS
LUNGS REPTILES, MAMMALS
SKIN FROG, EARTWORM, LEECHES
GILLS FISH, TADPOLES, PRAWNS
TRACHEA INSECTS
BODY SURFACE PROTOZOANS
BOOK LUNGS SPIDER, SCORPION
AIR SACS & LUNGS BIRDS
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCY DISEASE

A REGENERATION OF ROD NIGHT BLINDNESS
(RETINOL) CELLS IN EYE
D ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM RICKETS &
(CALCIFEROL) OSTEOMALACIA
E FORMATION OF RBC’s AND ANEMIA & STERILITY
(TOCOPHEROL) HELPS REPRODUCTION
SYSTEM
K (PHYLLOQUINONE) HELPS IN BLOOD CLOTTING DELAYED CLOTTING
B1 HELPS RELEASE OF ENERGY BERI -BERI
(THIAMINE) FROM CARBOHYDRATES
B2 CRACKED SKIN &
(RIBOFLAVIN) BLURRED VISION
B3 PELLAGRA
(NIACIN)
B5 (PENTOTHENIC ACID) PRODUCTION OF ADRENAL PELLAGRA & DERMATITIS
HARMONE
B6 INTERCONVERSION OF SKIN PROBLEM & NERVE
(PYRIDOXINE) AMMINO ACIDS DISORDER
B10 FORMATION OF RBC’s ANAEMIA
(FOLIC ACID)
B12 ANAEMIA
(CYANOBALAMINE)
C SCURVY
(ASCORBIC ACID)
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BLOOD AND HEART
Blood is fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and blood
cells.
Adult person must have 5-6 litres of blood.
Blood have ph value of 7.4 and thus is slightly alkaline.
In blood plasma is about 60% by volume.
Red blood cells don’t have nucleus and contain hemoglobin which
carries oxygen throughout the body.
White blood cells have nucleus and helps in fighting the diseases.
Platlets helps in blood clotting.
Karl landstenir discovered blood groups and thus called father of
blood groups.
Heart is a muscular organ which pumps blood throughout the body.
Veins carry impure blood throughout body.
Arties carry pure blood through out body.
Contraction of heart is called systole and relaxation of heart is
called diastole.
Arties are thicker than veins because they have to bear more
pressure than veins.
The systolic and diastolic pressure of a normal person is 120 / 80
mm Hg.
First heart sound is lub and second heart sound is dub.
Human heart is myogenic.
Blood group O is called universal donor.
Blood group AB is called universal accepter.
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BLOOD GROUP CAN GIVE TO CAN RECEIVE FROM
O O, A, B, AB O
A A, AB O, A
B B, AB O, B
AB AB O, A, B, AB
EXCRETORY ORGANS
EXCRETORY ORGAN ANIMAL
CONTRACTILE VACOULE AMOEBA
FLAME CELLS TAPEWORM
RENETTE CELLS ASCARIS
NEPHRIDIA EARTHWORM
MALPHIGIAN TUBULES COCKROACH
COXAL GLANDS SCORPION
GREEN GANDS PRAWN
MAIN EXCRETORY PRODUCTS

PRODUCT ANIMAL
UREA MOST INVERTEBRTES, FISHES
AMMONIA EARTWORM, FISHES, ASCARIS,
AMPHIBIANS, MAMMALS
URIC ACID INSECTS, REPTILES, BIRDS
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VIRAL DISEASES
BACTERIAL DISEASES
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VACCINES
VACCINE DEVELOPER
SMALL POX EDWARD JENNER
CHOLERA LOUIS PASTEUR
POLIO JONAS E SALK
POLIO ORAL ALBERT SABIN
MEASLES JOHN F ENDERS
RABIES LOUIS PASTEUR
168 | P a g e
GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE
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FIRST IN WORLD
1. The first person to reach Mount Everest
Sherpa Tenzing, Edmund Hillary
2. The first person to reach the North Pole
Robert Peary
3. The first person to reach the South Pole
Amundsen
4. The first Secretary general of UN
Trgye Lie
5. The first country to print book
China
6. The first country to issue paper currency
China
7. The first country to commence a competitive examination in civil
services
China
8. The first President of the U.S.A.
George Washington
9. The first Prime Minister of Britain
170 | P a g e
Robert Walpole
10. The first Governor-General of the United Nations
Trygve Lie (Norway)
11. The first country to win the football World cup
Uruguay
12. The first country to prepare a constitution
U.S.A.
13. The first Governor-General of Pakistan
Mohd. Ali Jinnah
14. The first country to host NAM summit
Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
15. The first European to attack India
Alexander, The Great
16. The first European to reach China
Marco Polo
17. The first person to fly an aeroplane
Wright Brothers
18. The first person to sail around the world
Magellan
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19. The first country to send a man to the moon U.S.A.
20. The first country to launch Artificial satellite in the space
Russia
21. The first country to host the modern Olympics
Greece
22. The first city on which the atom bomb was dropped
Hiroshima (Japan)
23. The first person to land on the moon
Neil Armstrong followed by Edwin E. Aldrin
24. The first shuttle to go in space
Columbia
25. The first spacecraft to reach on Mars
Viking—I
26. The first woman Prime Minister of England
Margaret Thatcher
27. The first Muslim Prime Minister of a country
Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan)
28. The first woman Prime Minister of a country
Mrs. S. Bandamaike (Sri Lanka)
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29. The first woman to climb Mount Everest
Mrs. Junko Tabei (Japan)
30. The first woman cosmonaut of the world
Velentina Tereshkova (Russia)
31. The first woman President of the U.N. General Assembly
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
32. The first man to fly into space
Yuri Gagarin (Russia)
33. The first batsman to score three test century in three successive tests
on debut
Mohd. Azharuddin
34. The first man to have climbed Mount Everest Twice
Nawang Gombu
35. The first U.S. President to resign Presidency
Richard Nixon
173 | P a g e
FIRST IN INDIA
MALE
The first President of Indian Republic : Dr. Rajendra Prasad
The first Prime Minister of free India : Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
The first Indian to win Nobel Prize : Rabindranath Tagore
The first President of Indian National Congress : W.C. Banerjee
The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress : Badruddin
Tayyabji
The first Muslim President of India :
Dr. Zakir Hussain The first British Governor General of India : Lord
William Bentinck(18331835)
The first British Governor General of Bengal : Lord Warren
Hasting(17741885)
The first British Viceroy of India : Lord Canning
The first Governor General of free India : Lord Mountbatten
The first and the last Indian to be Governor General of free India : C.
Rajgopalachari
The first man who introduced printing press in India : James Hicky
The first Indian to join the I.C.S : Satyendra Nath Tagore
India’s first man in Space : Rakesh Sharma
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The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without completing the
full term : Morarji Desai
The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India : Field Marshal Cariappa
The first Chief of Army Staff : Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji
The first Indian Member of the Viceroy’s executive council : S.P.Sinha
The first President of India who died while in office : Dr. Zakhir
Hussain
The first Muslim President of Indian Republic : Dr. Zakhir Hussain
The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Parliament :
Charan Singh
The first Field Marshal of India : Field Marshal S.H.F. Manekshaw
The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics : C.V.Raman
The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award : Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Indian to cross English Channel : Mihir Sen
The first Person to receive Jnanpith award : Sri Shankar Kurup
The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha : Ganesh Vasudeva Mavalankar
The first Vice-President of India : Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Education Minister : Dr. Abdul Kalam Azad
The first Home minister of India : Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
The first Indian Air Chief Marshal : Air Marshal S. Mukherjee
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The first Indian Naval Chief : Vice Admiral R.D. Katari
The first Judge of International Court of Justice : Dr. Nagendra Singh
The first person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen : Sherpa Anga
Dorjee
The first person to get Param Vir Chakra : Major Somnath Sharma
The first Chief Election Commissioner : Sukumar Sen
The first person to receive Magsaysay Award : Acharya Vinoba Bhave
The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Prize in Medicine :
Har gobind Khurana
The first Chinese traveller to visit India : Fahein
The first person to receive Stalin Prize : Saifuddin Kitchlu
The first person to resign from the Central Cabinet : Shyama Prasad
Mukherjee
The first person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics : Amartya Sen
The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court : Justice Hirala J. Kania
The first Indian Pilot : J.R.D. Tata (1929)
FEMALE
The first lady to become Miss World : Rita Faria
The first woman judge in Supreme Court : Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima
Bibi
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The first woman Ambassador : Miss C.B. Muthamma
The first woman Governor of a state in free India : Mrs Sarojini Naidu
The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly : Shanno Devi
The first woman Prime Minister : Mrs Indira Gandhi
The first woman Minister in a Government : Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
The first woman to climb Mount Everest : Bachhendri Pal
The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice : Santosh Yadav
The first woman President of Indian National Congress : Mrs Annie
Besant
The first woman pilot in Indian Air Force : Harita Kaur Dayal
The first woman Graduates : Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi
Basu, 1883
The first woman Airline Pilot : Durba Banerjee
The first woman Honours Graduate : Kamini Roy, 1886
The first woman Olympic medal Winner : Karnam Malleswari, 2000
The first woman Asian Games Gold Medal Winner : Kamlijit Sandhu
The first woman Lawyer : Cornelia Sorabjee
The first woman President of United Nations General Assembly : Mrs
Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
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The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State : Mrs Sucheta
Kripalani
The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service Commission : Roze
Millian Bethew
The first woman Director General of Police : Kanchan Chaudhary
Bhattacharya
The first woman Judge : Anna Chandy (She became judge in a district
court in 1937)
The first woman Cheif Justice of High Court : Mrs Leela Seth
(Himachal Pradesh High Court)
The first woman Judge in Supreme Court of India : Kumari Justice M.
Fathima Beevi
The first woman Lieutenant General : Lieutenant General Punita Arora
The first woman Air Vice Marshal : P. Bandopadhyaya
The first woman chairperson of Indian Airlines : Sushma Chawla
The first woman IPS officer :Mrs. Kiran Bedi
The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India : Razia Sultan
The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra : Nirja Bhanot
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award : Ashapurna Devi
The first woman to cross English Channel : Aarti Saha
The first woman to receive Nobel Prize : Mother Teresa
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The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna : Mrs Indira Gandhi
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award : Ashpurna Devi
OTHERS
First Wax statue of a Living : Indian Mahatma Gandhi at Madame
Tussaud’s in 1939
First Chinese pilgrim to Visit India : Fa-hien
First Exclusive internet magazine : Bharat Samachar
First Miss India to participate in Miss Universe : Indrani Rehman
First President of Indian National Congress : W.C. Bannerjee, 1885
First Muslim President of the Indian National Congress : Badruddin
Tayyabji
First Judge in International Court of Justice : Dr. Nagender Singh
First Graduate in Medicine : Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty
India’s
First University : Nalanda University India’s First Open University :
Andhra Pradesh Open University
First Indian to reach Antarctica : Lt. Ram Charan First British to Visit
India : Hawkins
First Test tube baby of India : Indira (Baby Harsha) First Post Office
Opened in India : Kolkata(1727)
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SUPERLATIVES
Continent: Biggest Asia, smallest Australia
Country : largest Russia area wise
Country : highest china population wise
Largest basin: Amazon
Waterfall highest: Angel falls Venezuela
Gulf longest: Gulf of Mexico
Sea port largest: Shangai china
Largest volcano: Mount Loa Hawaii
Largest mammal: blue whale
Smallest mammal: bat
Biggest island: Greenland
Biggest mosque: Masjid Al-Haram
Deepest lake: Bailkal Siberia
Highest lake: Titica Bolvia
Largest fresh water lake: superior lake USA
Largest artificial lake: Kariba lake Zimbabwe
Largest Bay: Hudson bay Canada
Tallest building: Burj Khalifa (828 m).
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IMPORTANT CAPITLS AND CURRENCIES
COUNTRY CAPITAL CURRENCY
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
China Beijing Yuan
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah
Israel Jerusalem Shakal
Iraq Baghdad Dinar
Iran Tehran Rial
Syria Damascus Pound
Sri Lanka Colombo Rupee
Saudi Riyadh Rial
Myanmar Yangon Kyat
Nepal Kathmandu Rupee
Egypt Cairo Pound
Libya Tripoli Dinar
South Africa Pretoria Rand
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Sudan Khartoum Pound
Zimbabwe Harrare Dollar
Turkey Ankara Lira
Austria Vienna Euro
Belgium Brussels Euro
Denmark Copengen Krona
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Finland Helniski Euro
France Paris Euro
Germany Berlin Euro
Italy Rome Euro
Norway Oslo Krona
Poland Warsaw Zloty
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Portugal Lisbon Euro
Spain Madrid Euro
Sweden Stockholm Krona
Switzerland Bern Franc

