Digital Communications

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Today, we are going to talk about:
Some bandpass modulation schemes used
in DCS for transmitting information over
channel
M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM
How to detect the transmitted information
at the receiver
Coherent detection
Non-coherent detection

Why Modulation
Without Modulation:
To transmit 3000 Hz Baseband signals, the
antenna needed will be l/4 where
l=c/f=10
5
m and l/4=2.5x10
4
m

With Modulation:
Easy for transmission/ Spread spectrum

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Block diagram of a DCS

Format
Source
encode
Format
Source
decode
Channel
encode
Pulse
modulate
Bandpass
modulate
Channel
decode
Demod.
Sample
Detect
C
h
a
n
n
e
l

Digital modulation
Digital demodulation
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Bandpass modulation
Bandpass modulation: The process of converting
a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform where its
amplitude, phase or frequency, or a combination of
them, are varied in accordance with the transmitting
data.
Bandpass signal:



where is the baseband pulse shape with energy .
We assume here (otherwise will be stated):
is a rectangular pulse shape with unit energy.
Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols.
denotes average symbol energy given by
( ) T t t t i t
T
E
t g t s
i c
i
T i
s s + A + = 0 ) ( ) 1 ( cos
2
) ( ) ( | e e
) (t g
T
) (t g
T g
E
s
E
=
=
M
i
i s
E
M
E
1
1
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Demodulation and detection
Demodulation: The receiver signal is converted to
baseband, filtered and sampled.
Detection: Sampled values are used for detection
using a decision rule such as the ML detection rule.
(
(
(

N
z
z

1
z =
}
T
0
) (
1
t
}
T
0
) (t
N

) (t r
1
z
N
z
z
Decision
circuits
(ML detector)
m

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Coherent detection
Coherent detection
requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform
phase estimation.
Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at the
receiver:
Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in
the received signal.
The oscillators at the receiver which generate
the carrier signal, are not usually phased locked
to the transmitted carrier.
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Bandpass Modulation Schemes
One dimensional waveforms
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM)
Two dimensional waveforms
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(M-QAM)
Multidimensional waveforms
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)

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One dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:
( ) | e+ = t
T
E
t s
c
i
i
cos
2
) (
( )

cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) (
1
1
i i
c
i i
E a
t
T
t
M i t a t s
=
+ =
= =
| e

) (
1
t
1
s
2
s
0
1
E
0 1
On-off keying (M=2):
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One dimensional mod.,
M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM)
( ) t
T
a t s
c i i
e cos
2
) ( =
( )
( )
g s
g i i
g i
c
i i
E
M
E
M i E E
E M i a
t
T
t
M i t a t s
3
) 1 (
1 2
) 1 2 (
cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
1
1

=
= =
=
=
= =
s
e

4-PAM:
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
0 g
E 3
00 01
4
s
3
s
11 10
g
E
g
E
g
E 3
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Example of bandpass modulation:
Binary PAM

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Coherent detection of M-PAM

}
T
0
) (
1
t
ML detector
(Compare with M-1 thresholds)
) (t r
1
z
m

One dimensional mod.,...contd

\
|
+ =
M
i
t
T
E
t s
c
s
i
t
e
2
cos
2
) (
( ) ( )
2
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

2
sin
2
cos
sin
2
) ( cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
i i s
s i s i
c c
i i i
E E
M
i
E a
M
i
E a
t
T
t t
T
t
M i t a t a t s
s = =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
= + =
t t
e e

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Two dimensional mod., (MPSK)
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
b
E
0 1
b
E
) (
2
t
3
s
7
s
110
) (
1
t
4
s
2
s
s
E
000
) (
2
t
6
s
8
s
1
s
5
s
001
011
010
101
111
100
) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
s
E
00
11
) (
2
t
3
s
4
s
10
01
QPSK (M=4)
BPSK (M=2)
8PSK (M=8)
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Two dimensional mod.,(MPSK)
Coherent detection of MPSK

Compute

Choose
smallest
1
2
arctan
z
z
|

| | |
i
}
T
0
) (
1
t
}
T
0
) (
2
t
) (t r
1
z
2
z
m

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Two dimensional mod., (M-QAM)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)


( )
i c
i
i
t
T
E
t s e+ = cos
2
) (
( ) ( )
3
) 1 ( 2
and symbols PAM are and where
sin
2
) ( cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

