Disclaimer

The material used in this presentation to deliver the

lecture i.e., pictures/graphs. text etc. does not solely
belong to the author/presenter. The presenter has gathered
this lecture material from various sources on
web/textbooks. Following sources are especially
acknowledged:

1. Bernard Sklar, Digital Communication: Fundamental and Application, Second Edition

Digital Communication

2
Amplitude Shift Keying
 Modulation Process
 In Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK),
the amplitude of the carrier is
switched between two (or more)
levels according to the digital data
 For BASK (also called ON-OFF
Keying (OOK)), one and zero are
represented by two amplitude
levels A1 and A0

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 Analytical Expression:
 Ai cos(c t ), 0  t  T binary 1
s(t )  
0, 0  t  T binary 0
where Ai = peak amplitude

s (t )  A cos(0t )  2 Arms cos(0t )  2

2 Arms cos(0t )

2E V2
 2 P cos(0t )  cos(0t )  P 
T R
Hence,
 2 Ei (t )
 cos(i t ), 0  t  T binary 1 , i  0,2,......M  1
si (t )   T

 0, 0  t  T binary 0
where
T
E   s i2 (t )dt , i  0,2,......M  1
0

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 Where for binary ASK (also known as ON OFF Keying (OOK))

s1 (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(c t   ), 0  t  T binary 1

s0 (t )  0, 0  t  T binary 0

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 • It can be seen that the
bandwidth of ASK
modulated is twice that
occupied by the source
baseband stream

 Bandwidth of ASK
 Bandwidth of ASK can be found from its power spectral density

 The bandwidth of an ASK signal is twice that of the unipolar NRZ

line code used to create it., i.e.,

B  2 Rb

 This is the null-to-null bandwidth of ASK

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Detectors for ASK
Coherent Receiver

 Coherent detection requires the phase information

 A coherent detector mixes the incoming signal with a locally generated
carrier reference
 Multiplying the received signal r(t) by the receiver local oscillator (say
Accos(wct)) yields a signal with a baseband component plus a
component at 2fc
 Passing this signal through a low pass filter eliminates the high
frequency component

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  The output of the LPF is sampled once per bit period
 This sample z(T) is applied to a decision rule
 z(T) is called the decision statistic
 Matched filter receiver of OOK signal

 A MF pair such as the root raised

cosine filter can thus be used to shape
the source and received baseband
symbols
 In fact this is a very common approach
in signal detection in most bandpass
data modems

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Noncoherent Receiver
 Does not require a phase reference at the receiver
 If we do not know the phase and frequency of the carrier, we can
use a noncoherent receiver to recover ASK signal
 Envelope Detector:

 The simplest implementation of an envelope detector comprises

a diode rectifier and smoothing filter

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 In FSK, the instantaneous carrier frequency is switched between 2 or
more levels according to the baseband digital data
 data bits select a carrier at one of two frequencies

 the data is encoded in the frequency

 Until recently, FSK has been the most widely used form of digital
modulation;Why?
 Simple both to generate and detect

 Insensitive to amplitude fluctuations in the channel

 FSK conveys the data using distinct carrier frequencies to represent

symbol states
 An important property of FSK is that the amplitude of the modulated
wave is constant
 Waveform

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 Analytical Expression

 General expression is

2 Es
si (t )  cos(2f 0t  2ift), i  0,1,....M  1
Ts
Where
f  f i  f i 1

f i  f 0  if and Es  kEb , Ts  kTb

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Binary FSK
 In BFSK, 2 different frequencies, f1 and f2 = f1 + ∆ f are used to
transmit binary information

 Data is encoded in the frequencies

 That is, m(t) is used to select between 2 frequencies:
 f1 is the mark frequency, and f2 is the space frequency
2 Es
s0 (t )  cos 2 ( f1  1 ), 0  t  Tb
Tb

2 Es
s1 (t )  cos 2 ( f 2   2 ), 0  t  Tb
Tb
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  Ac cos(1t  1 ), when m(t )  1 or X n  1
s(t )  
 Ac cos(2t   2 ), when m(t )  1 or X n  0

 Binary Orthogonal Phase FSK

 When w0 an w1 are chosen so that f1(t) and f2(t) are orthogonal, i.e.,



1 (t )2 (t )  0
 form a set of K = 2 basis orthonormal basis
functions
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3. Coherent Detection of Binary FSK

