MODULE 2  

Lesson 1 - Sentence Unity and Coherence      Consistent Use of Voice

Sentence Unity *Voice is the aspect of a verb that tells whether
-A sentence has unity if it expresses only one the subject performs or receives the action.
main idea. Example: 
How to Achieve Sentence Unity The department chair held a meeting and
     Consistent Use of Tenses discussed some important matters for the
  *A verb in an adverbial clause generally agrees upcoming seminar. (Active)
with the tense of the verb in the main clause. An inspirational message is given. (Passive)
Example: We finished our work before  
we watched the game.       Consistent Use of Language
  *Use the same language throughout the
  *The verb in the adjective clause doesn’t need sentence. Avoid the use of foreign terms and
to agree in the tense with the verb in the main phrases which have not been incorporated into
clause when the two actions are not necessarily the language. As much as possible, never resort
related in time of occurrence. to language mixing.
Example: Ms. Darcy, who was my teacher in   *Also, be consistent with the use of register
elementary, is now in Antarctica. (formal, informal, slang).
  Example: Aren’t we going home yet? I
*The verb takes the present tense of the verb if am gutom na.
the idea being expressed is a universal truth or    (wrong because of language mixing)
a relatively permanent condition.                
Example: The sun rises in the east.
   Sentence Coherence
*Use the tense form of the word that tells the -It means putting ideas in logical order showing
time of action one wishes to express. their relationship with one another. The
Example: He was in Manila last week, but now sentence elements should be in proper word
he is in Baguio. order.
   Coherence is achieved when sentences and
     Consistent Use of Number ideas are connected and flow together
   *Avoid unnecessary shifting from first person smoothly. An essay without coherence can
to third person or vice versa inhibit a reader’s ability to understand the ideas
Example: If the students pass their project on and main points of the essay. Coherence allows
time, they will obtain a good mark. the reader to move easily throughout the essay
  from one idea to the next, from one sentence to
     Consistent Use of Persons of Pronouns the next, and from one paragraph to the next.
*Shifting persons of pronouns will destroy unity.  How to Achieve Coherence
The pronouns must agree with their  -Use Repetition to Link Ideas, Sentences, and
antecedents. Paragraphs
Example: The man was read his rights. *Repeating key words or phrases helps connect
She is inviting us to attend her celebration. and focus idea(s) throughout the essay.
  Repetition also helps the reader remain focused
     Consistent Use of Subject and headed in the right direction. 
  *Do not shift subject in a sentence. Example: Most students are intimidated by the
Example: Students stay up late at night but works of William Shakespeare. They believe.
the projects  are not usually accomplished. Shakespeare’s sonnets and plays are far too
  (Wrong because of shift of subject from complicated to read and understand.
student to project)  
-Use Transitional Expressions to Link Ideas, To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously,
Sentences, and Paragraphs in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely,
 *Transitional expressions, such positively, naturally, surprisingly, always,
as however,  because, therefore, and  in forever, perennially, eternally, never,
addition, are used to establish relationships emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt,
between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. certainly, undeniably, without reservation
They serve as signals to let the reader know the  
previous idea, sentence, or paragraph is To Show Consequence: first, second, third, and
connected to what follows. so forth. A, B, C, and so forth, next, then,
 Example: Many students believe they cannot following this, at this time, now, at this point,
write a good essay because they are not after, afterward, subsequently, finally,
writers. However, as they practice writing and consequently, previously, before this,
work on developing their writing skills, most simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore,
students are able to gain the needed confidence hence, next, and then, soon
to start thinking of themselves writers.  
  To Give an Example:      for example, for
LIST OF TRANSITIONAL DEVICES AND THEIR instance, in this case, in another case, on this
USE occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to
To Add:    and, again, and then, besides, equally demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to
important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, illustrate
too, next,       lastly, what's more, moreover, in  
addition, first (second, etc.) To Summarize or Conclude:   in brief, on the
  whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion,
To Compare:  whereas, but, yet, on the other as I have shown, as I have said, hence,
hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result,
by         comparison, where, compared to, up consequently
against, balanced against, vis a vis, but,  
although,   conversely, meanwhile, after all, in      Use Pronouns to Link Sentences
contrast, although this may be true *Pronouns are used to link or connect
  sentences by referring to preceding nouns and
To Prove: because, for, since, for the same pronouns. Pronouns can also help create
reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, paragraphs that are easy to read by eliminating
moreover, besides,  indeed, in fact, in addition, wordiness and unnecessary repetition.
in any case, that is  Example: Mr. Thompson agreed to meet with
  members of the worker’s union
To Show Exception: yet, still, however, before he signed the contract. He was
nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, interested in hearing their concerns about the
once in a while,       sometimes new insurance plan.
   
