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Lecture notes, lectures 9-12

Structural Analysis I (University of Sheffield)

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Introduction to beams and frames

Lecture 8 Outline
• Introduction to beams and frames • An introduction to the actions of beams
• Internal forces and loading and frames
• Internal member forces for beams and
frames
• Sign convention
• Procedure to calculate internal force at a
specific point

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Actions of beams and frames Actions of beams and frames

Introduction of action of beams Different types of supports
• Main actions of beams for beams and frames y, v
θ
• Unlike trusses in which mainly axial • Support types: x, u
Free end
members force are developed, beams • Fixed end: No rotation (θ)and Fixed end Θ 0, u  0, v  0
displacements (u,v) Θ=u=v=0
are built to resist loadings
perpendicular to the span • Free end: Free to rotate and
displacements
• Unlike trusses in which loading are Pinned end Simply supported end
applied at the end of the member, in • Pinned end: free to rotate, no u=v=0,Θ 0 v=0, u 0, Θ 0
displacements
beams, loading are applied across the
span of the beam between supports • Simply supported end: free to ΘL
rotate, no vertical displacement ΘR
• Hence, the main internal forces for • Continuous support: No vertical Continuous supported
beams are shear force and bending v=0, Θ continuous, ΘL= ΘR
displacement, continuous in
moment rotation

Lecture 8 3 Lecture 8 4

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Different types of beams Actions of beams and frames

Introduction of action of frames
• Cantilever beam • Main actions of frames
• One end fixed, one and
free • Frames are formed by combining
• Simple supported beam beams with vertical members called
columns or inclined members beam-
• One end pinned and the columns
other end simply
supported • Loadings can be either vertical or
horizontal, acting across the span or at
• Continuous beam the joint of the frame
• Two ends either
fixed/pinned/simply • Due to the existence of columns,
supported/free with at besides shear force and bending
least one internal moment, axial forces also developed as
supports main member forces
Note: Both beams and frames could be either
determinate or indeterminate, in this course, only
determinate beams and frames are discussed
Lecture 8 5 Lecture 8 6

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Internal forces for beams and frames Sign convention

Due to the existence of vertical forces both shear force, V, Reconsider the previous example, let us draw the FBDs for
and bending moment, M, are developed as internal force for both the LHS and RHS parts
beam to maintain equilibrium
x P
P P P b M=Pb/2 M=Pb/2
b a A B
A B A B A B P/2 V=P/2 V=P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2 P/2 a P/2
FBD for LHS part FBD for RHS part
L L L L L L
A simply supported beam Reactions and FBD of Cut at section a-a From Newton’s third law (or EEs for the RHS), equal and
under point loading whole beam opposite V and M must exist at the surface just to RHS (or
x
the right-hand face) of the cut
b
For a section at distance x=b from the Hence, it is important to note which face (the left-hand face
M
A
LHS support, from the FBD or the right-hand face) of the cut we are considering
P/2 V Fy=0  P/2-V=0  V=P/2 In addition, a sign convent should be defined here for future
FBD for LHS part Mx=b=0  P/2(b)-M=0  M=Pb/2 reference and calculations

Lecture 8 7 Lecture 8 8

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Sign convention
In this course, the sign convention adopted in the text book
will be used
For shear force V, it is
considered as +ve if it is acting
downward on the left-hand
surface
For bending moment M, it is +ve
if it is anti-clockwise on the left
hand surface
For axial force N, it is +ve if it is
acting to the right on the left
hand surface
One way to remember this convention is that +ve N tends to
elongate a small block, +ve V tends to rotate the small
block in clockwise direction and +ve M tends to bend the
back concave upward to “hold water”

Lecture 8 9

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•Bending moment :

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Procedure to calculate internal force at a

specific point
Step 1: Determine the support reactions
Step 2: If the member is part of a pin-connected
structure, the pin reactions can be determine using
the methods in Lecture 3
Step 3: Keep all distributed loadings, couple
moments and forces acting on the member in their
exact locations
Step 4: Pass an imaginary section through the
member, perpendicular to its axis at the point where
the internal loading is to be determined
Step 5: Then draw a FBD of the segment that has the
least numbers of loads on it

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Procedure to calculate internal force at a A simple example

specific point
Step 6: Indicate the unknown resultants N, V and M
acting in their positive directions
Step 7: Moments should be summed at the section
about axes that pass through the centroid of the
member’s x-sectional area in order to eliminate N and
V, thereby solving M Determine the internal shear and moment acting in the
Step 8: If the solution of the EEs yields a quantity cantilever beam at sections passing through C and D
having a –ve magnitude, then the assumed
directional sense of the quantity is opposite to that Section C is just to the RHS of the 5kN point load
shown on the FBD Section D is just to the LHS of the 5kN point load
Remarks: For beam there is no axial load if no
horizontal force is applied, N=0

