Finite Element Analysis

of
Beam

Dr. Kanishk Sharma

Mechanical Engineering
JECRC University
Presentation overview
 INTRODUCTION
 FEM EQUATIONS
 Shape functions construction
 Element matrices
 Remarks
 EXAMPLES

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INTRODUCTION

 A beam element is a straight bar of an

arbitrary cross-section.
 The element developed is often known as
a beam element.
 Beams are subjected to transverse forces
and moments.
 Deform only in the directions
perpendicular to its axis of the beam.

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Shape functions construction
 Consider a beam element
d1 = v1 d3 = v2
d4 = 2
d 2 = 1
x

L
x= 0 x= L

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Shape functions construction
  

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Shape functions construction
  

k e d e  m e d e  f e

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 Element Matrices
 N1N1 N1N 2 N1N 3 N1N 4   12 6L  12  6L 
 N N  N 2N 2 N 2N 3 N 2N 4   6 L 2 L2 
EI z  6 L  4 L
2
EI z L
 2 1
ke 
L3 
0  N 3N1 N 3N 2 N 3N 3 N1N 4 
dx k e  3
L   12  6 L 12 6L 
   
 N 4N1 N 4N 2 N 4N 3 N1N 4   6 L 2 L 6 L  4 L2 
2

 V0   N1   V0  Where,
M  
L N2
   q= uniformly distributed load intensity
 0    M 0  V0= Upward Force at x=0
f e   N q dx     q 
T
dx   
x  V0 
0  N3   VL  M0= Anti-Clockwise Moment at x=0
M L      VL= Upward Force at x=L
N
 4 M
 L  M = Anti-Clockwise Moment at x=L
L
 

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 EXAMPLE 1
Consider the cantilever beam as shown in the figure. The beam is fixed at one end
and it has a uniform cross-sectional area as shown. The beam undergoes static
deflection by a downward load of P =1000 N applied at the free end. The
dimensions and properties of the beam are shown in the figure. Find displacement
and slope at free end and reactions at fixed one.
P=1000 N
0.1 m

0.06 m
E=69 GPa =0.33

0.5 m

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EXAMPLE 1
 Step 1 Discretize Structure into elements and
Assign node numbers and dof:
d1 = v1 d3 = v2
d4 = 2
d2 = 1
Element 1

0.5 m
Node-1 Node-2

 
 EXAMPLE 1
 Step 2 Calculate the stiffness matrix k1 using:
 12 6L  12  6L 
  6 L 2 L2 
EI z  6 L  4 L
2

ke  3
L   12  6 L 12 6L 
 
 6 L 2 L 6 L  4 L2 
2

 12 6  0.5  12  6  0.5 
EI z 69 109  1.8 10 6  6  0.5  4  0.52  6  0.5 2  0.52 
3
 3 k 1  9.9360 105 
L 0.50   12  6  0.5 12 6  0.5 
 9.9360 10 N  m
5  
 6  0.5 2  0.5 6  0.5  4  0.52 
2
EXAMPLE 1
 Step 2 Calculate the stiffness matrix k1 using:
1 2 3 4
Corresponding dof
 12 3  12  3 1
 3 1  3 0. 5
k 1  9.9360  105   2
 12  3 12 3 3
 
  3 0. 5 3  1  4

 Step 3 Calculate Force Matrix: using

 V0   N1   V0 
M  N  M 
  L  
f1   NT q dx   0   q   2 dx   0 
0 N 
x  V0  3  VL 
M L    M L 
N4 
 EXAMPLE 1
 Step 3 Calculate Force Matrix
q=0 as no uniformly distributed load is given

P=1000 N

E=69 GPa =0.33

VL = -1000 N
ML = 0  V0  1 Corresponding dof
fixed support V0 M0  M 
are unknowns  0  2
Hence f1   
  1000  3
 0  4
 EXAMPLE 1
 Step 4 Perform Assembly To get global
matrices:
Note:- Here we have only single element hence no need
of assembly and
 12 3  12  3  v1   V0 
 3 1  3 0.5    M 
   0 
K G  k 1  9.9360  105  ,  d G    1 , f G  f1   
 12 3 12 3  v
 2  1000
  