Russia Moscow Rouble
UK London Pound
Canada Ottawa Dollar
Cuba Havana Peso
Mexico Mexico Peso
USA Washington Dollar
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso
Brazil Brasilia Real
Australia Canberra Dollar
New Zealand Willington Dollar
Kuwait Kuwait city Dinar
Qatar Doha Riyal
UAE Dubai Dirham
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IMPORTANT NATIONAL PARKS OF INDIA
Year of Name of National Park State

Establishment
1936 Corbett National Park Uttarakhand
1955 Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh
1955 Tadoba National Park Maharashtra
1959 Madhav National Park Madhya Pradesh
1968 Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh
1974 Kaziranga National Park Assam
1974 Bandipur National Park Karnataka
1974 Bannerghatta National Park Karnataka
1975 Gir National Park Gujarat
1975 Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park Madhya Pradesh
1975 Gugamal National Park Maharashtra
1975 Navegaon National Park Maharashtra
1975 Pench National Park Maharashtra
1976 Blackbuck National Park Gujarat
1976 Guindy National Park Tamil Nadu
1977 Keibul-Lamjao National Park Manipur
1977 Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim
1977 Dudhwa National Park Uttar Pradesh
1978 Eravikulam National Park Kerala
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1979 Vansda National Park Gujarat
1979 Van Vihar National Park Madhya Pradesh
1980 Simlipal National Park Odisha
1980 Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan
1980 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Tamil Nadu
1981 Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park Chhattisgarh
1981 Dachigam National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1981 Hemis National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1981 Kishtwar National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1981 Panna National Park Madhya Pradesh
1981 Sanjay National Park Madhya Pradesh
1981 Satpura National Park Madhya Pradesh
1981 Keoladeo Ghana National Park Rajasthan
1982 Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh
1982 Kanger Valley National Park Chhattisgarh
1982 Marine National Park Gujarat
1982 Periyar National Park Kerala
1982 Nanda Devi National Park Uttarakhand
1982 Valley of Flowers National Park Uttarakhand
1983 Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1983 Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh
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1983 Fossil National Park Madhya Pradesh
1983 Sanjay Gandhi National Park Maharashtra
1983 Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand
1984 Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh
1984 Silent Valley National Park Kerala
1984 Sunderban National Park West Bengal
1985 Balpakram National Park Meghalaya
1986 Mouling National Park Arunachal Pradesh
1986 Betla National Park Jharkhand
1986 Nokrek Ridge National Park Meghalaya
1986 Neora Valley National Park West Bengal
1986 Singalila National Park West Bengal
1987 Middle Button Island National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1987 Mount Harriet National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1987 North Button Island National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1987 Saddle Peak National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1987 South Button Island National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1987 Pin Valley National Park Himachal Pradesh
1987 Anshi National Park Karnataka
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1987 Kudremukh National Park Karnataka
1988 Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park Karnataka
1988 Bhitarkanika National Park Odisha
1989 Sri Venkateswara National Park Andhra Pradesh
1989 Valmiki National Park Bihar
1989 Sultan National Park Haryana
1989 Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park Tamil Nadu
1989 Gangotri National Park Uttarakhand
1990 Manas National Park Assam
1990 Mudumalai National Park Tamil Nadu
1990 Mukurthi National Park Tamil Nadu
1990 Govind National Park Uttarakhand
1991 Murlen National Park Mizoram
1992 Campbell Bay National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1992 Galathea Bay National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1992 Mollem National Park Goa
1992 City Forest (Salim Ali) National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1992 Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park Mizoram
1992 Desert National Park Rajasthan
1992 Sariska National Park Rajasthan
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1992 Buxa National Park West Bengal
1992 Gorumara National Park West Bengal
1993 Intanki National Park Nagaland
1994 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Telangana
1994 Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park Telangana
1994 Mrugavani National Park Telangana
1996 Rani Jhansi Marine National Park Andaman & Nicobar

Islands
1998 Nameri National Park Assam
1999 Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Assam
1999 Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park Assam
2003 Kalesar National Park Haryana
2003 Anamudi Shola National Park Kerala
2003 Mathikettan Shola National Park Kerala
2003 Pampadum Shola National Park Kerala
2004 Chandoli National Park Maharashtra
2005 Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Andhra Pradesh

Park
2006 Mukundra Hills National Park Rajasthan
2007 Clouded Leopard National Park Tripura
2007 Bison National Park Tripura
2008 Papikonda National Park Andhra Pradesh
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2010 Inderkilla National Park Himachal Pradesh
2010 Khirganga National Park Himachal Pradesh
2010 Simbalbara National Park Himachal Pradesh
2014 Jaldapara National Park West Bengal
IMPORTANT WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

Organization Abbreviation Headquarters Year of
Establishment
United Nations Organization UNO New York (USA) 1945
United Nations Children’s’ UNICEF New York (USA) 1946

Fund
United Nations Conference on UNCTAD Geneva 1964

Trade and Development (Switzerland)
World Health Organization WHO Geneva 1948

(Switzerland)
International Labor ILO Geneva 1919

Organization (Switzerland)
International Committee of the ICRC Geneva 1863

Red Cross (Switzerland)
World Trade Organization WTO Geneva 1995

(Switzerland)
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United Nations Educational UNESCO Paris (France) 1945
Scientific and Cultural
Organization
World Meteorological WMO Geneva 1950

World Intellectual Property WIPO Geneva 1967

International Organization for IOS Geneva 1947

Standardization (Switzerland)
International Atomic Energy IAEA Vienna (Austria) 1957

Agency
Organization of Petroleum OPEC Vienna (Austria) 1960

Exporting Countries
International Monetary Fund IMF Washington DC 1945

(USA)
World Bank WB Washington DC 1945

(USA)
International Maritime IMO London (UK) 1959

Organization
Amnesty International AI London (UK) 1961
International Court of Justice ICJ The Hague 1945

(Netherlands)
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Food and Agricultural FAO Rome (Italy) 1945
Organization
North Atlantic Treaty NATO Brussels 1949

Organization (Belgium)
International Renewable IRENA Abu Dhabi (UAE) 2009

Energy Agency
South Asian Association for SAARC Kathmandu 1985

Regional Cooperation (Nepal)
Association of South East ASEAN Jakarta 1967

Asian Nations (Indonesia)
Asia Pacific Economic APEC Singapore 1989

Cooperation
Organization of Islamic OIC Jeddah (Saudi 1969

Cooperation Arabia)
Organization for the Prohibition OPCW The Hague, 1997

of Chemical Weapons (Netherlands)
Worldwide Fund for Nature WWF Gland, Vaud 1961

(Switzerland)
World Economic Forum WEF Cologny, 1971

(Switzerland)
International Hydrographic IHO Monaco 1921

Organization
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International Cricket Council ICC Dubai, (UAE) 1909
International Union for IUCN Gland, 1948

