Header files and their functions.

cmath:
The <cmath> header file declares a set of functions to perform mathematical
operations.
Method Description

C++ abs() returns absolute value of an argument

C++ acos() Returns Inverse cosine a Number

C++ acosh() returns hyperbolic cosine of a number

C++ asin() Returns Inverse Sine a Number

C++ asinh() returns arc hyperbolic sine of a number

C++ atan() Returns Inverse tangent a Number

C++ atan2() Returns Inverse Tangent of a Coordinate

C++ atanh() returns arc hyperbolic tangent of a number

C++ cbrt() Computes Cube Root of a Number

C++ ceil() Return ceiling value of number

C++ copysign() returns num with value of first and sign of second

C++ cos() Returns Cosine of the Argument

C++ cosh() Returns Hyperbolic Cosine of an Angle

C++ exp() returns exponential (e) raised to a number

C++ exp2() Returns 2 raised to a Number

C++ expm1() Returns e raised to Power Minus 1

C++ fabs() returns absolute value of argument

C++ fdim() Returns Positive Different Between Arguments

C++ floor() Returns floor value of decimal number

C++ fma() Returns Fused Multiply–Accumulate

C++ fmax() returns largest among two arguments passed

C++ fmin() returns smallest among two given arguments

C++ fmod() Computes floating point remainder of division

C++ frexp() breaks float to its binary significand

C++ hypot() Returns Square Root of sum of square of Arguments

C++ ilogb() returns integral part of logarithm of |x|

C++ ldexp() returns product of x and 2 raised to the power e

C++ llrint() Rounds argument using current rounding mode

C++ llround() Rounds argument to nearest long long int value

C++ log() Returns Natural Logarithm of a Number

C++ log10() Returns Base 10 Logarithm of a Number

C++ log1p() returns natural logarithm of x+1.

C++ log2() returns base2 logarithm of a number

C++ logb() returns logarithm of |x|

C++ lrint() Rounds argument using current rounding mode

C++ lround() Returns the long int value nearest to the argument
C++ modf() Breaks Number Into Integral and Fractional Part

C++ nan() returns a quiet NaN value

C++ nearbyint() Rounds argument to using current rounding mode

C++ nextafter() returns next value after x in direction of y

C++ nexttoward() returns next value after x in direction of y

C++ pow() Computes Power a Number

C++ remainder() Returns remainder of x/y

C++ remquo() Computer remainder and stores quotient of x/y

C++ rint() Rounds argument using current rounding mode

C++ round() Returns integral value nearest to argument

C++ scalbln() Scales x by FLT_RADIX to the power n

C++ scalbn() Scales x by FLT_RADIX to the power n

C++ sin() Returns Sine of the Argument

C++ sinh() returns hyperbolic sine of an angle

C++ sqrt() Computes Square Root of A Number

C++ tan() Returns Tangent of the Argument

C++ tanh() returns hyperbolic tangent of an angle

C++ trunc() Truncates the decimal part of a number

cstdlib:

The <cstdlib> header file declares a set of general purpose functions such as: atof()
to convert string to Double.

Method Description

C++ abs() returns absolute value of an integer

C++ atexit() registers function to be called on termination

C++ atof() Converts String to Double

C++ atol() Converts String to Integer

C++ at_quick_exit() registers function and calls on quick

termination

C++ bsearch() performs binary search on sorted array

C++ calloc() allocates block of memory and initializes to

zero

C++ div() computes integral quotient and remainder of

number

C++ free() deallocates a block of memory

C++ getenv() returns pointer to environment variable passed

C++ labs() returns absolute value of long or long int

number

C++ ldiv() computes integral division of long int numbers

C++ llabs() returns absolute value of a long long int data

C++ lldiv() computes integral division of two long long int.

C++ malloc() allocates a block of unitialized memory

C++ mblen() determines size of a multibyte character

C++ mbstowcs() converts multibyte char string to wide char seq

C++ mbtowc() converts multibyte character to a wide character

C++ qsort() sorts array using quick-sort algorithm

C++ quick_exit() causes termination without cleaning resources

C++ realloc() reallocates a block of previously allocated

memory

C++ srand() seeds pseudo random number for rand()

C++ strtod() returns string float to double

C++ strtol() Converts a string to number

C++ strtoll() converts string to long long int in C++

C++ strtoull() converts string to unsigned long long int

C++ wcstombs() converts wide character string to multibyte seq

C++ wctomb() converts wide character to a multibyte character

C++ _Exit() causes termination without cleanup tasks

iostream:

Header that defines the standard input/output stream objects.