=
= =
= + =
M
E a a
t
T
t t
T
t
M i t a t a t s
s i i
c c
i i i
e e

( )
(
(
(
(
(

+ + + + +
+ +
+ +
=
) 1 , 1 ( ) 1 , 3 ( ) 1 , 1 (
) 3 , 1 ( ) 3 , 3 ( ) 3 , 1 (
) 1 , 1 ( ) 1 , 3 ( ) 1 , 1 (
,
2 1
M M M M M M
M M M M M M
M M M M M M
a a
i i

QAM
Combination of MPSK and MASK.
p(t) = p(t)(a
i
cos
c
t + b
i
sin
c
t)
= p(t)[r
i
cos(
c
t +
i
)]
Where r
i
= (a
i
2
+ b
i
2
)
1/2
and
i
= tan
-1
b
i
/a
i

MASK MPSK

i
= 0 for all i r
i
is constant.
Only r
i
is different. Only
i
is different.
APK: both
and
r vary.
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Two dimensional mod., (M-QAM)
) (
1
t
) (
2
t
2
s
1
s
3
s
4
s
0000 0001 0011 0010
6
s
5
s
7
s
8
s
10
s
9
s
11
s
12
s
14
s
13
s
15
s
16
s
1 3 -1 -3
1000 1001 1011 1010
1100 1101 1111 1110
0100 0101 0111 0110
1
3
-1
-3
16-QAM
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Two dimensional mod., (M-QAM)
Coherent detection of M-QAM
}
T
0
) (
1
t
ML detector

1
z
}
T
0
) (
2
t
ML detector

) (t r
2
z
m

Parallel-to-serial
converter
s) threshold 1 with (Compare M
s) threshold 1 with (Compare M
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Multi-dimensional modulation, demodulation &
detection
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)
() ( )
T
f
t i t
T
E
t
T
E
t s
c
s
i
s
i
2
1
2
) 1 ( cos
2
cos
2
) (
=
A
= A
A + = =
t
e
e e e
( )
2
1

0

cos
2
) (
, , 1 ) ( ) (
i i s
s
ij i i
M
j
j ij i
E E
j i
j i E
a t
T
t
M i t a t s
s = =

=
=
= =
= =

=
e

) (
1
t
2
s
1
s
3
s
) (
3
t
) (
2
t
s
E
s
E
s
E
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Multi-dimensional mod.,(M-FSK)

(
(
(

M
z
z

1
z =
}
T
0
) (
1
t
}
T
0
) (t
M

) (t r
1
z
M
z
z
ML detector:
Choose
the largest element
in the observed vector

m

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Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection:
No need for a reference in phase with the
received carrier
Less complexity compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error rate.


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Non-coherent detection
Differential coherent detection
Differential encoding of the message
The symbol phase changes if the current bit is
different from the previous bit.

( ) ,...,M i T t t t
T
E
t s
i i
1 , 0 , ) ( cos
2
) (
0
= s s + = u e
) ( ) ) 1 (( ) ( nT T n nT
i k k
| u u + =
) (
1
t
i
|
1
s
2
s 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
t t t t t t
0 0
Symbol index:
Data bits:
Diff. encoded bits
Symbol phase:
k
u
k
m
k
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Non-coherent detection
Coherent detection for diff encoded mod.
assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch during
two symbol intervals.
correlates the received signal with basis functions
uses the phase difference between the current received
vector and previously estimated symbol
( ) T t t n t t
T
E
t r
i
s s + + + = 0 ), ( ) ( cos
2
) (
0
o u e
) (
1
t
) (
2
t
) , (
1 1
b a
) , (
2 2
b a
i
|
( )( ) ) ( ) ) 1 (( ) ( ) ) 1 (( ) ( nT T n nT T n nT
i j i j i
| u u o u o u = = + +
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Non-coherent detection
Optimum differentially coherent detector




Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector





Performance degradation about 3 dB by using sub-
optimal detector
}
T
0
) (
1
t
) (t r
m

Decision
Delay
T
}
T
0
) (t r
m

Decision
Delay
T
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Non-coherent detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals
(e.g. M-FSK)

Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation between
I and Q branches for each candidate signal.

The received energy corresponding to each candidate
signal is used for detection.
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Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection of BFSK
}
T
0
) cos( / 2
1
t T e
}
T
0
) (t r
11
z
12
z
}
T
0
}
T
0
21
z
22
z
Decision stage:



) cos( / 2
2
t T e
) sin( / 2
2
t T e
) sin( / 2
1
t T e
( )
2

( )
2

( )
2

( )
2

+
-
) (T z
0 , 0 ) ( if
1 , 0 ) ( if
= <
= >
m T z
m T z
m
2
12
2
11
z z +
2
22
2
21
z z +