Review Materials on Comparative Police System

By: Sir Bimboy C. Cueno,Crmgst, MSCJ

Comparative Police System

A study of the organized structure, operations, functions, ranks, and designated names of various law
enforcement agencies around the world.

Societal Types and Criminal Justice Systems

Societal Types

1. Folk Communal Society – a society which has a little codification of law, no specialization
among the police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention
until things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric, punishment is resorted to. This type of
society is often seen as primitive and barbaric.

2. Urban Commercial Society- ha civil law, specialized police forces, and punishment is
inconsistent, sometimes harsh sometimes lenient. Most of its law enforcers were obliged to
prevent/suppress religious offenses and others for enforcing the King`s Law.

3. Urban Industrial Society- police in this society are specialized on property crimes such as theft.
It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behaviors and the system of punishment is run
on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.

4. Bureaucratic Society- has a system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political
crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and
overcrowding. It is in this society where Juvenile Delinquency existed.

Types of Criminal Justice Systems

1. Common Law System- is also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is distinguished by a strong

adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedents. Common law
system is distinctive in the significance that they attach to the importance of previously decided
cases. This system relies on the evidence in which in public trial is a main focal point.

2. Civil Law Systems- also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice. This system
is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused, and the
law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. Furthermore, in this system if the judge
knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations
of procedure and evidence. In contrast the common law system requires a judge to suspend belief
until the event of the trial is over.

3. Socialists System- also known as Marxist-Leninist system that existed in many places where
there has been a Communist revolution. It is primarily characterized by administrative law, where
non legal officials make most of the decisions. This system asserted that goods would allow
people to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into
performing labor for others.

4. Islamic Systems- these justice systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice and derive all
their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran (Shariah Law). This system is
based more on the concept of natural justice where crimes are considered acts of injustice that
conflict with tradition and religion plays an important role.

Models of Policing Systems

1. Traditional Policing- within this model the police officer would respond when a call came in that
a crime occurred. Once the officer responded to the crime, the officer would then take a report
and hand the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in nature.
2. Problem Solving Policing- within this model there is an emphasis on trying and prevent crime
from happening. This policing has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand
when and how crimes are being committed.
 3. Community Oriented Policing- within this model, the officers will take more community
involvement stance. No longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime
has happened.

International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)

It is the world`s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries. It facilitates cross
border police cooperation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose
mission is to prevent or combat international crimes. It`s headquarter is in Lyon, France. Its supreme
governing body is the General Assembly.

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union. The primary goal of this
organization was to apprehend the return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which they
were wanted. Its goals involve advancing science and art of police work, promoting improved practices
throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and information exchange among
police administrators.

European Police (EUROPOL)

The European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improve the
effectiveness and cooperation between authorities of the member states in preventing and combating all
forms of serious international organized crime and terrorism.

Evolution of Policing

Greece- the very first origin of true formal system of policing.

Tun-small villages. The origin of the word town.

Tithings- tun was divided into a number of ten family units.

Tithing Man- the elected head of the tithing.ne who maintained the peace of the group.

Shire-reeve- today is known as sheriff.

Stabuli or comes stable- forerunner of the word constable.

Anglo-Saxon Period- term used to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the South and
East of Great Britain in the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon King Alfred the great established the most important
development in law enforcement system for the period. He formulated new legal codes which specified
the penalties to be leveled for a particular offense.

Two Types of Trials during Anglo-Saxon Period

1. Oaths (Compurgation)- the Compurgator system allowed other people, preferably of hig social
position to swear that the accused is an honest person. (this is known today as character witness)
2. Trial by Ordeal- a person is compelled to perform an act either walking on a burning coal or
through red hot iron. It was said that the gods would protect the innocent,

The Watch and the Ward System

The Watch was known as the night guard while the Ward was the day guard.

Henry Fielding- chief magistrate of London who established the so called Bow Street Runners in 1753.
Bow Street Runners served writs and arrested offenders on the authority of the magistrates, traveling
nationwide to apprehend offenders.

John Fielding- the successor of Henry Fielding. He was nicknamed as the Blind Beak because of his
extraordinary capacity to recognize 3,000 different criminals by the sound of their voice. He created the
Bow Street Patrol.

Sir Robert Peel- known as the Father of Modern Policing. He established London Metropolitan Police
making the Great Scotland Yard (Scotland Yard) as the place where the headquarter was built. He
established the Peelian Principles.
Hue and Cry- a system of apprehending a criminal whereby the complainant goes to the middle of the
street and shouts to call all males to assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly and gives
the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then proceed to locate and apprehend the
culprit. When apprehended, trial is conducted giving the culprit a chance to defend himself.