Narrow characters (char)

cin - Standard input stream (object)
cout - Standard output stream (object)
cerr - Standard output stream for errors (object)
clog - Standard output stream for logging (object)

Wide characters (wchar_t)

wcin - Standard input stream (wide) (object)
wcout - Standard output stream (wide) (object)
wcerr - Standard output stream for errors (wide-oriented) (object)
wclog - Standard output stream for logging (wide) (object)

cstring
This header file defines several functions to manipulate C strings and arrays.

Method Description

C++ memchr() searches for character in string

C++ memcmp() compares two pointer objects

C++ memcpy() copies block of memory from source to destination

C++ memmove() copies memory even if there is overlapping blocks

C++ memset() copies character to beginning of string n times

C++ strcat() appends copy of string to end of another string

C++ strchr() searches for character in string

C++ strcmp() compare two strings

C++ strcoll() compares two null terminated string

C++ strcpy() copies character string from source to destination

C++ strcspn() searches a string for characters in another string

C++ strerror() gives description of system error code

C++ strlen() returns length of given string

C++ strncat() appends string to end of another string

C++ strncmp() compares two strings lexicographically

C++ strncpy() copies character string from source to destination

C++ strpbrk() search characters in one string in another string

C++ strrchr() searches last occurence of a character in string

C++ strspn() gives length of maximum initial segment

C++ strstr() finds first occurrence of a substring in string

C++ strtok() split string based on delimiter

C++ strxfrm() transform byte string into implementation def form

cctype:
The <cctype> header file declares a set of functions to classify (and transform)
individual characters.

Method Description

C++ isalpha() checks if given character is alphabet or not

C++ isblank() checks if given character is a blank character

C++ iscntrl() checks if given character is control character

C++ isdigit() checks if given character is a digit or not

C++ isgraph() checks if given character is graphic or not

C++ islower() checks if given character is lowercase

C++ isprint() check if given character is printable or not

C++ ispunct() check if given character is punctuation

character

C++ isspace() check if given character is whitespace

character

C++ isupper() check if given character is uppercase or not

C++ isxdigit() checks if given character is hexadecimal

character

C++ tolower() converts a given character to lowercase

C++ toupper() converts a given character to uppercase

csignal:
The <csignal> header file declares two functions signal() and raise() to handle
signals. A signal can report some exceptional behavior within the program, or a
signal can report some asynchronous event outside the program.
Method Description

C++ raise() sends signal to the program

C++ signal() sets error handler for specified signal

clocale:
The <clocale> header file declares a set of functions and a type for
internationalization support tasks such as date/time formatting, monetary
formatting etc.
Method Description

C++ localeconv() returns current locale formatting rules

C++ setlocale() sets locale information for the current program

cwctype:
The <cwctype> header file declares a set of functions for classifying (and
transforming) individual wide characters.

Method Description

C++ iswalnum() checks if given wide character is alphanumeric

C++ iswalpha() checks if given wide character is an alphabet

C++ iswblank() checks if given wide character is blank character

C++ iswcntrl() checks if given wide char is control character

C++ iswctype() checks if given wide char has certain property

C++ iswdigit() checks if given wide character is digit or not

C++ iswgraph() checks if wide char has graphical representation

C++ iswlower() checks if given wide character is lowercase

C++ iswprint() checks if given wide character can be printed

C++ iswpunct() checks if given wide character is punctuation

C++ iswspace() checks if given wide character is wide whitespace

C++ iswupper() checks if given wide character is uppercase

C++ iswxdigit() checks if given wide character is hexadecimal num

C++ towctrans() transforms a given wide character

C++ towlower() converts given wide character to lowercase

C++ towupper() converts given wide character to uppercase

C++ wctrans() returns current transformation for wide character

C++ wctype() returns wide character classification

cstdio:
The <cstdio> header file includes several types macros and functions of C-style
input/output library.

