ATO AYELE ADUGNA RESIDENCE
DESIGN REPORT
ON
PLUMBING SERVICES
April /2020
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Design Approach............................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. Water supply system.............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Wastewater collection and disposal system.............................................................................. 3
3. Design Assumptions....................................................................................................................... 3
4. Plumbing Materials........................................................................................................................ 4
5. Plumbing services........................................................................................................................... 4
5.1. Source of water......................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2. Water demand determination........................................................................................................... 4
5.3. Water distribution to plumbing appliances.................................................................................... 5
5.4. Water supply pipe sizing design......................................................................................................... 6
Estimating Hot Water Demand on Fixture Types.................................................................................. 9
5.6. Water distribution to plumbing appliances.............................................................................. 9
5.7. Waste water drainage system........................................................................................................ 9
5.8. Septic Tank Capacity Determination......................................................................................... 10
5.9. Rain water drainage system......................................................................................................... 11
2
1. Introduction
This report is prepared for the “Plumbing Design of a Residence”. The project has semi-basement,
Ground + two floors.
2. Design Approach
Plumbing design of such a building will have the following parts. First we will supply water for
the fixture then drain-supplied water for the fixture finally we drain the storm water system.
Design requirements are established following provisions of Ethiopian Standard ES-3960 as
applicable.
2.1. Water supply system
A central system is used and following are the Design steps:
Estimation of water demand of the building
Laying out the internal and external water supply systems
Design of the internal water supply systems
Design of the external water supply system
2.2. Wastewater collection and disposal system
Design of the wastewater collection and disposal system is carried out using on-site sanitation
system. Following are the design steps:
Laying out the internal wastewater collection systems
Design of the internal wastewater collection systems
Estimation of sewage quantity
Laying out the external wastewater collection system
Design of the external wastewater collection system
3. Design Assumptions
Following are the assumptions made in the design:
a) The number of users is assumed to be five for this case (for worst scenario)
3
b) Sufficient pressure head will be available in the central water supply system feed to the
fixture.
c) The diameter of water supply pipes and wastewater pipes is determined using loading unit
and discharge unit methods respectively.
4. Plumbing Materials
Internal Domestic water supplies PPR PN-16 piping, UPVC PN-6 wastewater drainage, storm and
vent a pipe. And HDPE, PN-16 for external water supply was selected accordingly.
5. Plumbing services
5.1. Source of water
The source of water will be from the nearby municipal water distribution line main via 32mm
diameter intake pipe.
5.2. Water demand determination
The new housing is expected to accommodate the following population. The daily water
consumption is calculated based on the number of people as shown below.
Parameter Value/calculation Remarks
Dwelling Residence
No. of dwellings 1*5=5 Unit * Number of People
Diversity factors 90% To account for lesser number
of residents
Per capita water 300 LPD This figure is assumed for
High Consumption residence
consumption
asper ES 3960 Table 4-4.
LPD = Liters per day
Apartment Total water = 5*300*0.9 = (Population) x (diversity) x
consumption = 1350 (per capita consumption)
Consider two days storage = 1350 x 2 = 2700li = 2.7 m3 use 3 m3 water tank capacity.
5.3. Water distribution to plumbing appliances
Flow rate determination
4
The flow rate for fixtures to is determined considering the peak demand of the connected
appliances following ES 3960 Provision.
Type of fixture, Quantity & loading unit:
Sanitary Fixture Sub-Total Loading
Quantity Loading unit/fixture
Type Unit
Hand wash basin 11 2 22
WCs 9 2 18
Bath 8 10 80
Showers 2 3 6
Kitchen sinks 2 3 6
Washing machine 1 3 3
Total loading unit 135
Using Figure 4-4 Conversion chart - loading unit to flow rate of ES 3960 the flow rate will be 1.55
l/s.
However, there is a much higher probability that more fixtures can be simultaneously used then
the expected. Thus it is worthwhile to consider the peak flow rate 1.20 times the calculated value.
Thus consider peak flow rate to be 1.86 l/s to size the transfer pump.
Pump head
The pumping head is determined considering static head, friction & fittings losses.
Hs = (From semi-basement up to top of water tanker)
= (1.61+4.5+3.3+3.3+1) +1.5=15.21m
Total length of pipe up to roof slab = 15.21+10.2+14.7 =40.11 m
Effective length = 40.11 x 1.3 = 52.14 m
Cumulative flow rate of appliances reduces upwards, however, on average pressure drop of
5m/100m is considered to determine the friction loss.
H friction =52.14 x5/100 =2.6
HL fitting losses =3m
H Total = 15.21 + 2.6 + 3 = 20.81m
5
= 21m
Transfer pumps @ 1.86 l/s AND H=21m.