Lecture 8 15 Lecture 8 16

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Firstly, consider FBD of segments to the right of the Secondly, consider FBD of segments to the left of the sections
sections (Section C), the support reactions at A do not have (Section D). Again, the support reactions at A do not have to be
to be calculated calculated
Note that the internal loadings act in their positive Again, all the internal loadings act in their positive directions
directions in Fig. (b) (Note: Obviously, Nc=0) in Fig. (c)
Fy=0  Vc-5-5-5=0 Vc=15kN Fy=0  Vd-5-5-5-5=0 VD=20kN
Mc=0  Mc+5(1)+5(2)+5(3)+20=0 MD=0  MD+5(1)+5(2)+5(3)+20=0
Mc=-50kNm Mc=-50kNm
Note: The 20kNm moment at B must be Note: The shear force is different on either
included during moment calculation sides of the point load (i.e. a jump in value)
while the moment is the same
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Another simple example Step 2: Cut at C and use the LHS part as this gives the simplest
calculation
45kN/m 2/3m

A 15kN
B 15kN/m
C
A MC
2m 2m 2m 45kN C
VC
Determine the internal shear force and bending moment at a 2m
section passing through point C 135kN
Step 3: Draw the FBD for the LHS part. One must remember
to keep the distributed load from A to C.
A B Step 4: Calculate the resultant (152/2=15kN)of the distributed
45kN C 90kN load from A to C and its centroid (2/3m from A)
2m 2m 2m Step 5: Use EEs to compute VC and MC
Step 1: replace the distribute loaded by it resultant force Fy=045-15-VC=0VC=30kN
(456/2=135kN) at its centroid (4m from A) and compute Mc=045(2)-15(2/3)-MC=0MC=80kNm
reactions

Lecture 8 19 Lecture 8 20

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Next Lecture

• Analysis of simple beam

• Shear force and bending moment functions

Lecture 8 21

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Analysis of beams
Lecture 9 Outline
• Analysis of beam I • Shear force and moment functions
• Shear force and bending moment • Procedure for determining the variations
function of shear force and bending moment in a
simple beam
• Relationship among loading, shear force
and bending moment

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Shear force and moment functions Shear force and moment functions
• For design purpose, engineers need to come up • In general, the values of shear force and bending
with a beam that is strong enough in every moment change at different positions on the beam
section to resist the internal forces developed • The variations of the shear force and moment
during actual services functions are depended on the geometry, loading
• Hence, to compute the internal forces (shear apply and support conditions
force and bending moment) at just a few points • Both shear force and bending moment could be
in a beam is not enough for design purpose as written as functions of certain coordinate (for
this may easily miss out some critical positions beam normally is the x coordinate running along
where the internal forces are critical the span of the beam)
• In general, shear force, V(x), and bending moment,
• Therefore, for design purpose, we need to know M(x), could be smooth functions, continuous and
the variations of the internal forces along the even discontinuous functions
entire beam

Lecture 9 3 Lecture 9 4

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Procedure for Analysis Procedure for analysis

Step 1: Determine the support reactions on the beam Step 5: From the free-body diagram of one of the
Step 2: Resolve all the external forces into segments, determine the unknowns V(x) and M(x)
components acting perpendicular and parallel to Step 6: On the free-body diagram, V(x) and M(x)
beam’s axis should be shown acting in their +ve directions
Step 3: Specify separate coordinates x and associated Step 7: V(x) is obtained from Fy=0
origins, extending into: Step 8: M(x) is obtained by Ms=0 (S is the section
Regions of the beam between concentrated forces under concern)
and/or couple moments Step 9: Check the correctness of the results by the
Discontinuity of distributed loading conditions
Step 4: Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at dM(x)/dx= V and dV(x)/dx=w(x)
each distance x where w(x) is the loading on the beam

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A very simple example A very simple example

Find out the variations of V and M for the simple supported Step 4: Due to the point load at x=L/2, two ranges of x
beam shown below should be considered, 0x<L/2 and L/2<xL
P P P P P
x x x
A B A B A B A B A B
P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2

L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2
A simply supported beam Reactions and FBD of Coordinate x from A Cut at Section 0x<L/2 Cut at sction L/2<xL
under point loading whole beam