To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon,      Use Synonyms to Link Ideas and Create
after a few hours, finally, then, later, Variety
previously,    formerly, first (second, etc.), next, *Synonyms are words that have the same or
and then nearly the same meaning as another word. They
  provide alternative word choices that can add
To Repeat: in brief, as I have said, as I have variety to an essay and can help eliminate
noted, as has been noted unnecessary repetition.
  Example: Teenagers face an enormous amount
of peer pressure from friends and schoolmates.
As a result, many young adults are exhibiting          Rhetorical appeals refer to ethos, pathos,
signs of severe stress or depression at an early and logos. These are classical Greek terms,
age. dating back to Aristotle, who is traditionally
  seen as the father of rhetoric. To be rhetorically
Use Parallel Structures to Link Ideas, effective (and thus persuasive), an author must
Sentences, and Paragraphs engage the audience in a variety of compelling
*Parallelism is the use of matching words, ways, which involves carefully choosing how to
phrases, clauses, or sentence structures to craft his or her argument so that the outcome,
express similar ideas. Parallel structures allow audience agreement with the argument or
the reader to flow smoothly from one idea, point, is achieved. Aristotle defined these
sentence, or paragraph to the next and to modes of engagement and gave them the terms
understand the relationships and connections that we still use today: logos, pathos, and ethos.
between ideas.
 Examples:  Usually, the children spend the LOGOS : Appeal to LOGIC
summer weekends playing ball in Logic. Reason. Rationality. Logos is brainy and
park, swimming in the neighbor’s intellectual, cool, calm, collected, objective.
pool, eating ice cream under the tree, Logical appeals rest on rational modes of
or camping in the backyard. thinking, such as
   Comparison – a comparison between one thing
 Module 2 | Lesson 2 – Rhetoric (with regard to your topic) and another, similar
  As Aristotle defined the term, rhetoric is “the thing to help support your claim. It is important
faculty of observing in any given case the that the comparison is fair and valid – the things
available means of persuasion.” being compared must share significant traits of
Rhetoric similarity.
Rhetoric is the ancient art of persuasion. It’s a Cause/effect thinking – you argue that X has
way of presenting and making your views caused Y, or that X is likely to cause Y to help
convincing and attractive to your readers or support your claim. Be careful with the latter –
audience. In the classical world, rhetoric was it can be difficult to predict that something
considered one of the most important school “will” happen in the future.
subjects, and no gentleman was raised without  Deductive reasoning – starting with a broad,
extensive formal training in the skill. That’s why general claim/example and using it to support a
the politicians of, say, the 19th century were so more specific point or claim
eloquent and well-spoken in comparison with Inductive reasoning – using several specific
modern politicians. examples or cases to make a broad
Rhetoric matters because arguments matter. If generalization
you can persuade people to come around to Exemplification – use of many examples or a
your point of view, you can be more successful variety of evidence to support a single point
in all sorts of subjects. And it’s not just an Elaboration – moving beyond just including a
academic skill! fact, but explaining the significance or relevance
Examples of the Use of Rhetoric of that fact
Example 1: Rhetoric in Public Speaking Coherent thought – maintaining a well-
Example 2: Rhetoric in Advertisement organized line of reasoning; not repeating ideas
Example 3: Rhetoric in Literature and or jumping around
Scholarship  
Example 4: Rhetoric in Media and Pop Culture             PATHOS: Appeal to EMOTIONS
When an author relies on pathos, it means that
he or she is trying to tap into the audience’s
Rhetorical Appeals emotions to get them to agree with the
author’s claim. An author using pathetic concepts: the credibility of the author and his or
appeals wants the audience to feel something: her character.
anger, pride, joy, rage, or happiness.  Pathos- *Credibility of the speaker/author is
based rhetorical strategies are any strategies determined by his or her knowledge and
that get the audience to “open up” to the topic, expertise in the subject at hand.
the argument, or to the author. Emotions can *Character is another aspect of ethos, and it is
make us vulnerable, and an author can use this different from credibility because it involves
vulnerability to get the audience to believe that personal history and even personality traits. A
his or her argument is a compelling one. person can be credible but lack character or vice
Pathetic appeals might include versa.
*Expressive descriptions of people, places, or Thus, ethos comes down to trust. How can the
events that help the reader to feel or author get the audience to trust him or her so
experience those events that they will accept his or her argument? How
*Vivid imagery of people, places or events that can the author make him or herself appear as a
help the reader to feel like he or she is credible speaker who embodies the character
seeing those events traits that the audience values?
*Sharing personal stories that make the reader In building ethical appeals, we see authors
feel a connection to or empathy for, the person -Referring either directly or indirectly to the
being described values that matter to the intended audience (so
 *Using emotion-laden vocabulary as a way to that the audience will trust the speaker)
put the reader into that specific emotional -Using language, phrasing, imagery, or other
mindset (what is the author trying to make the writing styles common to people who hold
audience feel? and how is he or she doing those values, thereby “talking the talk” of
that?) people with those values (again, so that the
THOS: Appeal to VALUES /TRUST audience is inclined to trust the speaker)
Ethical appeals have two facets: audience -Referring to their experience and/or authority
values and authorial credibility/character. with the topic (and therefore demonstrating
On the one hand, when an author makes an their credibility)
ethical appeal, he or she is attempting to  tap -Referring to their own character, or making an
into the  values  or  ideologies  that the audience effort to build their character in the text
holds,  for example, patriotism, tradition, justice,
equality, dignity for all humankind, self-
preservation, or other specific social, religious or
philosophical values (Christian values, socialism,
capitalism, feminism, etc.). These values can
sometimes feel very close to emotions, but they
are felt on a social level rather than only on a
personal level. When an author evokes the
values that the audience cares about as a way
to justify or support his or her argument, we
classify that as ethos. The audience will feel that
the author is making an argument that is “right”
(in the sense of moral “right”-ness, i.e., On the
other hand, this sense of referencing what is
“right” in an ethical appeal connects to the
other sense of ethos: the  author. Ethos that is
centered on the author revolves around two