5.4. Water supply pipe sizing design
Using a simplified tabular procedure by fixture unit load method carries out design flow
determination. .
The detail procedure of this method is explained as follows: -
1. Make a diagram of the pipeline or system to be considered.
2. Number the pipes beginning at the point of least head.
3. Make a table to show the loading units and flow rates for each stage of the main run.
Calculate and enter loading units and flow rates as shown in the table below.
4. Make assumptions to the pipe size according to their assigned numbers.
5. Work out frictional resistance per meter (head loss per meter run)
6. Determine the velocity of low (flow velocity between 0.6and 3m/s)
7. Measured length of the pipe under consideration in meter.
8. Calculate equivalent pipe length (frictional resistance in fittings)
9. Calculate effective pipe length (sum of head loss through pipe length and fittings)
10. Calculate head loss consumed (by multiplying effective pipe length and head loss per
meter run)
11. Calculate the progressive by adding the head loss in each branch pipe.
12. Record the available head for every branch pipe.
13. Calculate the residual head at the outlet points by subtracting the progressive head from
available head. If the residual head is less than the head required for a particular outlet
fitting, repeat the above steps by correcting the assumed pipe size.)
6
Loading
No Fixture Type Unit
1 Hand Wash Basin 2
2 Water Closet 2
3 Shower 3
4 Bath Tub 10
5 Kitchen Sink 3
6 Washing Machine 3
Table 1 Fixture & Their Respective Loading Units.
For water supply riser two (W2)
Ground Floor Level:
Pipe diameter, D = 20mm (Assumed)
Fixtures fed by riser two @ ground floor level:
WC = 2*2.00 = 4.00
HWB = 2*2.00 = 4.00
Total =8.00
Using Figure 4-4 Conversion chart - loading unit to flow rate of ES 3960 the flow rate will be 0.3
l/s
Velocity of flow, v =Discharge/Area of pipe
= (4Q/ (pi*D^2))/1000
= ((4*0.3)/ (3.1415*0.02*0.02))/1000
= 0.95m/s<= 3.0m/s Safe!!
For water supply riser two (W2)
First Floor Level:
Pipe diameter, D = 25mm (Assumed)
Fixtures fed by riser two @ first floor level:
WC = 2*2.00 = 4.00
HWB = 3*2.00 = 6.00
BT = 1*10.00 = 10.00
7
SH = 1*3.00 = 3.00
Total =23.00
Using Figure 4-4 Conversion chart - loading unit to flow rate of ES 3960 the flow rate will be 0.47
l/s
Velocity of flow, v =Discharge/Area of pipe
= (4Q/ (pi*D^2))/1000
= ((4*0.47)/ (3.1415*0.025*0.025))/1000
= 0.95m/s<= 3.0m/s Safe!!
For water supply riser two (W2)
Second Floor Level:
Pipe diameter, D = 32mm (Assumed)
Fixtures fed by riser two @ second Floor level:
WC = 3*2.00 = 6.00
HWB = 4*2.00 = 8.00
BT = 2*10.00 = 20.00
SH = 2*3.00 = 6.00
Total =40.00
Using Figure 4-4 Conversion chart - loading unit to flow rate of ES 3960 the flow rate will be 0.66
l/s
Velocity of flow, v =Discharge/Area of pipe
= (4Q/ (pi*D^2))/1000
= ((4*0.66)/ (3.1415*0.032*0.032))/1000
= 0.82m/s<= 3.0m/s Safe!!
The rest is also done accordingly!!!!
Estimating Hot Water Demand on Fixture Types
The Ethiopian building code ES 3960 states that for domestic uses the minimum capacity is
recommended to be: 80 liter to 100 liter at 60°C in a dwelling with a bath tub, 50 liter to 80 liter at
8
60°C for a shower and Storage heaters of 10 liter to 30 liter 60°C may be used to supply one or
two points of draw offs depending on the use of hot water. So the hot water storage capacity
determined accordingly.
5.6. Water distribution to plumbing appliances
The water distribution system to plumbing appliances is from centralized 3 m 3 Elevated water
located at 1.5 m height located on the roof. The piping system to plumbing appliances is sized
following the provisions of ES-3960 with a limiting velocity of 3m/s and maximum acceptable
pressure 0.03 beyond which pressure reducing valves are envisaged.
5.7. Waste water drainage system
General
uPVC pipes of suitable size are recommended both per the external and internal wastewater
drainage. Drainage pipe sizing of systems are done as per the recommendation given in ES-3960
Table 5-27 and Table 5-30. Taking into consideration mishandling of the drainage systems in most
cases we have designed the drainage system greater than the minimum recommended pipe sizes.