Conservation of Nature (Switzerland)
International Council on ICOMOS Paris, (France) 1965

Monuments and Sites
United Nations World Tourism UNWTO Madrid, (Spain) 1974

Organization
IMPORTANT NICKNAMES
Nickname Personality
Acharya Vinoba Bhave
Adi Kavi Valmiki
Ajatshatru Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Akbar of Kashmir Jainul Abdin
Andhra Kesari T Prakasam
Anna C N Annadurai
Babuji Javjeevan Ram
Badshah Khan / Frontier Gandhi Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Bapu Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Bengal Kesari Ashutosh Mukherji
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Bengal Tiger Bipin Chandrapal & Saurav Ganguli
Bihar Kesri Dr. Srikrishna Singh
Bihar Vibhuti Dr. Anurag Narayan Singh
Bismark of India Vallabhai Patel
Biswa Kavi Rabindranath Tagore
Buddha Siddhartha Gautama
CR C Rajagopalachari
Chacha Jawaharlal Nehru
Deenabandhu C F Andrews
Desabandhu C R Das
Desh Ratna Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Deshbandhu Chitta Ranjan Das
Deshpriya Yatindra Mohan Sengupta
Father of Gujrat Ravi Sankar Maharaj
Father of Nation (India) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Flying Sikh Milkha Singh
Frontier Gandhi Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Gandhiji Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Grand Old Man of India Dadabhai Naoroji
Grandfather of Indian Films Dhundiraj Govind Fhalke
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore
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Guruji M S Gohlwalkar
Haryana Hurricane Kapil Dev
Hockey Wizard Dhyan Chand
Indian Machiavelli Chanakya
Iron Lady of India Indira Gandhi
Iron Man Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
JP Jayaprakash Narayan
Jana Nayak Karpuri Thakur
Kaviguru Rabindranath Tagore
King Maker of Indian History Sayyed Bandhu
Kuvempu K.V.Puttappa
Lal, Bal, Pal Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Ganghadhar Tilak and Bipin
Chandra Pal
Light of Asia Sreebuddha
Lion of Kashmir Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
Lion of Maratha Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Little Master Sunil Gavaskar
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan
Machiavelli of India Chanakya
Magician of Hockey Dhyanchand
Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya
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Man of Destiny Napolean Bonaparte
Man of Iron Vallabhai Patel
Man of Peace Lal Bahadur Shastri
Morning Star of India Renaissance Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Napolean of India Samudragupta
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Nightingale of India Sarojini Naidu
Panditji Jawaharlal Nehru
Panjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai
Payyoli Express P. T. Usha
Prince of Kolkata Saurav Ganguly
Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi
Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai
Rajaji C Rajagopalachari
Rajarshee Purushottam Das tandon
Sahid-e-Azam Bhagat Singh
Saint of Sabarmati Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Saint of the Gutters mother Teresa
Shakespere of India Kalidasa
Sher-e-Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah
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Sparrow Major General Rajinder Singh
Strong Man of India Vallabhai Patel
Swar Kokila Lata Mangeshkar
Tau Chaudhury Devi Lal
The Little Master Sachin Tendulkar
Tiger of Mysore Tipu Sultan
Tota-e-Hind Amir Khushro
Udanpari P.T.Usha
Young Turk Chandra Sekhar
IMPORTANT BOOKS
 Two Year Eight Months and Twenty –Eight Night –Salman Rushdie
 The Red Sari –Javier Moro
 Freedom in Exile: Dalai Lama
 My Favourite Nature Stories- Ruskin Bond
 Neither a hawk nor a dove –Khurshid M Kasuari
 Faces and Places Professor –Deepak Nayyar
 Indian Parliamentary Diplomacy- Meira Kumar
 Farishta –Kapil Isapuari
 Super Economies –Raghav Bahal
 China: Confucius in the Shadow –Poonam Surie
 My country My Life ‐ L.K.Advani
 Joseph Anton ‐ Sulman Rushdie (Autobiography)
 The Sahara Testaments ‐ Tade Ipadeola
 Narendra Modi: A Political Biography ‐ Andy Marino
 My Unforgettable Memories ‐ Mamata Banerjee
 Rationalized Roman for Kashmiri ‐ Dr. R L Bhat
 Strictly Personal, Manmohan and Gursharan ‐ Daman Singh
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 The Wrong Enemy: America in Afghanistan, 2001‐ 2014 ‐ Carlotta Gall
 Lal Bahadur Shastri: Lessons in Leadership ‐ Pavan Choudary
 Walking With Giants ‐ G. Ramachandran(former Finance Secretary )
 Crusader or Conspirator? Coalgate and other Truths ‐ PC Parakh
 The Accidental Prime Minister: the making and unmaking of Manmohan
Singh ‐ Sanjaya Baru
 God of Antarctica ‐ Master Yashvardhan Shukla (At the age of 13)
 My Years with Rajiv and Sonia ‐ R.D.Pradhan
 Khushwantnama ‐The Lessons of My Life ‐ Khushwant singh
 Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age ‐ Alexander Bard
 One Life is Not Enough ‐ Natwar Singh
 The Lives of Others ‐ Neel Mukherjee
 My Music My Life ‐ Pt Ravi Shankar
 I am Malala ‐ Malala Yousufzai and Christina Lamb
 A Man and A Motorcycle, How Hamid Karzai Came to Power ‐ Bette Dam
 True Colours — Adam Gilchrist
 Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: An Inside Job? ‐ Faraz Ahmad
 The God of Small Things ‐ Arundhati Roy
 Interpreter of Maladies ‐ Jhumpa Lahiri
 And then One Day: A Memoir ‐ Nasiruddin Shah (Autobiography)
 Unaccustomed Earth ‐ Jhumpa Lahiri
 Lowland ‐ Jhumpa Lahiri
 Truth Always Prevails ‐ Sadruddin Hashwani
 Playing It My Way – Sachin Tendulkar and Boria Mazumder
 Unbreakable (Autobiography of Mary Kom) ‐ Mary Kom
 Enoch, I am a British Indian ‐ Sarinder Joshua
 Duroch ModiNomics ‐ Sameer Kochar
 Public Issues Before Parliament ‐ Vijay Darda
 Water, Peace, and War – Confronting the Global Water Crisis ‐ Brahma
Chellaney Ambedkar
 Awakening India’s Social Conscience ‐ Dr. Narendra Jadhav
 Munger through the Ages ‐ Late DP Yadav
 Akbar – The Aesthete ‐ Dr. Indu Anand
 Runs in Ruins — Sunil Gavaskar
 India at Risk ‐ Jaswant Singh
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 The Narrow Road to the Deep North ‐ Richard Flanagan
(Australian)(Man Booker)
 Untold Story of the Indian Public Sector ‐ Dr. UD Choubey
 Final Test: Exit Sachin Tendulkar ‐ Dilip D’Souza
 Worthy Fights: A Memoir of Leadership in War and Peace ‐ Leon Panetta
and Jim Newton
 Not Just an Accountant ‐ former CAG Vinod Rai
 Grandmaster Repertoire ‐ 1.e4 vs The French, Caro‐Kann, and Philidor
‐ Parimarjan Negi
 A Bend in the river ‐ V.S. Naipaul
 Dark Star: The Loneliness of Being Rajesh Khanna ‐ Gautam Chintamani
 Half Girlfriend ‐ Chetan Bhagat
 Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician ‐ Biography of
Allama Muhammad Iqbal (Spiritual Father of Pakistan)
 50 years of man in space ‐ Garik Israelien, Brian May and David J
Eicher
 Black Tornado: The Three Sieges of Mumbai 26/11 ‐ Sandeep Unnithan
 Dramatic Decade: The Indira Gandhi Years ‐ Pranab Mukherjee 2014:
The Election That Changed India ‐Rajdeep Sardesai
 Your Dreams Are Mine Now: She Showed him What Love ‐ Ravinder
Singh
 Born Again on the Mountain- Arunima Sinha
 Flood of Fire –Amitav Ghosh
 30 Women in Power: Their Voices, Their Stories- Naina Lal Kidwai
 The Courage to Act – A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath : Ben S.
Bernanke
 To the Brink and Back: India’s 1991 Story :Jairam Ramesh
 Globalisation, Democratization and Distributive Justice : Dr. Mool Chand
Sharma
 Ramcharitmanas (105-year-old Urdu copy ): Shiv Brat Lal
 Mrs Funny bones :Twinkle Khanna
 Making India Awesome : Chetan Bhagat
 An Autobiography: Jawahar Lal Nehru
 The Kumbh Mela: Mapping the Ephemeral Megacity :Tarun Khanna
 R.D. Burman: The Prince of Music :Khagesh Dev Burman
 Ghosts of Calcutta :Sebastian Ortiz
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 Green Signals: Ecology, Growth, and Democracy in India :Jairam
Ramesh
 Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji : Abdul
Kalam
 Beyond Doubt: A Dossier on Gandhi’s Assassination : Teesta Setalvad
 Modi – Incredible emergence of a star (in Chinese language): Tarun Vijay
 Education of Muslims : Professor JS Rajput
 Sourav Ganguly: Cricket, Captaincy and Controversy:Saptarshi Sarkar
 Flood of fire : Amitav Ghosh
 Super Economies :Raghav Bahl
 Complete Story of Indian Reforms: 2G, Power & Private
Enterprise: Pradeep Baijal
 Unbelievable – Delhi to Islamabad: Prof Bhim Singh
 Food for All: Uma Lele
 Family Life: Akhil Sharma( winner of the Folio Prize 2015)
 Faces and Places: Prof. Deepak Nayyar
 Indian Parliamentary Diplomacy- Speaker’s Perspective: Meira Kumar
 Editor Unplugged: Media, Magnates, Netas and Me: Vinod Mehta
 Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks: SK Rath
 Why I Assassinated Gandhi: Nathuram Godse and Gopal Godse
 'Life On My Terms: From the Grassroots to the Corridors of
Power: an autobiography of Sharad Pawar
 What Happened to Netaji? authored by former journalist Anuj Dhar
 'Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations: authored by Nandan
Nilekani and Viral Shah
 'Interlinking of Indian Rivers authored by Radha Kant Bharati
 'Dreaming Big: My Journey to Connect India: Sam Pitroda
 'Two Years Eight Months and Twenty Eight Nights: Salman Rushdie
 'The Courage to Act – A Memoir of a Crisis and Its
Aftermath' authored by Ben S. Bernanke
 'Dreaming Big: My Journey to Connect India: autobiography of Sam