 3 0.5 3  1  2 
 
 0  
 EXAMPLE 1
 Step 5 Apply basic FEA Equation
 K G  d G    f G 
 12 3  12  3  v1   V0 

5 3 1 3 0.5    
1   M 0 
9.9360  10   
 12 3 12 
3 v2   1000
   
 3 0.5 3  1   2   0 
EXAMPLE 1
 Step 6 Apply the displacement boundary conditions
and eliminate the row and column from system where
displacement or slope is zero.
 12 3  12  3  v1   V0 

5 3 1 3 0.5    
1   M 0 
9.9360  10   
 12 3 12 3  v2   1000
   
 3 0.5 3  1   2   0 

12 3  v2   1000

9.9360  10 
5
   
3  1  2   0 

v2 = -3.355 x 10-4 m

15
2 = -1.007 x 10-3 rad
 EXAMPLE
 Step 7 Solve for unknown reactions by substituting v2
ϴ2. in the basic FEA equation

 12 3  12  3  v1  0   V0 

5 3 1 3 0.5 
 1  0   M 
  0 
9.9360  10  
  
 12 3 12 3   v2  -3.355 x 10-4   1000
 
 3 0 .5 3  1   2  1.007 x 10 -3 
   0 

 V0   4 ( 12  3.355)  ( 3  10.07 ) 

  9.9360  10  10 
5
 
M
 0  (  3   3. 355)  ( 0. 5  10. 07 ) 
 V0   998 N 
  
M
 0  499 N  m 
16
 EXAMPLE 2
For the beam shown, use the FEA to:
(a)Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports.

9kN/m

2EI EI
A B C
4m 4m

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EXAMPLE 1
 Step 1 Discretize Structure into elements and
Assign node numbers and dof:

2 4 6

1 2EI 3 EI 5

1 2
1 2 3
 EXAMPLE 2
 Step 2 Calculate the stiffness matrix k1 and k2
using and perform assembly :
 12 6L  12  6L 
  6 L 2 L2 
EI z  6 L  4 L
2

ke  3
L   12  6 L 12 6L 
 
 6 L 2 L 6 L  4 L2 
2

1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
 24 48  24  48  1  12 24  12  24 3
   
EI  48  128  48 64  EI  24  64  24 32 
k1  k2 
64  24  48 24 48  64   12  24 12 24  4
  2  
  24 32 24  64 
  48 64 48  128 5

3 6
 EXAMPLE 2
 Step 2 Calculate the stiffness matrix k1 and k2
using and perform assembly :
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
 24 48  24  48  1  12 24  12  24 3
    64  24 32 
EI  48  128  48 64  EI  24
k1  k2 
64  24  48 24 48  64   12  24 12 24  4
  2  
  48 64 48  128  24 32 24  64
5
1 2 3 4 5 6
 24 48 3  24  48 0 0  16
 48  128  48 64 0 0 

EI  24  48 24  12 48  24  12  24
KG   
64   48 64 4 48  24  128  64  24 32  2
 0 0  12  24 12 24 
 
 0 0  24 32 24  64
3
EXAMPLE 1
 Step 3 Calculate Force Matrix: using
 V0   N1   V0   1   V0 
M  N  M   L / 6  M 
  L   qL    0 
f1   NT q dx   0   q   2 dx   0   
0 N 
x  VL  3  VL  2  1   VL 
M L         
N
 4 M
 L   L / 6  M L 
 18000  V0 
  3000   M 
    0 
 18000  VL 
   
 3000  M L 
 EXAMPLE 2
 Step 3 Calculate Force Matrix
q=-9000 N/m

9kN/m
VL = 0
ML = 0

4m
Corresponding dof

 18000  V0    18000  V0  1
fixed support V0 M0   3000   M   3000  M 
2
are unknowns f1      0   0

 18000  0    18000  3
     
 3000 0
    3000  4