Highest and Lowest Rank Classification in Foreign Countries

New York
Australia Highest Rank: Commissioner
Highest Rank: Deputy Commissioner Lowest Rank: Police Officer
Lowest Rank: Sergeant Third Class
Tokyo, Japan
Great Britain Highest Rank: Superintendent-General
Highest Rank: Chief Constable Lowest Rank: Police Officer
Lowest Rank: Constable
Canada
London Highest Rank: Chief
Highest Rank: Commissioner Lowest Rank: Constable
Lowest Rank: Constable
Taiwan
United States of America Highest Rank: Police Supervisor General
Highest Rank: Chief Lowest Rank: Police Rank Four
Lowest Rank: Police Officer

Abu Sayyaf - Abu means father and sayyaf means swordsmith, is a militant Islamist group based in and
around Jolo and Basilan,Philippines.

Al Qaeda - literally means the base, a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden,
Abdullah Azzam, and
several other militants.

Apostasy -  is defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or through deed. It
includes the act of converting to another religion by a person who was born in a Muslim family or who
had previously accepted Islam.

Arvan Tavnii Tsagdaa - The National Police Agency of Mongolia.Created in 1965 and with its
headquarters in the capital Ulaanbaatar.

Asean Police - Comparison

1. Afghanistan - Name of Police Agency - ANP (Afghanistan National Police)
                Under What Department - Ministry of the Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Police General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - 2nd Patrolman
4. Bahrain -    Name of Police Agency - Bahrain National Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer -
5. Bangladesh - Name of Police Agency - Bangladesh Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Home Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
6. Bhutan -     Name of Police Agency - Royal Bhutan Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Gagpeon (Chief of Police)
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Gagpa
7. Brunei -     Name of Police Agency - Royal Brunei Police Force
                Under What Department - Home Affairs Ministry
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
8. Myanmar -    Name of Police Agency - Myanmar Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Home Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Police Major General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Private
9. Cambodia -   Name of Police Agency - Cambodian Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Brigadier General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Officer Cadet
10.Peoples Republic of China - Name of Police Agency - Peoples Armed Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Public Security
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable 2nd Class
13.Georgia -    Name of Police Agency - Georgian National Police
                Under What Department - Department of Public Safety
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
14.Hongkong -   Name of Police Agency - Hongkong Police Force
                Under What Department - Operations and Support
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
15.India -      Name of Police Agency - Indian Police Service
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
                Lowest Ranking Officer -
16.Indonesia -  Name of Police Agency - Indonesian National Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Police General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - 2nd Bhayangkar
17.Iran -       Name of Police Agency - Iranian National Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior and Justice
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer -
18.Iraq -       Name of Police Agency - Iraqi Police Service
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Chief of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Patrolman
19.Israel -     Name of Police Agency - Israeli Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Security
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
20.Japan -      Name of Police Agency - National Police Agency
                Under What Department - National Public Safety Commission
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer
21.Jordan -     Name of Police Agency - Public security Force
                Under What Department - Public Security Directorate of
                                        the Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer -
22.Kazakhstan - Name of Police Agency - National Police of Kazakhstan
                Under What Department - National Security Committee of
                                        Ministry of internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Procurator General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Ryadovoy
23.North Korea - Name of Police Agency - National Police Agency
                Under What Department - Ministry of Public Security
                Highest Ranking Officer - Daewon (Grand Marshall)
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Chonsa (Private)
24.South Korea - Name of Police Agency - Korea National Police Agency (KNPA)
                Under What Department - Ministry of Government Administration
                                        and Home Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer
25.Kuwait -     Name of Police Agency - Kuwait National Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Lieutenant General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
27.Laos -       Name of Police Agency - Laos National Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Public Security
                Highest Ranking Officer - General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
28.Lebanon -    Name of Police Agency - International Security Forces
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Gendarme
30.Malaysia -   Name of Police Agency - Royal Malaysian Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Home Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
35.Pakistan -   Name of Police Agency - Pakistan Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
38.Qatar -      Name of Police Agency - Qatar National Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Shurti
39.Russia -     Name of Police Agency - Militsiya
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Police Colonel
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Cadet
40.Saudi Arabia - Name of Police Agency - Departmemnt of Security
                Under What Department -
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer -
41.Singapore -  Name of Police Agency - Singapore Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Constable
42.Sri Lanka -  Name of Police Agency - Sri Lanka Police Service
                Under What Department - Defense Ministry
                Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General of Police
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Constable Class 4
43.Syria -      Name of Police Agency - Syria Public Security Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Private
44.Taiwan -     Name of Police Agency - National Police Agency
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Police Supervisor General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Rank 4
45.Thailand -   Name of Police Agency - Royal Thai Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer - Police General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
46.Turkey -     Name of Police Agency - Turkish Police
                Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
                Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
                Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer\
47.Turkmenistan - Name of Police Agency - Turkmenistan National Police
 
50.Vietnam -    Name of Police Agency - Peoples Police of Vietnam
                Under What Department - Ministry of Public Security
                Highest Ranking Officer - General
                Lowest Ranking Officer -
51.Yemen -      Name of Police Agency - Yemen National Police Force
                Under What Department - Ministry of Interior
                Highest Ranking Officer -
                Lowest Ranking Officer –

Centralized Police - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country.
It uses a centralized system ofpolicing.  Philippines is an example of centralized police because the
Philippine National Police has one central office with many regional, provincial and local branches
throughout the country.

 Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent
from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

Comparative Criminology - Theories (Scheider)Alertness to crime theory - is that as a nation develops,

people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police
become more effective at solving crime problems.

Chowkidar - in India, means one who inhabits a "chowki", police station or guard house.

Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born,
because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity
crisis. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the
bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.

      Modernization theory - sees the problem as society becoming too complex.

Theory of anomie and synomie - (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values),
suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held
people together (anomie).

Chusai-san - the rural police officer in Japan.

Comparative Criminal Justice - it is as subfield of the study of

criminal justice systems worldwide. It studies the similarities and
differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights
as well as the history and political stature of different systems.

Comparative Police System - it is the science and art of investigating

and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of
police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

Confucian thought - The belief that social order can be achieved

through moral and political reform because man is by nature good or
capable of goodness.

Countries With Less Or No Crime

1. Switzerland
2. Japan
3. Ireland
4. Egypt - Siwa Oasis

Cybercrimes - are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a
private or public network, or an in-house computer system.

      Cyberstalking - a technologically based attack on person because of anger, revenge, or control.

      Computer Fraud - altering data or gaining unlawful use of computer or services.

      Identity Theft - using another's personal information to commit fraud or other crimes.

      Computer Viruses - a program that copies itself and infects a

      computer.

      Denial of Service Attacks - making service unavailable to users.

      Malware - malicious software that interferes with the functioning of computers and sending data of
user over the internet.

   Information warfare - attacks on information and computer systems.

  
Different Police Global Organizations
1. ASEAN Chiefs of Police
2. Europol
3. IACP
4. Interpol
5. UN policing

Drug Trafficking - Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This
include any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them.

Elliniki Astynomia - is the national police service of Greece.

EUROPOL - It means European Police Office or Europol. Europol is the

European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It became fully
operational on July 1,1999. Europol only acts on request at present.

Gendarmerie Nationale - is the national rural police force of Algeria.

      National Gendarmerie - is a branch of the French Armed Forces,

      in charge of public safety, with police duties among the
      civilian population.

Globalization -  is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,and government
of different nations, as process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology.

Hezbollah - literally means "Party of God", is a Shi'a Islamist militant group and political party based in
Lebanon.

Hongkong Police Force - It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a
modern policing system.

Human Trafficking - the illegal movement of people, typically for the

purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.

IACP - (International Association of Chiefs of Police) the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit
membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80 different countries.
IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes of international, federal, state and local
agencies of all sizes.

International Criminal Justice - It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal
procedure, or justice. Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal
justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country,culture, or institution.

Interpol - (International Criminal Police Organization)  It began in 1923,and at the same time its name
was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International Criminal
Police Organization. Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous as Interpol.
Now,Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first.

Jemaah Islamiyah - (Islamic Congregation) is a Southeast Asian militant Islamist terrorist organization
dedicated to the establishment of a regional Islamic caliphate in Southeast Asia.

Jolly R. Bugarin - a Filipino former President of the Interpol, from 1980 to 1984. He is the only Filipino
who had achieved that feat.

Koban - is a small neighborhood police station found in Japan. Often translated to English as Police Box.
Koban are staffed by a relatively small number of police officers (usually 3-5 officers).

Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of
transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.

Mutawa - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to established codes
of conduct.

National Public Safety Commission - is the policy making and oversight body of the national police
forces in Japan and South Korea.

Palermo Protocols - are three protocols that were adopted by the

United Nations to supplement the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. They are:
      1. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children; and
      2. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.
      3. The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and
Components and Ammunition
    
POLRI - (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) Indonesian National Police. The Chief of Police of
Indonesia is called Kapolri.

Police Box - is a British telephone kiosk or callbox located in a public place for the use of members of the
police, or for members of the public to contact the police. Most are disused at present with the advent of
two way radio and mobile phones.

Polis Diraja - the Royal Malaysia police.

RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.

RA 9208 - The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.

RA 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

RA 9372 - Human Security Act of 2007.

RA 9995 - Anti-Photo and Voyeurism Act of 2009.

Schupo - (Schutzpolizei), the state level police of the German States.

Taliban - means "students", is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan.

Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political
aims.

Transnational Crime - It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice
study in recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the
United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in
more than one country.

      Types of Court Systems of the World

1. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven innocent.

Vetting - is the process of performing a background check on someone to ensure that they are suitable for
a job requiring secrecy, loyalty, or trustworthiness.

Well Known Organized Crime Group

1. Russian Mafia - Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60 countries worldwide. They have
been involved in racketeering,fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder.

2. La Cosa Nostra - Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia.The most prominent organized
crime group in the world from the1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved in violence, arson,
bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and judicial
corruption.

3. Yakuza - Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals activities,including

human trafficking, gambling  prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.

4. FukChing - Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been involved in smuggling,
street violence, and human trafficking.

5. Triads - Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus
routes and are often involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.

6. Heijin - Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They are often involved
in white collar crimes,such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office.

7. Jao Pho - Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal political and business
activity.

8. Red Wa - Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and trafficking
methamphetamine.

“What you were yesterday is what you are today, what you are today is what you will be in the future.”
Sir cueno, 2015