Pitroda written with the help of David Chanoff, an American author.
 'Two Years Eight Months and Twenty Eight Nights authored by the
British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie
 'To the Brink and Back: India’s 1991 Story' written by former Union
Environment & Forest Minister (Independent Charge) Jairam Ramesh.
 'Making India Awesome' written by – Chetan Bhagat
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 'Green Signals: Ecology, Growth, Democracy in India' written
by Jairam Ramesh
 'Uniki' written by – CH Vidyasagar Rao, Governor of Maharashtra.
 'Sourav Ganguly: Cricket, Captaincy and Controversy' written by
Saptarshi Sarkar.
 'Flood of fire' written by Amitav Ghosh.
 “India Central Asia Relations”: The Economic Dimension authored
by Amiya Chandra.
 “Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years” – authored by AS Dulat and Aditya
Sinha.
 “37 Bridges and Other Stories” – authored by noted Pakistani
author Aamer Hussein
 Who Moved My Interest Rate? authored by Duvvuri Subbarao, the
former Governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
 “The Unseen Indira Gandhi” authored by Dr. KP Mathur
 “A Life in Diplomacy” written by former Indian diplomat Maharajakrishna
Rasgotra.
 “Courage & Commitment: An Autobiography by Margaret Alva
 Book “MS: A life in Music” authored by T.J.S. George
 “One Part Woman” authored by Perumal Murugan
 The book “Ace against Odds” is the autobiography of Indian tennis player
.Sania Mirza
 “Beyond NJ 9842: The Siachen Saga” authored by Nitin Gokhale
 “The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable”
authored by Amitav Ghosh
 “Ringside With Vijender” is authored by Rudraneil Sengupta
 "The making of India: The untold story of British Enterprises" authored
by Kartar Lalvani
 'Blood on my Hands: Confessions of Staged Encounter authored
by Kishlay Bhattacharjee
 'Shashi Kapoor - the Householder, the Star' authored by Aseem
Chhabra
 'The Kiss of Life' authored by Emraan Hashmi
 'Anything But Khamosh: The Shatrughan Sinha Biography' authored by
Bharathi S Pradhan
 'A State in Denial' authored by BG Verghese
 'No Time to Pause' authored by - Pavithra Ramesh
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 'Param Vir: A War Diary' authored by - Manju Lodha
 'Hindutva or Hind Swaraj' authored by - U.R. Ananthamurthy
 “Flying in High Winds: A Memoir” authored by - K. Mishra
 'Alphabet Soup for Lovers” authored by - Anita Nair
 'The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler' authored by - James Cross Giblin
 'The Story of Kashmir through the Ages” authored by - Arjan Nath
Chaku
 “Framed As a Terrorist: My 14-Year Old Struggle to Prove My
Innocence” authored by - Mohammad Aamir Khan
 “Standing Guard— A year in Opposition”? authored by - P
Chidambaram
 “Gandhi: An Illustrated Biography” authored by – Pramod Kapoor
 "That Long Silence” authored by – Shashi Deshpande
 "Fixed! Cash and Corruption in Cricket” authored by - Shantanu Guha
Ray
 “Standing On An Apple Box” authored by – Aishwarya Dhanush
 “Who was Shivaji?” authored by - Govind Pansare
 'The Z Factor,” a book written by Subhash Chandra
 The Ministry of Utmost Happiness – Arundhati Roy
 The Birds of Banni Grassland – Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology –
Released by Hon’ble PM Narendra Modi
 Age of Anger: A history of the Present – Pankaj Mishra
 Son of Thundercloud – Easterine Kire
 Lincoln in the Bardo – George Saunders – 2017 Booker
 Inside Parliament: Views from the front row – Derek O’Brien
 The Sellout – Paul Beatty – 2016 Booker
 A brief history of Seven killings – Marlon James – 2015 Booker
 A horse walks into a bar – David Grossman – the Man Booker
International Prize
 The Ibis Trilogy – Amitav Ghosh
 Selection day – Aravind Adiga
 Death under the Deodars – Ruskin Bond
 An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India – Shashi Tharoor
 India Shastra: Reflections of the Nation in our time – Shashi Tharoor
 The Great Derangement: Climate Change And The Unthinkable – Amitav
Ghosh
 Democrats and Dissenters – Ramachandra Guha
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 I Do What I Do – Raghuram Rajan
 The Dramatic Decade: The Indira Gandhi Decade – Pranab Mukherjee
 The Turbulent Years: 1980 – 1996 – Pranab Mukherjee
 Thoughts and Reflections – Pranab Mukherjee
 Indira: India’s most powerful Prime Minister – Sagarika Ghose
 Why Growth Matters – Jagadish Bhagawati
 India’s Tryst with Destiny – Jagadish Bhagawati
 An Uncertain Glory: India and its contradictions – Amartya Sen and Jean
Dreze
 The Country of First Boys – Amartya Sen
 Gandhi before India – Ramachandra Guha
 Scion of Ikshvaku – Amish
 Sita: Warrior of Mithila – Amish
 Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights – Salman Rushdie
 A Manifesto For Change – Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam
 Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity - Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam
 Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow’s India - Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam
 Pathways to Greatness - Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam
 The Mother I Never Knew – Sudha Murthy
 Serpent’s Revenge – Sudha Murthy
 Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series – Rick Riordan
 The Girl on the Train – Paula Hawkins
 Diary of a Wimpy Kid – Jeff Kinney
 Fifty Shades Series – E.L. James
 And the Mountains Echoed – Khaled Hosseini
 War & Peace - Leo Tolstoy
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IMPORTANT LAKES OF INDIA
1. Loktak Lake -Manipur
 Largest freshwater lake in North -East India
 Keibul Lamjao the only floating national park in the world floats over it,
which is the last natural refuge of the endangered sangai or Manipur
brow-antlered deer.
2. Wular Lake – Jammu Kashmir
 Largest Freshwater Lake in India.
 Lake Basin was formed as a result of tectonic activity and is fed by the
Jhelum River.
3. Sambhar Lake – Rajasthan
 India’s largest inland salt lake.
 Mahabharata mentions the Sambhar Lake as part of the kingdom of the
demon king Brishparva.
4. Pushkar Lake – Rajasthan
 Located in the town of Pushkar in Ajmer district of the Rajasthan.
 Pushkar Lake is a sacred lake of the Hindus.
5. Kolleru Lake – Andhra Pradesh
 Largest lake in India.
 Located between Krishna and Godavari delta.
6. Pulicat Lake- Andhra Pradesh
 Second largest brackish – water lake or lagoon in India.
 The large spindle-shaped barrier island named Sriharikota separates the
lake from the Bay of Bengal.
7. Hussain Sagar Lake – Telengana
 The lake is in Hyderabad, built by Hazrat Hussain Shah Wali in 1562,
during the rule of Ibrahim QuliQutub Shah.
 Connects the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
8. Chilka Lake -Odisha
 It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in
the world.
 Chilika Lake is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds, on the
Indian sub-continent.
9. Dal Lake – Jammu Kashmir
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 Dal Lake is a lake in Srinagar and is integral to tourism known as the
“Jewel in the crown of Kashmir” or “Srinagar’s Jewel”.
 Asia’s largest Tulip garden is on the banks of Dal Lake.
10. Sasthamcotta Lake – Kerala
 Largest fresh water lake in Kerala.
 The purity of the lake water for drinking use is attributed to the presence
of large population of larva called cavaborus that consumes bacteria in
the lake water.
11. Bhojtar Lake- Madhya Pradesh
 Also known as Upper Lake lies on the western side of the capital city of
Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal.
 Largest artificial lake in Asia.
12. Tsomgo Lake – Sikkim
 Tsongmo Lake or Changu Lake, is a glacial lake in the East Sikkim.
 The lake is the venue for the Guru Purnima festival in which Jhakris of
Sikkim assemble at the lake area to derive benefits from the healing
qualities of the lake waters.
13. Salim Ali Lake – Maharashtra
 It has been renamed after the great ornithologist, naturalist Salim Ali and
also known as birdman of India.
 Salim Ali Sarovar (lake) popularly known as Salim Ali Talab is located
near Delhi Gate, opposite HimayatBagh, Aurangabad.
14. Periyar Lake -Kerala
 Periyar Lake is formed by the construction of the dam across the
Mullaperiyar River in 1895.
 The notable elephant reserve and a tiger reserve, Periyar Wildlife
Sanctuary is located on the banks of Periyar Lake.
15. Nakki Lake – Rajasthan
 ‘Nakki Lake is situated in the Indian hill station of Mount Abu in Aravalli
range.
 Mahatma Gandhi’s ashes were immersed in this Holy Lake on 12
February 1948 and Gandhi Ghat was constructed.
16. Vembanad Lake -Kerala
 Longest lake in India, and the largest lake in the state of Kerala.
 The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is conducted in a portion of the lake.
17. Nalsarover Lake- Gujarat
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 The lake – Nalsarovar – and the wetlands around it were declared a bird
sanctuary in 1969.
18. Bhimtal Lake – Uttarakhand
 It is the largest lake in Kumaon region, known as the “lake district of
India”.
 It is a “C” shaped lake.
19. Nainital Lake – Uttarakhand
 Kidney shaped or crescent shaped.
 Situated in the Nainital district called the Lake District of India.
20. Kanwar Lake- Bihar
 The Kanwar Taal or Kabar Taal Lake is Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow
lake.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
HISTORY
Which of the following is called mound of dead?
a) Harappa
b) Mohenjdaro
c) Both
d) None
Which of the following contains famous gayatrimantra?
a) Rig veda
b) Sam veda
c) Both
d) None
The Indus valley civilization flourished during?
a) Mesolithic period
b) Chalolithic period
c) Both
d) None
The First metal used by people of india was?
a) iron b) copper c) Both d) None
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The period of Indus valley civilization has been fixed on the basis of?
a) Aryan invasion
b) radio carbon dating
c) Both
d) None
The utensils used in Indus valley civilization were
a) copper
b) clay
c) Both
d) None
which metal was not known to Indus valley people?
a) iron
b) gold
c) copper
d) silver
The economy of Indus valley people was based on?
a) agriculture
b) trade
c) crafts d) all of the above
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The script of Indus Valley people was ?
[A] Desi Script
[B] Pictographic Script
[C] Brahmi Script
[D] Kharosti Script
Which among the following Harappan site has been divided into three
parts?
[A] Dholavira
[B] Surkotda
[C] Daimabad
[D] Mohenjodaro
The name budda means
a) Enlightened
b) learned
c) both
d) none
Buddhidm got divided into two groups during the reign of?
a) ashoka
b) kanishka
c) both
d) none
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The eight fold path was given by
a) Gandhi g
b) Buddha
c) both
d) none
Buddhist doctorines were written in
a) English
b) pali
c) both
d) none
Jain doctorines were written in
a) pali
b) Sanskrit
c) both
d) none
Megasthenes visited india during the reign of
a) Akbar
b) Chandragupta Maurya
c) none
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Mohammad Ghori was first defeated by which of the following rulers?
[A] Prithviraja Chauhan
[B] Jayachandra
[C] Vidyadhara Chandella
[D] Bhima II
Who among the following Sultans of Delhi assumed the title Sikandar-i-
Sani?
[A] Balban
[B] Alauddin Khalji
[C] Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
[D] Sikandar Lodi
Who among the following is the author of Kitab-ur-Rehla?
[A] Maulana Sharafuddin Ali Yazid
[B] Amir Timur
[C] Ibn-i-Batuta
The irrigation tax was charged on the farmers for the first time by which
among the following Sultans?
[A] Alauddin Khilji
[B] Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
[C] Firoz Tughlaq
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Ibn Batuta was a traveler from which among the following current
nations?
[A] Algeria
[B] Morocco
[C] Tunisia
[D] Libya
Who inspired the young Bengal Movement in the 19th century ?
[A] Ram Tanu Lahiri
[B] Henry Vivian Dorozev
[C] Rasik Kumar Malik
[D] Piyare Chand Mitra
The Battle of Buxar was fought between British East India
Company and:
[A] Mir Qasim [B] Saadat Ali Khan II
Which Viceroy passed the famous Indian Coinage and Paper Currency
act (1899)?
[A] Lord Minto
[B] Lord Hardinge
[C] Lord Curzon
[D] Lord Dufferin
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The Treaty of Seringapatam is associated with which of the following
wars?
[A] Second Anglo-Maratha War
[B] Third Anglo-Mysore War
[C] Third Anglo-Maratha War
[D] Fourth Anglo–Mysore War
Rabindranath Tagore got Knighthood in the year:
[A] 1910
[B] 1915
[C] 1920
[D] 1925
Which among the following was the correct title of National Anthem of
India, when it was originally penned by Rabindranath Tagore?
[A] Jana Gana Mana
[B] Bharat Bhagya
[C] Bharat Bhagya Vidhata
[D] Bharat Vidhata
In which year and at which place, India’s national anthem was sung for
the first time?
[A] 1911, Kolkata
[B] 1912, Lucknow
[C] 1913, Delhi
[D] 1914, Bombay
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Which among the following was the ONLY session of Indian National
Congress that was presided by Mahatma Gandhi?
[A] Amaravati
[B] Belgaum
[C] Nagpur
[D] Karachi
The name of the operation started by the British Government to arrest the
leaders of Quit India Movement was__?
[A] Operation Reander Paste
[B] Operation Zero Hour
[C] Operation Thunderbolt
[D] Operation Blue Star
Who among the following had drafted the fundamental rights resolution
at the Karachi Session, 1931?
[A] Jawaharlal Nehru
[B] Acharya Narendra Deo
[C] Subhash Chandra Bose
[D] Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Which party observed the “Black Day” on July 3, 1947 against Partition
of India?
[A] Indian National Congress
[B] Forward Bloc
[C] Hindu Mahasabha
[D] Communist Party of India
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The Peshwa accepted the Subsidiary Alliance with the British via which
among the following treaties?
[A] Treaty of Purandhar
[B] Treaty of Bassein
[C] Treaty of Salbai
[D] Treaty of Surji Arjungaon
Who among the following is said to have hatched the Delhi Conspiracy
1912?
[A] Rasbehari Bose
[B] Bhai Paramanand
[C] Sachindranath Sanyal
[D] Sohan Lal Pathak
Which among the following treaty was signed after Battle of Buxar?
[A] Treaty of Allahabad
[B] Treaty of Carnatic
[C] Treaty of Alinagar
[D] Treaty of Kanpur
The East India Company was given a permission to set up a factory in
Masulipattanam in which year
[A] 1610
[B] 1613
[C] 1611
[D] 1620
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Which among the following is not a Book By Jawahar Lal Nehru?
[A] The Question of Language
[B] Where are we?
[C] The Unity of India
[D] Freedom in Exile
Who among the following introduced the modern concept of rule in
India?
[A] Mughal
[B] British
[C] Portuguese
[D] French
Who among the following established Ramakrishna Mission?
[A] Swami Vivekananda
[B] Swami Ashokananda
[C] Swami Nityaswarupananda
[D] Swami Kirtidananda
Who among the following chaired a committee of the All Parties
Conference, which presented Nehru Report in 1928?
[A] Jawahar Lal Nehru
[B] Moti Lal Nehru
[C] Bhim Rao Ambedkar
[D] Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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Seventeen Point Agreement ” was a turning point in the history of which
of the following neighbors of India?
[A] Bhutan
[B] Bangaldesh
[C] Nepal
[D] Tibet
The main objective of British developing India Railway system was to
facilitate the traffic between?
[A] Source of raw material and export centers
[B] Source of raw material and ports
[C] Source of raw material and production centers
[D] Source of raw material and markets
Who among the following is the first Indian to win a Hoover Prize?
[A] Atal Bihari Vajpayee
[B] APJ Abdul Kalam
[C] Man Mohan Singh
[D] Sonia Gandhi
In which of the following sessions of Indian National Congress , our
national anthem was first sung 27 December 1911 ?
[A] Lahore
[B] Calcutta
[C] Delhi
[D] Surat
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In which year Nawab of Bengal Sirajuddaula, attacked British Factory in
Calcutta?
[A] 1753
[B] 1756
[C] 1759
[D] 1760
40.Which among the following was the first Bengali Newspaper?
[A] Samachar Darpan
[B] Samvad kaumudi
[C] Samvad Prabhakar
[D] Bengal Gazette
40.Which among the following was the first Newspaper of india ?
[A] Samachar Darpan
[B] Samvad kaumudi
[C] Samvad Prabhakar
[D] Bengal Gazette
Who among the following viceroys of India wrote a book ” Persia” ?
[A] Lord Elgin
[B] Lord Curzon
[C] Lord Minto
[D] Lord Irwin
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GEOGRAPHY
The Kachin Hills make a boundary between India and which of the
following neighbors?
[A] Bhutan
[B] Myanmar
[C] Nepal
[D] China
Khardung La mountain pass is located in which Indian state?
[A] Himachal Pradesh
[B] Uttarakhand
[C] Jammu & Kashmir
[D] Sikkim
India’s first Uranium Mine is located at which among the following
places?
[A] Jadugauda
[B] Tummalapalle
[C] Pichli
[D] Dalbhum
If a match live commentary in Delhi commences at 10.00 am, at what
time the viewer at London should tune into?
[A] 4.00 a.m.
[B] 4.30 a.m.
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[C] 4.45 a.m.
[D] 4.50 a.m
With which of the following countries, India shares maximum length of
border?
[A] Pakistan
[B] China
[C] Bangladesh
[D] Nepal
Amravati Reservoir is located in which national park in India?
[A] Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
[B] Mudumalai National Park
[C] Pampadum Shola National Park
[D] None of them
Range that rises in eastern Gujarat state near the Arabian Sea coast,
running east through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to Chhattisgarh?
[A] Vindhya Range
[B] Aravalli Range
[C] Toba Kakar Range
[D] Satpura Range
Which among following is NOT an oil producing field?
[A] Bombay high [B] Digboi
[C] Ankaleshwar
[D] Jamnagar
220 | P a g e
Stilwell Road” connects India with which among the following
neighbors?
[A] China
[B] Bhutan
[C] Bangladesh
[D] Pakistan
Which among the following is the closest to the meaning of ”
Silviculture”?
[A] Cultivation of Silk Worms
[B] Cultivation of Textile Crops
[C] Forest Development
[D] Cultivation of Timber
India’s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with
which among the following?
[A] Thailand
[B] Thailand and Indonesia
[C] Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia
[D] Thailand and Sri Lanka
At which among the following places, India’s First steel factory was
established?
[A] Jamshedpur
[B] Durgapur
[C] Burnpur/ kulti west bengal
[D] Bhila
221 | P a g e
In which among the following Petroleum in India is found chiefly?
[A] Basalt
[B] Metamorphic Rocks