Wastewater Drainage Pipe Sizing
Discharge
No Fixture Type Unit
1 Hand Wash Basin 1.00
2 Water Closet 4.00
3 Shower 2.00
4 Bath Tub 2.00
5 Kitchen Sink 2.00
6 Washing Machine 2.00
8 Floor Drain 2.00
Table 2 Fixtures & their Respective Discharge Units.
Wastewater drainage stack sizing
Fixtures drained by stack one (S1)
WC = 3*4.00 = 12.00
HWB = 4*1.00 = 4.00
BT = 2*2.00 = 4.00
SH = 2*2.00 = 4.00
9
FD =4*2.00=8.00
Total =32.00
As per ES-3960 requirement the minimum stack size where there is a WC connection shall be
100mm (internal diameter). Hence, a pipe diameter of 110mm internal diameter is considered as a
horizontal drainage pipe for S1.
The rest also done accordingly!!!!
5.8. Septic Tank Capacity Determination
The wastewater drainage system is designed as fully vented and fully vented modified system
following the provisions of ES-3960. Wastewater collected from the building will be discharged to
septic tank located on the basement floor.
V septic tank= V sedimentation+ Vsludge
={(τ sedX q)/103+(VeX τac X P)/103}
Where: -τ sed-is the hydraulic detention time.
P is number of population.
-
Q -is water consumption per capita per day,
Ve –is sludge production per person per day.
Τac-is the number of days between de-sledging.
Liquid volume as per previous calculation = 1.35 m³
V sedimentation= = (τ sedX q)/103
=2.0x 1350/103 = 2.7m3…Taking the detention time period 2.0 day
Vsludge= (VeX τac X P)/103(m³)
= 5 x 0.15 x 2 X 365/103 = 0.55m3…Taking the dislodging period 2year
Septic tank volume = 2.7 + 0.56 = 3.25m3…. Take 10m3 capacities as overall volume.
5.9. Rain water drainage system
5.9.1. Roof water drainage
To calculate flow rate from roof, rational method is adopted. Rational formula is better to estimate
flow of catchments area less than 50ha (5km²). The rational formula estimates the peak rate of at
any location in catchments area as a function off the catchment’s area, run-off coefficient, and
means rainfall intensity for duration equal to the time of concentration.
10
The rate of run-off Q (l/s) can be calculated by the following equation
Q = C*A e*I/3600
Where Ae is the effective catchments area in m2
I is the rainfall intensity (in mm/h) for the minimum average recurrence interval in years and time
of concentration. 140mm/hr(for 10 years @ 5 minute) for Addis Ababa from ES 3960 Figure 7.3
C is the run-off coefficient roof C=0.75-0.95 ES 3960 Table 7.1.
5.9.2. Calculation of flow in gutters
According to the roof profile we have two-gutter unit so they will split the flow rate in too two,
which is 0.75LPS. Then on the individual gutter we have one outlet that will lead to have one forth
of the flow rates.
5.9.3. Eave gutters
According to the site condition eave gutter was selected. The overall depth of a gutter should be
greater than the depth needed to give the design capacity so as to prevent it from being over-
topped by splashing or by waves produced by strong winds. The amount of freeboard should be
taken as two-fifth of the maximum depth of flow in the gutter, with an upper limit of 75.0mm.
5.9.4. Down pipe size determination
The size of circular down pipe/outlet/shall not be less than diameter 65mm /ES 3960 /. During
down pipe size design external factor, which might obstruct normal flow of water, considered.
Such as: -leaves, bird net and snow will definitely hinder design flow through down pipe. Outlets
for gutters should be located, where possible, near to each angle; i.e, where there is a change in
direction of flow. Material of the down pipe is uPVC, which is durable and easy for installation.
All exposed down pipes should be painted with UV ray reflective oil paint.
Hence, down pipe size will be calculated as follow;
Calculate the gutter size by assuming the following
Gutter is not steeper than 1:350.
Gutter has uniform cross section.
The distance between the outlets is less than 100times the diameter of the outlet.
The width of the rectangular gutter is assumed to be 120mm.
11
The gutter discharges freely.
The relationship between discharge and critical depth
Q = 9.9 x 10-5 (Ac) ½ (Bc) ½
Ac = YcBc
Where
Q (l/s)……………… discharge.
Ac (mm²) ………….. Cross-sectional area corresponding to Yc.
Bc(mm)……………..the width corresponding to Yc.
Yc (mm)……………..critical depth.
12