Step 1: Reactions are simply obtained from symmetry Step 5: For a section at distance x
0x<L/2 from the LHS support, from x M=Px/2
Step 2: The only point load is already perpendicular to the the FBD, consider the section S=x A
beam P/2 V=P/2
Step 3: Set up the coordinate x along the span of the beam
Fy=0  P/2-V=0  V=P/2
FBD for LHS part
from the support end A Ms=x=0  P/2(x)-M=0  M=Px/2 for 0x<L/2

Lecture 9 7 Lecture 9 8

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A simple example A very simple example

P x-L/2
Step 6: Summary of results and check
x
M=P(L-x)/2
A
 0 for 0  x  L/2  Px
P/2 V=-P/2
  for 0  x  L/2
FBD for LHS part
w( x )  P for x  L/2 M( x )   2
0 for L/2  x  L P( L  x )
for L/2x L   for L/2  x  L
 2
Step 5: For a section at distance L/2<x L from the LHS  P / 2 for 0  x  L/2
support, from the FBD, consider the section S=x V( x )   P
 P / 2 for L/2  x  L dM ( x )  2 for 0  x  L/2
Fy=0  P/2-P-V=0  V=-P/2 
P
d ( V ( x )) 0 for 0  x  L/2 dx  for L/2  x  L
   2
Ms=x=0 dx 0 for L/2  x  L
V ( x )
 P/2(x)-P(x-L/2)-M=0  w( x )
M=PL/2-Px/2= P(L-x)/2

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Another simple example Another simple example

Find out the variations of V and M for the simple supported Step 4: Since now only udl load is involve, only one range of x
beam shown below covers the whole beam 0xL should be considered
w wL x w x w wx x
x/2
A B A B A B A B
wL/2 wL/2 wL/2 wL/2 wL/2 wL/2 A M
wL/2 V
L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2
A simply supported beam Reactions and FBD of Coordinate x from A Cut at section 0xL FBD for LHS part
under udl loading whole beam
Step 5: For a section at distance 0x L from the LHS
Step 1: Reactions are simply obtained from symmetry support, from the FBD, consider the section S=x
Step 2: The only udl load is again already perpendicular to Fy=0  wL/2-wx-V=0  V=wL/2-wx= w(L/2-x)
the beam Ms=x=0  wL/2(x)-wx(x/2)-M=0
Step 3: Set up the coordinate x along the span of the beam
from the support end A wLx/2-wx2/2-M=0
M=wLx/2-wx2/2 = wx(L-x)/2

Lecture 9 11 Lecture 9 12

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Another simple example Another simple example

Step 6: Summary of results and check Find out the variations of V and M for the cantilever beam
shown below
w(x)=-w (as w is acting downward) P P
x
A A
V=w(L/2-x) A
B B PL
M= wx(L-x)/2 PL P P
L A section at distance
L
Again, we have A cantilever beam under x from end A
point loading Reactions and FBD of
whole beam
dM ( x ) d ( wxL / 2  wx 2 / 2 ) dV ( x ) d ( wL / 2  wx )
  Step 1: Reactions are simply obtained from EEs
dx dx dx dx
Step 2: The only point load is again already perpendicular to
 wL / 2  wx  w the beam
 w( L / 2  x )  V ( x )  w( x ) Step 3: Set up the coordinate x along the span of the beam
from the support end A

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Another simple example Next Lecture

x
M
• Analysis of simple beam II
PL
P V

• Shear force and bending moment

A section at distance x from
end A

Step 4: Now consider the FBD for the LHS part of the diagrams
section for 0x L
Fy=0  P-V=0  V=P
Ms=x=0  -M-PL+Px=0
M=Px-PL
Step 5: Check for results
dV(x)/dx=dP/dx=0=w
d(Px-PL)/dxM(x)/dx=P=V

Lecture 9 15 Lecture 9 16

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Analysis of beams
Lecture 10 Outline
• Analysis of beam II • Shear force and moment diagrams
• Shear force and bending moment • Some examples for drawing shear force
diagrams and bending moment diagrams for a
simple beam

1 2

CV2102: Structures 1 CV2102: Structures 1

Shear force and moment diagrams Shear force and moment diagrams
• For design purpose, it is important for engineers
to find out the maximum values of shear force • From the last lecture, we have verified that for the
and bending moment in beams/frames span when point load and point moment is not
• To write the variations of shear force and present
bending moment as some functions of x is not a dV dM
very convenient way to find the maximum values  w( x ) and V
dx dx
• A better way is to plot the functions along the • The above equation simply means that
span of the beam. The resulted diagrams are the • the slope of the bending moment diagram is
shear force diagram and the bending moment equal to the shear force diagram
diagram
• the slope of the shear force diagram is equal to
• The shear force and bending moment diagrams the loading function
are very important in structural design and must
be drawn correctly