 Coherent detection of Binary FSK is similar to that for

ASK but in this case there are 2 detectors tuned to the 2
carrier frequencies

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 Non-coherent Detection
 One of the simplest ways of detecting binary FSK is to pass the
signal through 2 BPF tuned to the 2 signaling freqs and detect
which has the larger output averaged over a symbol period

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 General expression is

2 Es
si (t )  cos[2f 0t  i (t )], i  0,1,....M  1
Ts

 Where
2i
i (t )  i  0,1,....M  1
M

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is switched between 2 (for
BPSK) or more (for MPSK) in response to the baseband digital data
 With PSK the information is contained in the instantaneous phase of
the modulated carrier
 Usually this phase is imposed and measured with respect to a fixed
carrier of known phase – Coherent PSK
 For binary PSK, phase states of 0o and 180o are used

 Waveform:

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 Analytical expression can be written as

si (t )  A g (t ) cos[c t  i (t )], 0  t  Tb , i  1, 2,...., M

where
 g(t) is signal pulse shape

 A = amplitude of the signal

 ø = carrier phase

 The range of the carrier phase can be determined using

2 (i  1)
i (t )  i  1,....M
M
 For a rectangular pulse, we obtain
2
g (t )  , 0  t  Tb ; and assume A  Eb
Tb

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 We can now write the analytical expression as

2 Eb  2 (i  1) 
si (t )  cos  ct  , 0  t  Tb , and i  1,2,....M
Tb  M 
carrier phase changes
Constant envelope abruptly at the beginning of
each signal interval

 In PSK the carrier phase changes abruptly at the beginning of each

signal interval while the amplitude remains constant

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 We can also write a PSK signal as:
2E  2 (i  1) 
si (t )  cos  ct  
T  M 

2E  2 (i  1) 2 (i  1) 
 cos cos  t  sin sin  t
T 
c c 
M M 

 Furthermore, s1(t) may be represented as a linear combination of

two orthogonal functions ψ1(t) and ψ2(t) as follows
2 (i  1) 2 (i  1)
si (t )  E cos  1 (t )  E sin  2 (t )
M M
Where
2 2
 1 (t )  cos[ ct ] and  2 (t )  sin[ ct ]
T T

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 Using the concept of the orthogonal basis function, we can represent
PSK signals as a two dimensional vector

 2 (i  1) 2 (i  1) 
si (t )   Eb cos  1 , Eb sin 2 
 M M 
 For M-ary phase modulation M = 2k, where k is the number of
information bits per transmitted symbol

 In an M-ary system, one of M ≥ 2 possible symbols, s1(t), …, sm(t), is

transmitted during each Ts-second signaling interval

 The mapping or assignment of k information bits into M = 2k possible

phases may be performed in many ways, e.g. for M = 4

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22
M-ary PSK

 In MPSK, the phase of the carrier takes on one of M possible values

2 (i  1)
i (t )  , i  1,2,....., M
M
 Thus, MPSK waveform is expressed as
M  2k MPSK
2E  2 (i  1)  2 BPSK
si (t )  cos 0t 
T  M  4 QPSK
8 8  PSK
 2 (i  1) 
si (t )  g (t ) cos 0t  16 16  PSK
 M 
...........

 Each si(t) may be expanded in terms of two basis function Ψ1(t) and
Ψ2(t) defined as
2
 1 (t ) 
2
cos c t ,  2 (t )  sin  c t ,
Ts Ts

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Coherent Detection
1. Coherent Detection of PSK
 Coherent detection requires the phase information
 A coherent detector operates by mixing the incoming data signal
with a locally generated carrier reference and selecting the
difference component from the mixer output

 Multiplying r(t) by the receiver LO (say A cos(ωct)) yields a signal

with a baseband component plus a component at 2fc
 The LPF eliminates the high frequency component
 The output of the LPF is sampled once per bit period
 The sampled value z(T) is applied to a decision rule
 z(T) is called the decision statistic
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 Matched filter receiver

 A MF pair such as the root raised cosine filter can thus be used to
shape the source and received baseband symbols
 In fact this is a very common approach in signal detection in most
bandpass data modems

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