[C] Sedimentary Rocks
[D] None of the above
What is approximate time difference between sunrise in Arunachal
Pradesh and Saurastra of India?
[A] 1 Hour
[B] 1 hour 30 Minutes
[C] 2 Hours
[D] 2 Hours 30 Minutes
Which among the following is not correctly matched?
[A] Surat – Tapti
[B] Badri Nath – Alaknanda
[C] Jabal pur – Narmada
[D] All are correct
Which among the following is smallest district of India?
[A] Alapuzha
[B] Dausa
[C] Mahe
[D] Tirap
222 | P a g e
In production of which of the following mineral India holds number 1
status
[A] Copper
[B] Iron
[C] Lead
[D] Mica
Which among the following part of Bombay (now Mumbai) is known as
Old Woman’s Island?
[A] Parel
[B] Worli
[C] Colaba
[D] Mazgaon
Which of the following variety of Marble is found in India?
[A] Makrana
[B] Bhainslana
[C] Phrygia
[D] Carrara
Which of the following rivers feeds the “Tehri Dam” ?
[A] Alaknanda
[B] Bhagirathi
[C] Gandak
[D] Ghagghar
223 | P a g e
Indira Gandhi super thermal power project, is located in which of the
following state?
[A] Uttarakhand
[B] Haryana
[C] Punjab
[D] Uttar Pradesh
Indira Col makes the 3-point boundary between which of the following
countries?
[A] India, Nepal, China
[B] India, Pakistan, China
[C] India, Myanmar, China
[D] India, Bhutan, China
The new alluvial deposit along the flood plains of the river is known as
which of the following?
[A] Tarai
[B] Khadar
[C] Bhangar
[D] Bhaba
The Bhabar and Khadar plain is known as by which of the following pair
of names in Punjab?
[A] Dhaya, Bet
[B] Dhaya, Doab
[C] Kankar, Rohi
[D] Playa, Dhankar
224 | P a g e
The fertile tract of the Rajasthan plains is known as by which of the
following name?
[A] Dhaya
[B] Chars
[C] Rohi
[D] Ghagga
The Palghat Gap serves inland communications between which of the
following cities?
[A] Pune to Mumbai
[B] Madurai to Thiruvananthapuram
[C] Chennai to Kochi
[D] Bangaluru to Mangalore
Which of the following is the highest peak of south India?
[A] Anaimudi
[B] Dodabeta
[C] Mahendragiri
[D] Gurushikha
St. George’s Channel is located between which of the following islands?
[A] North Andaman and Middle Andaman
[B] Little Nicobar and Great Nicobar
[C] Car Nicobar and Little Nicobar
[D] Middle Andaman and South Andama
225 | P a g e
Aminidivi Islands and Laccadive Islands are separated by which of the
following?
[A] 8° Parallel
[B] 9° Parallel
[C] 10° Parallel
[D] 11° Parallel
Sagar Island is located in which of the following states of India?
[A] West Bengal
[B] Odisha
[C] Andhra Pradesh
[D] Tamil Nadu
What type of coral reefs are found in the Lakshadweep Islands?
[A] Fringing type
[B] Barrier type
[C] Atoll type
What is the name of the highest peak of Garo hill?
[A] Nokrek
[B] Mahendrgairi
[C] Marangksih
[D] Mount Saramat
226 | P a g e
The Coonoor hill station is located in which one of the following states
of India?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Kerala
[C] Tamil Nadu
[D] Andhra Pradesh
Mahatma Gandhi compared which of the following hill stations as the
‘Switzerland of India’?
[A] Berinag
[B] Chaukori
[C] Kausani
[D] Ranikhe
Which of the following islands is of volcanic origin?
[A] Reunion island
[B] Lakshadweep island
[C] Andaman Island
[D] Nicobar Island
Which of the following straight separates Middle Andaman and North
Andaman Island?
[A] Homfray’s Strait
[B] Austen Strait
[C] Palk strat
[D] Coco strait
227 | P a g e
GENERAL SCIENCE
Which among the following is measured using a Vernier Calliper?
[A] Dimensions
[B] Time
[C] Sound
[D] Temperature
Who among the following is credited to work for the unification of
electricity, magnetism and optics field of Physics?
[A] James Clerk Maxwell
[B] Michael Faraday
[C] Haris Christian Oersted
[D] Isaac Newton
The force that binds the neutrons and protons in a nucleus is called as:
[A] Weak Nuclear Force
[B] Strong Nuclear Force
[C] Electromagnetic Force
[D] Gravitational Force
Optical Fibre technology works on which of these principles of Physics?
[A] Bernoulli’s Principle
[B] Newton’s law of Motion
[C] Total internal reflection of Light
[D] Photoelectric effec
228 | P a g e
Which of the following is not a valid conservation law of classical
Physics?
[A] Law of conservation of energy
[B] Law of conservation of current
[C] Law of conservation of angular momentum
[D] Law of conservation of charge
Who among the following discovered X-rays?
[A] Marie Curie
[B] J.J Thomson
[C] W.C Roentgen
[D] James Chadwick
Who among the following gave the Uncertainity principle?
[A] R.A Milkman
[B] Ernset Rutherford
[C] S.N Bose
[D] Werner Heisenberg
Power of lens is measured in which of the following units?
[A] metre
[B] dioptre
[C] lumen
[D] watt
229 | P a g e
Which of the following is true about displacement of an object?
[A] It is always equal to the distance travelled by the object
[B] It can be less than the distance travelled by the object
[C] It can be greater than the distance travelled by the object
[D] It always less than the distance travelled by the object
The motion of an object under free fall is an example of which of the
following?
[A] uniform velocity
[B] uniform acceleration
[C] zero acceleration
[D] non-uniform acceleratio
The acceleration at a given instant of time is called as:
[A] Average acceleration
[B] Instantaneous acceleration
[C] Variable acceleration
[D] Zero acceleration
Which of the these physical quantities is a vector quantity?
[A] Temperature
[B] Speed
[C] Gravitational Intensity
[D] Work
230 | P a g e
Newton’s third law of motion applies to which of these forces?
[A] Gravitational
[B] Electric
[C] Magnetic
[D] All of the Above
Which of these is the cause of Friction?
[A] Roughness of surfaces in contact
[B] Force of adhesion between the molecules of the surfaces in contact
[C] Both a and b
The Newton’s third law is applicable when:
[A] bodies are at rest
[B] bodies are in motion
[C] bodies are in the air
[D] bodies are at rest or in motion
The second law of motion gives us a measure of which of the following
physical quantities?
[A] Acceleration
[B] Force
[C] Power
[D] Work don
231 | P a g e
Which of the following is the essential element for batteries used in
electric cars?
[A] Magnesium
[B] Lithium
[C] Sodium
[D] Bromine
Which of the following is also known as wood alcohol?
[A] Methanol
[B] Ethanol
[C] Propanal
[D] Butanol
Which among the following is popularly called Hypo?
[A] Silver Bromide
[B] Silver nitrate
[C] Sodium thiosulphate
[D] Sodium phosphate
Which of the following is not a non-metallic mineral?
[A] Mica
[B] Bauxite
[C] Granite
[D] Silica
232 | P a g e
Which among the following is called Laughing Gas popularly?
[A] Nitric oxide
[B] Nitrous oxide
[C] Nitrogen penta oxide
[D] Nitrogen
“Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.” This principle was given
by __?
[A] Avogadro
[B] Dalton
[C] Rutherford
[D] Niels Bohr
What are the main constituents of LPG?
[A] Methane, Hexane, Ethane
[B] Methane, Butane, Propane
[C] Ethane, Pentane, Hexane
[D] Ethane, Methane, Pentane
Which compound of mercury is used as antiseptic?
[A] Mercuric sulphide
[B] Mercuric oxide
[C] Mercuric chloride
[D] Mercuric iodide
233 | P a g e
What happens to the weight of Iron, when it rusts?
[A] Increases for long time
[B] Decreases then increases
[C] Increases then decreases
[D] Remains the same
What is the common name of Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate?
[A] Bleaching powder
[B] Slaked lime
[C] Plaster of paris
[D] DetergentCharles
Goodyear is known for which of the following ?
[A] Experiments on Rubber Plants
[B] Vulcanization of Rubber
[C] Invention of Radial Tyres
[D] Invention of Artificial Rubber
Vulcanization of rubber means ?
[A] Experiments on Rubber Plants
[B] sulphur is added to rubber
[C] Invention of Radial Tyres
[D] Invention of Artificial Rubber
234 | P a g e
The name of Karl Landsteiner is associated with the discovery of which
of the following ?
[A] Human Endocrine System
[B] Human Blood Groups
[C] Vitamin B Group
[D] Proteins
Which of the following vertebrae are found in Neck ?
[A] Cervical
[B] Thoracic
[C] Lumbar
[D] None
Artificial Kidney or blood dailyzer which is used in renal failure or
Kidney disorders works on the principles of _________?
[A] Imbibition & Osmosis
[B] Plasmolysis & Osmosis
[C] Diffusion & osmosis
[D] Diffusion only
Which of the following Vitamin is essential for the formation of
collagen?
[A] Vitamin A
[B] Vitamin B
[C] Vitamin C
[D] Vitamin D
235 | P a g e
Which among the following is involved in Movement of Muscles?
[A] Myoglobin
[B] Myosin
[C] Mucin
Which among the following Vitamin is also known as Tocoferol?
[A] Vitamin D
[B] Vitamin E
[C] Vitamin K
[D] Vitamin B
Fatigue is caused because of formation and depositing of which among
the following acids in Muscles?
[A] Lactic Acid
[B] Acetic acid
[C] Citric Acid
[D] Pyruvic acid
Ripening of fruits is done by
[A] Auxin
[B] Ethylene
[C] Gibberellins
[D] Carins
Clove is which part of the plant?
236 | P a g e
[A] Flower bud
[B] Calyx
[C] Inflorescence
[D] frui
Who is the father of Botany?
[A] Adam Smith
[B] Greco-Roman
[C] Theophrastus
[D] Carl Linnaeur
How many pairs of ribs are there in a human body?
[A] 10 pairs
[B] 12 pairs
[C] 14 pairs
[D] 16 pairs
In which organ RBC are selectively destroyed/ recycled by
macrophages?
[A] Spleen
[B] Kidney
[C] Liver
[D] Pancreas
237 | P a g e
JK HISTORY
1. Who signed instrument of accession to india.
Ans. Maharaja Hari Singh.
2. Which is the official language of J&K.