Lecture 10 3 Lecture 10 4

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Shear force and moment diagrams Some simple examples

P
• Furthermore, from the last lecture, at where the
point load or point moment is present, we have A B

V   F M  M' L/2 L/2

 0 for 0  x  L/2 P

• The above equations means that w( x )  P for x  L/2
w(x)
x
0 for L/2  x  L
• The jump in the shear force diagram at where a 
point loading is applied is equal to the
 P / 2 for 0  x  L/2 P/2
magnitude of the point load V( x )  v(x)
 P / 2 for L/2  x  L x
• The jump in the bending moment diagram at
 Px P/2
where the point moment is applied is equal to  for 0  x  L/2
M( x )   2
the magnitude of the point moment 
P( L  x )
for L/2  x  L
M(x)
PL/2
 2 x

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Some simple examples Some simple examples

P
w A
B
A B
L
L/2 L/2
 P for x  L w(x) P
w( x )  
w ( x )   w for 0  x  L w(x)
0 for 0  x  L x
x
w

V ( x )  w(
L
x) V( x ) P v(x)
P P
v(x) x
2 P/2 x
P/2
wx M ( x )  P( x  L ) M(x)
M( x )  ( L x ) x
2 M(x) PL2/4 PL
x

Lecture 10 7 Lecture 10 8

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•These rules are convenient in constructing
•General Rules for Bending M and V diagrams and can also be used to
Moment and Shear Force detect obvious errors.
Diagrams
•F •q •M
P

FP l ql 2
M
4 8 2
M
2

CV2102: Structures 1 CV2102: Structures 1

Another example Another example

Step 2: At end points
x=0, V=30, x=9, V=-60
Step 3: dV/dx=w=-20x/9

Fy=0  30-V-(20x/9)(x/2)=0
V=30-10x2/9
(20x/9)x/2
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the above Step 4: 2x/3
beam 20x/9
Ms=0  30x-M-10x2/9(x/3)=0 M
30kN
M=30x-10x3/27 x V

Step 1: reactions are calculated Note: M=0 at x=0 and x=9

Lecture 10 11 Lecture 10 12

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Another example Another example

Step 5: To draw the shear force diagram, find out at where
V=0 Step 6: To draw the bending moment force diagram, find
Since V=30-10x2/9=0 at x=5.196m5.2m out at where M is maximum
As w(x) become more –ve as x increase, slope of the V That is, at where, dM/dx=0 or V=0
diagram become steeper to the RHS i.e. Bending moment is maximum (or minimum) at where
V=0
At x=5.2, M=30(5.2)-10(5.2)3/27
=103.92kN
104kN

M(x) 104kN
x

5.2m

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A more complicated example

2kN/m 10kN
20kNm
2kN/m 14.14kN A C Vc
20kNm NA D
45 B Nc 10kN
A D VA VB VD
B C

1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Step 2: Consider the RHS part

Draw the shear force and beam moment diagrams for the
above beam Fx=0  Nc=10kN
Step 1: Find out the reactions at supports A, B and C Mc=0  -VD(2)+10(1)=0  VD=5kN
Cut the beam at the hinge C Fy=0  VC+VD-10=0VC=5kN
Draw FBD for the LHS part A-B-C and the RHS Step 3: Consider the LHS part
part C-D Fx=0  NA+10=0NA=-10kN
Resolve the included forces between C and D into MA=0  2(1)(0.5) -VB(2)-20+5(3)=0VB=-2kN
vertical and horizontal components Fy=0  VA-2(1)+VB-5=0VA=9kN

Lecture 10 15 Lecture 10 16

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9kN
2kN
x 2kN/m 10kN
10kN 2kN 20kNm
2kN/m 20kNm 9kN A C
A C V 10kN D M 15kNm 20kNm
10kN D 5kN B 10kN 8kNm
B 10kN 9kN 2kN 5kN 5kNm
9kN D x=2
2kN 5kN A x=1 B x=3 x=4 A x=1 B x=3 x=4 D
x=2 5kN 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m
Step 5: To draw the bending moment diagram for the beam, one
shall observe that:
Step 4: To draw the shear force diagram for the beam, one 1. At A, C and D, M=0
shall observe that:
1. At A, V=9kN, at D, V=-5kN 2. Under the udl, (x1), M is a quadratic curve with decreasing
slope
2. Under the udl, (x1), V is a straight line with –ve slope 3. There is a jump of M at B
3. For 1x5 (end D), V is a horizontal line 4. For 1x4, M is a continuous straight line with +ve slope
4. There are jumps in V at B (-2kN) and at x=4 (-10kN) 5. For 4x5 (end D), M is a continuous straight line with -ve
slope