Ans. Urdu.
3. Kargil war started in.

Ans. 1999
4. Longest River of J&K.

Ans. Chenab.
5. Apple town of J&K.

Ans. Sopore.
6. Vaishno devi Mandir is located on.

Ans. Trikuta Hill.
7. K2 lies in which range of Occupied Kashmir.

Ans. Karokaram range.
8. Nubra and Chang La pass lies in which range.

Ans. Karokaram range.
9. Why this mountain is called Sheshnag.
238 | P a g e
Ans. Because its peaks resemble heads of seven snakes.
10. Soyamji in machipora is a.

Ans. Volcanic mountain.
11. Diyamir is another name of.

Ans. Nanga Parbat.
12. Which stops cold winds from central Asia to Kashmir.

Ans. Greater Himalayas.
13. Which pass joins Poonch and Uri.

Ans. Hajipur Pass.
14. Which Mountain range spreads through Gulmarg Valley.

Ans. Arawat.
15. Gasherbrum and Masherbrum peaks lies in.

Ans. Karokaram.
16. Largest fresh water lake of J&K and India.

Ans. Wular.
17. Which lake supplies water to Srinagar City.

Ans. Harwan
18. MELKA, MOGHLA and BARYAL are.
239 | P a g e
Ans. Coal Mines.
19. Zanskar is a Tributary of which river.

Ans. Indus River.
20. Nubra river Originates from.

Ans. Saichen Glacier.
21. Shyok River is also called the.

Ans. Death River.
22. Mansar and Surinsar lies in which region.

Ans. Shiwalik Region.
23. Deepest lake of Kashmir.

Ans. Mansbal.
24. Main waterway of the valley of Kashmir is.

Ans. Jhelum.
25. The kishanganga or Neelam River meets Jhelum at.

Ans. Muzaffarabad.
26. Which lake is surrounded by infinite willow trees.

Ans. Hokarsar.
27. Vitasta is the ancient name of which River.
240 | P a g e
Ans. Jhelum.
28. SHELKAR, CHORTEN and MAMOSTANG are Tributary Glaciers

of
Ans. Saichen.
29. Biafo lies in

Ans. Baltistan ( Ladakh).
30. Which mineral is found in all the three regions of J&K.
Ans. Lime stone.
31. Most Mineral resources are concentrated in which region.
Ans. Jammu Region.
32. Sapphire is found in which district.

Ans. Doda.
33. Soils of J&K have high content of.

Ans. Magnesia.
34. Tsomoriri, Hokarsar, Mansar, Surinsar Lakes are.

Ans. Ramsar wetland Sites.
35. Which district has highest forest cover in J&K.

Ans. Doda.
36. Wild life week in J&K is celebrated in.

Ans. October.
241 | P a g e
37. Largest National park of J&K State.
Ans. Hemis National park.
38. JKSPDCL was established in.

Ans. 16 Feb 1995.
39. Geo thermal power project is situated in.

Ans. Pugga valley ladakh.
40. First hydro electric power plant of J&K.

Ans. Mohra power plant.
41. The estimated Hydro potential of J&K is.

Ans. 20000 MW.
42. Per capita consumption of electricity in J&K is.

Ans. 711 KWhs.
43. Installed capacity of electricity in J&K is.

Ans. 3200 MW.
44. Which place is called Meadow of Flowers.

Ans. Gulmarg.
45. Gul means flower in which Language.

Ans. Persian.
242 | P a g e
46. Indian institute of Skiing and Mountaineering is located in.
Ans. Gulmarg.
47. Vaishno devi shrine is controlled by.

Ans. State Govt.
48. Which is responsible for spreading Islam in Kashmir.

Ans. Mir Syed Ali Hamdani.
49. Which place is also called Mini Kashmir.

Ans. Bhaderwah.
50. Which Place is also Called Chota Kashi.

Ans. Purmandal.
51. Leh is called.

Ans. City of Lamas.
52. Patan Da Talab means.

Ans. Pond of princess.
53. Khanqah means a.

Ans. Wooden Structure.
54. Which Place is called roof of world.

Ans. Ladakh.
243 | P a g e
55. Tree generally used in wood carving.
Ans. Chinar.
56. Art of making ceilings of roofs by thin piles of pine wood is called.
Ans. Khatam Band.
57. Apart from Kashmir khatam band is also popular in.

Ans. Moroco and Iran.
58. Floor covering made by old woolen clothes is called.

Ans. Gabba.
59. Which place is world famous for carpet weaving.

Ans. Baramulla.
60. Fabric of Pashmina Shawl is extracted from.

Ans. Keel Goat.
61. Who introduced Carpet industry in Kashmir.

Ans. Sultan Zain ul Abidin.
62. Who reorganized shawl industry in Kashmir.

Ans. Akbar.
63. Hemis Festival is celebrated on the birth anniversary of.

Ans. Padma Sambhava.
244 | P a g e
64. Purmandal Festival is celebrated on the occasion of.
Ans. Maha Shivratri.
65. Which Festival is celebrated on the start and end of Tibetan year.
Ans. Dosmoche.
66. Urs are celebrated on the death anniversaries of.

Ans. Muslim Saints.
67. Which is the most popular dance of Jammu and Kashmir.

Ans. Rouf.
68. Ritualn dance in the honor of local diety is.

Ans. Kud.
69. Music of J&K is influenced by.

Ans. Persian music.
70. Which king of Kashmir was the most patronage of Music.

Ans. Sultan Zain ul Abidin.
71. The dancers that recite songs in Persian are called.

Ans. Hafizas.
72. Kashmiri language belong to which group of languages.

Ans. Indo-Aryan.
245 | P a g e
73. The script of Kashmiri language goes back to 6th century known as.
Ans. Sharda.
74. Earliest evidence of sharda script found in which of the literally

works.
Ans. Nilamatpurana.
75. Poetic form of 4 line stanzas are called.

Ans. Vaakhs.
76. First saint poetess of Kashmir is.

Ans. Lal Ded.
77. Lol Lyric was popularized by.

Ans. Habba Khatoon.
78. Poshe Mate Janano is the literally work of.

Ans. Mehjoor.
79. Rajtarnghni written by Kalhana in 12th century means.

Ans. River of Kings.
80. Which is known as first Kashmiri Historian.

Ans. Kalhana.
81. Who is known as architect of modern Kashmir.
Ans. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq.
246 | P a g e
82. Who is known as father of dogri language.
Ans. Ramnath Shastri.
83. Who introduced Masnavi in Kashmiri Ghazals.

Ans. Mahmood Gami.
84. First kashmiri to get highest literature award (Jyanipath Award).

Ans. Rehman Rahi.
85. Who is called Nightingale of Kashmir.

Ans. Habba Khatoon.
1. The valley originally was a huge lake. What was the name of the
lake? Ans. Satisar.
2. Which historian has given a great account of early history of

Kashmir.
Ans. Kalhan.
3. The ancient text in which the pre-history of kashmir is given is.

Ans. NilmatPurana.
4. Which place did the huge historic lake Sitasar formed its boundary.
Ans. Baramulla (Varahmulla).
5. Which saint killed the demon Jalod Bowa so as to make people settle
in valley.
247 | P a g e
Ans. Rishi Kashyap.
6. The earliest name of Kashmir adopted by people from the name of

Rishi Kashyap was.
Ans. Kashyap-Mar and Kashyap-Pura.
7. What does the word 'kashmir' mean.

Ans. 'ka' meaning 'water' and shimeera 'to desicate'. So 'Kashmir'
implies ' land dedicated from water.'
8. Famous chinese pilgrim Hein-Tsang who visited valley called the

valley as.
Ans. KaShi-Mi-Lo
9. The earliest name of the river Jhelum in sanskrit scripts is.

Ans. Vitasta.
10. The period of rule of famous sultan Zain-ul-Abdeen is.

Ans. 1420- 1470.
11. The old city of Srinagar, Pandrethan was founded by.

Ans. Ashoka. The earlier name of the city was Purandisthan.
12. Who is also believed to be Samudra Gupta of Kashmir.

Ans. Lalitaditya Muktapid (724 - 761 A.D).
248 | P a g e
13. What is the name of the work done by Kalhan that provides a
detailed account of the history of Kashmir.
Ans. Rajatarangini.
14. How many parts Kalhan's work 'Rajatrangini' is divided.

Ans. Rajatrangini consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight
books called Tarangas.
15. Parihaspur was the capital of kashmir in the reign of.

Ans. King Lalitaditya.
16. Who built the world famous sun temple (Martand) built on Mattan
Karew.
Ans. Lalitaditya.
17. Avantipur (Awantipura today) was the capital of kashmir during the
reign of.
Ans. Maharaja Avanti-verman.
18. Sopore ( ancient name, Sayapur) was founded by.

Ans. Suya.
19. Harsha ruled in kashmir from.

Ans. 1089 to 1101 A.D.
20. Kalhan completed Rajatrangini during the reign of.

Ans. King Jaisimha.
249 | P a g e
21. Who was the first lady ruler of Kashmir.
Ans. Didda.
22. The last Hindu ruler of (medieval) Kashmir is.

Ans. Urban Dev.
23. First Muslim ruler of Kashmir is.

Ans. Shah Mir.
24. Who were the two great Muslim rulers of Shah-Miri dynasty.
Ans. Sultan Shihab-ud-din and Sultan Zain-ul-Abdin.
25. Who founded Shadipur.

Ans. Sultan Shihab-ud-din.
26. Mughal period lasted in kashmir from.

Ans. 1587 to 1752.
27. Nagar-Magar, a town near Hariparbat, was built by.
Ans. Akbar.
28. Shalimar and Nishat gardens in Kashmir were built by.

Ans. Jahangir.
29. Garden of Chashma-shai was built by.

Ans. Shah Jahan.
250 | P a g e
30. French traveller who accompanied Aurangzeb during his visit to
kashmir was.
Ans. Francis Bernier.
31. How long did Afghan rule in Kashmir.

Ans. 1752 – 1819.
32. Which rule is the darkest rule in the history of Kashmir.

Ans. Afghan or Parhan rule.
33. Who established Afghan rule in Kashmir.

Ans. Ahmad Shah Abdali.
34. What is the period of Sikh rule in Kashmir.

Ans. 1819 – 1846.
35. Who was the first sikh ruler of Kashmir.

Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
36. By which treaty Dogra Period started in Kashmir.

Ans. Under the Treaty of Amritsar.
37. Maharaja Gulab Singh entered Srinagar on.

Ans. 9th November, 1848.
38. Who laid foundation of modern J&K.

Ans. Maharaja Gulab Singh
251 | P a g e
39. The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was.
Ans. Hari Singh.
40. The Constituent Assembly of J&K ended Dogra hereditary rule on.
Ans. 26th January, 1957.
41. The instrument of accession was signed on.

Ans. 26th October, 1947.
42. Who were the signatories of instrument of accession.

Ans. Jammu and Kashmir Maharaja Hari Singh and Lord Louis
Mountbatten of India.
43. The instrument of accession came into force in J&K from.

Ans. 27 October, 1947.
44. Who founded the city of Jammu.

Ans. Raja Jambulochan.
45. Who founded Bahu Fort.

Ans. Bahu lochan.
46. How many parts Kalhan's work ' Rajatrangini' is divided.

Ans. 8 Books / 8 Parts.
47. What is the name given to river Jhelum by ancient Greeks.
252 | P a g e
Ans. Hydaspes.
48. The Battle of Hydaspes River was fought between.

Ans. Alexander and the Indian king, Porus in 326 BC.
49. What is the kashmiri name for river Jhelum.

Ans. Vyeth.
50. Which sacred shrine of Kashmiri Pandits is located on Hari Parbat.

Ans. Sharika Mata temple.
51. Which Sikh Gurudwara is associated with sixth Sikh Guru, Guru
Har Gobind.
Ans. Gurudwara Chatti Patshahi at Kathi Darwaja, Rainwari.
52. In which Hill temple of Mata Vaishno Devi is located.

Ans. Trikuta Hill.
53. Where is Khanqah of Shah Hamdan situated.

Ans. On Bank of river Jhelum.
54. Who built Raghunath temple.

Ans. The temple was built during the period 1822–1860 by Maharaja
Gulab Singh and his son Maharaja Ranbir Singh.
253 | P a g e
JKSSB CLASS IV MODEL TEST PAPER
DATE: 11/07/20
TIME : 2 HOURS MAX MARKS: 120
Q.1 Which will come next in following series:
4, 9, 16, 25,___________
a) 21
b) 28
c) 36
d) 22
2, 3, 5, 7, 11,___________
a) 9
b) 13
c) 11
d) 44
AB, BC, DE, EF, GH,___________
a) HJ b) HI
c) HH d) JK
254 | P a g e
Q.4 Room: Door :: Park: ?
Q.5 ungs: internal :: Nose: ?
Q.6 Choose the odd one out:
Bihar, Punjab, J&K, Kerala
Q.7 Choose the odd one out:
Lungs, Eyes, Nose, Ears
Q.8 What Is the possible venn diagram of
Country, State, Country
Q.9 A walks 20 km towards North, Then he turned right and walked
15 km and again he turned right. In which direction he is now?
a) North
b) South
c) East
d) West.
Q.10 What is the average of following numbers
2, 3, 5, 8, 19, 20
Q.11 In a certain language RAT is coded as TIN. In the same
language how HAT will be written?
255 | P a g e
Q.12 What is the 30% of 900?
Q.13 What percentage is 20 in 120?
Q.13 A dice is thrown, what is probability of getting an odd number
a) 2/6
b) 1/6
c) 1/3
d) 1/2
Q.14 What is the HCF of 25 and 35
a) 5
b) 7
c) 4
d) none of the above
Q.15 Choose the article
_______ Indian ocean
_______ umberalla
_______ Cat
256 | P a g e
Q.18 what is the opposite of gloom
Q.19 What is meaning of shallow
Q.20 choose the suitable preposition
I will come home _________ 10. Pm
Q.21 what is the period of Indus valley civilization
a) 100 – 200 bc
b) 2350-1700 bc
c) 1000- 2000 bc
d) all of the above
Q.22 Which one is famous kushan ruler
a) Chandragupta I
b) Kanishka
c) Akbar
d) Aurengzeb
Q.23 Who founded INC
a) L.V Derozio
b) A.O Hume
c) both
d) none
257 | P a g e
Q.24 Quit india movement started in
a) 1940
b) 1941
c) 1942
d) 1943
Q.24 First session of INC was preside by
a) Gandhi G
b) J.L Nehru
c) W.C Bannerjee
d) A.O Hume
Q.24 In india tropic of cancer passes through
a) J&K
b) Punjab
c) Gujrat
d) Kerala
Q.25 Which country don’t share land boundary with India
a) Pakistan b) Bangladesh
c) Sri Lanka d) Nepal
258 | P a g e
ERRORS
AND
OMISSIONS
ACCEPTED
259 | P a g e

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F

1. PERCENTAGE AND AVERAGE

2. DISTANCE TIME AND SPEED

3. RATIO AND PROPORTIONS

4. WORK AND PROBLEMS ON AGE

5. LCM HCF AND PROBABILITY

PART – II BASIC REASONING

8. ODD ONE OUT

10. FIGURE SERIES AND NUMBER SERIES

11. CODING DECODING

12. VENN DIAGRAMS

PART – III BASIC ENGLISH

19. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

20. INDIAN HISTORY

21. INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

22. HISTORY OF J&K

23. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

24. GENERAL SCIENCE

25. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

26. MODEL TEST PAPERS

quantity by 100 e.g = x100 %

% of one quantity to another = x 100 %

E.g % of 30 kg in 120 is x 100 % = 25%

% of not broken Bulbs = x 100 % = 60 %

EXAMPLE: What is the % of 10kg in 120 kg?

SOLUTION: % OF 10kg in 120 kg is

EXAMPLE: What is the 20 % of 80 litres?

SOLUTION: 20% of 80 Litres is

EXAMPLE: What is the average of 2,4,6,8,10?

THUS TIME = 2 HOURS

SOLUTION: By using formula

Thus time taken will be

= 6.6 days or 6 days.

PARALLEOGRAM 2(a+b) axh

Shortest distance between two points

EXPLANATION: THE + SIGN IS ROTATING IN CLOCKWISE

EXAMPLE: SHOW THE POSSIBLE VENN DIAGRAM OF

EXAMPLE: SHOW THE POSSIBLE VENN DIAGRAM OF

Over, above – when the object is higher than a point.

Under, underneath, beneath, below – when the object is lower than a

between, among . Generally, between is used when two items are

HARAPPA RAVI LARGE GRANARY

MOHENJDARO INDUS GREAT BATH

LOTHAL BHAGVAR FIRE ALTAR

BANWALI SARASWATI PLOUGH

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

1885 BOMBAY W.C BANNERJE

1886 CALCUTTA DADABHAI NAOROJI

1888 ALLAHABAD GOERGE YULE

1907 SURAT RAS BEHARI BOSE

1911 KOLKATTA B.N DAS

1916 LUCKNOW M.C MAZMUDAR

1924 BELGIUM GANDHI G

1940 RAMGARH ABDUL KALAM AZAD

Surat session 1907 inc splited into extremists and moderates.

Established by Agha Khan, Nawab salimullah and Nawab Mohsin-

Kanchenjunga 8598 m sikkim

Nanda Devi 7817 m uttarakhand