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Step 6: Compare and check the V and M diagrams

•12kN •22kN.m •10kN
9kN •8kN/m
2kN
•18kN.m
2kN
9kN
V
5kN •K
D •1m •1m •4m •1m•1m •2m
A x=1 B x=3 x=4
x=2 5kN

•12kN •22kN.m •10kN

•8kN/m
M 15kNm 20kNm •18kN.m
8kNm
x=2 5kNm
•K
A x=1 B x=3 x=4 D

•29kN •25kN

Lecture 10 19 20 / 47

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•12kN •22kN.m •10kN

•8kN/m
•18kN.m •160kN •40kN
•80kN.m •40kN/m
•K
•29kN •25kN
•1m •1m •2m •4m •2m
•29
•17 •Q(kN)
•10
• • •160kN •40kN
• •80kN.m •40kN/m
•x=17/8 •15
•20
•18
•M(kN·m)
•11 •17 •130kN •310kN
•28 •46.0625 •32
•
哈工大 土木工程学院
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•160kN •40kN
•80kN.m •40kN/m

•130kN •310kN

•130 • •120
•
•
•30 •190 •Q(kN)

•130 •160 •M(kN·m)

•340
•210 •280

哈工大 土木工程学院
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Next Lecture

• Analysis of simple Frame I

• More on shear force and bending
moment diagrams

31 Lecture 10 32

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Lecture 11
• Analysis of beam/ frame I
• More on shear force and bending
moment diagram

Lecture 11 1

CV2102: Structures 1

Analysis of beams/frames
Outline
• Summary for “sketching” shear force and
bending moment diagrams
• Some examples for drawing shear force
and bending moment diagrams for a more
complicated beams and simple frame

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Summary for “sketching” shear force and

moment diagrams
• From the last two lectures, we learnt some basic
rules for drawing shear force and bending
moment diagram for beams
• The most important rules are
(i) slope of M diagram  V diagram
(ii) slope of V diagram  w diagram
(iii) Reactions and point loads  jumps in V
diagram
(iv) Point moments  jumps in M diagram

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Sketching of shear force and bending

moment diagrams
• For anyone who able understand the essences of these rules
and with enough practice, it is possible to “sketch” the
shapes of the shear force and bending moment diagram
without detailed calculation
• After the correct sketches are created, calculations could be
carried out to calculate the values of shear force and
bending moments at critical locations
• When comparing with using EEs at each sections, this
sketch and then calculate approach could provide a shortcut
for drawing shear force and bending moments diagrams
• Note: While it is not compulsory, in the examination, such
technique is very useful for draft work (or even to get the
complete answers!)

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An example of sketching shear force and

bending moment diagrams
5kN/m 10kN

A D
B C

3m 1m 1m

Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the above
beam
Step 1: Find reactions at A, hinge B and D
Two FBDs are needed: A-B and B-C-D
From FBD of B-C-DVc=5kN=VD ()
From FBD of A-B  VA=5+5(3)=20kN ()
From MA=0MA+5(3)+5(3)(1.5)=0MA=-37.5kNm

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5kN/m 10kN
A
37.5kNm D
20kN B C
5kN

3m 1m 1m

Step 2: Sketch the shear force diagram using the rules

V 20kN

5kN 5kN D
A B C 5kN

Calculate detail values:

At A, V=20kN, At B V=20-5(3)=5kN, At C, jump=-10kN
At D, V=-5kN (jump back to zero)

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5kN/m 10kN
A
37.5kNm D
20kN B C
5kN

3m 1m 1m

Step 3: Sketch the bending moment diagram using the rules

M
5kNm D
A
B C

37.5kNm

Calculate detail values:

A-B, Quadratic curve, slope is +ve and decreasing
B-C-D: Straight lines with +ve slope for B-C, -ve slope for C-D
At A, M=-37.5kNm, At B M=0kNm,
At C, M=5kN, At D, M=0kNm

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Step 4: Compare and check the diagrams

V 20kN

5kN 5kN D
A B C 5kN

M
5kNm D
A
B C

37.5kNm

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Shear force and bending moment

diagrams for frames
Frame consists of several members that are either
fixed or pinned connected at their ends
To obtain the shear force and bending moment
diagrams:
• Determine the reactions at the frame supports
• Using method of sections, find the axial, shear
and moments acting at the ends of each member
• All loadings are resolved into components acting
parallel and perpendicular to the member’s axis
• The shear & moment diagrams for each member
can then be drawn as described previously

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