Method Description
C++ clearerr() resets error flags and EOF indicator for stream

C++ fclose() closes given file stream

C++ feof() function checks if file stream EOF has been reached or not

C++ ferror() checks for errors in given stream

C++ fflush() flushes any buffered data to the respective device

C++ fgetc() reads the next character from given input stream

C++ fgetpos() gets current file position

C++ fgets() reads n number of characters from file stream

C++ fopen() opens specified file

C++ fprintf() write a formatted string to file stream

C++ fputc() writes character to given output stream

C++ fputs() writes string to file stream

C++ fread() reads specified no. of characters from stream

C++ freopen() opens a new file with stream associated to another

C++ fscanf() read data from file stream

C++ fseek() sets file position indicator for given file stream

C++ fsetpos() sets stream file pointer to given position

C++ ftell() returns current position of file pointer

C++ fwrite() writes specified number of characters to stream

C++ getc() reads next character from input stream

C++ getchar() reads next character from stdin

C++ gets() reads line from stdin

C++ perror() prints error to stderr

C++ printf() write formatted string to stdout

C++ putc() writes character to given output stream

C++ putchar() writes a character to stdout

C++ puts() writes string to stdout

C++ remove() deletes the specified file

C++ rename() renames or moves specified file

C++ rewind() sets file position to beginning of stream

C++ scanf read data form stdin

C++ setbuf() sets the internal buffer to be used for I/O

C++ setvbuf() change or specify buffering mode and buffer size

C++ snprintf() write formatted string to character string buffer

C++ sprintf() write a formatted string to buffer

C++ sscanf() read data from string buffer

C++ tmpfile() creates temporary file with auto-generated name

C++ tmpnam() generates unique filename

C++ ungetc() push previously read character back to the stream

C++ vfprintf() write formatted string to file stream

C++ vfscanf() read data from a file stream

C++ vprintf() printf but takes args from vlist instead

C++ vscanf() read data from stdin

C++ vsnprintf() write formatted string to string buffer

C++ vsprintf() write formatted string to a string buffer

C++ vsscanf() read data from a string buffer

cwchar:
The <cwchar> header file declares a set of functions to work with C wide character
string (a computer character datatype that generally has a size greater than the
traditional 8-bit character).

Method Description

C++ btowc() converts character to its wide character

C++ fgetwc() reads next wide character from given input stream

C++ fgetws() reads specified num of wide characters from stream

C++ fputwc() writes wide character to the given output stream

C++ fputws() writes wide string except null wide char to output

C++ fwide() set or query orientation of given file stream

C++ fwprintf() write formatted wide string to a file stream

C++ fwscanf() reads wide character from file stream

C++ getwc() reads next wide character from input stream

C++ getwchar() reads next wide character from stdin

C++ mbrlen() determines size in bytes of a multibyte character

C++ mbrtowc() converts narrow multibyte char to wide char

C++ mbsinit() describe initial conversion state of mbstate_t obj

C++ mbsrtowcs() convert narrow multibyte char seq to wide char seq

C++ putwc() writes wide character to the given output stream

C++ putwchar() writes wide character to stdout

C++ swprintf() write formatted wide string to wide string buffer

C++ swscanf() reads wide character from wide string buffer

C++ ungetwc() push previously read wide character back to stream

C++ vfwprintf() write formatted wide string to a file stream

C++ vfwscanf() read wide character string from a file stream

C++ vswprintf() write formatted wide string to wide string buffer

C++ vswscanf() read wide character string from wide string buffer

C++ vwprintf() write formatted wide string to stdout

C++ vwscanf() read wide character from stdin

C++ wcrtomb() convert wide character to its narrow multibyte rep

C++ wcscat() appends copy of wide string to the end of another

C++ wcschr() searches for a wide character in a wide string

C++ wcscmp() lexicographically compares two wide string

C++ wcscoll() compares two null terminated wide string

C++ wcscpy() copies wide character string from source to dest

C++ wcscspn() returns number of wide char before first occurence

C++ wcsftime() converts given date and time to wide character str

C++ wcslen() returns length of the given wide string

C++ wcsncat() appends specified num of wide char to another str

C++ wcsncmp() compares specified number of wide char of strings

C++ wcsncpy() copies specified number of wide characters

C++ wcspbrk() searches for set of wide char in given wide string

C++ wcsrchr() searches last occurrence of wide char in string

C++ wcsrtombs() convert wide char seq to narrow multibyte char seq

C++ wcsspn() returns length of maximum initial segment

C++ wcsstr() finds first occurrence of wide substring in a str

C++ wcstod() converts wide string float number to double

C++ wcstof() converts wide string float number to float

C++ wcstok() returns next token in null terminated wide string

C++ wcstol() converts wide string float number to long int

C++ wcstold() converts wide string float number to long double

C++ wcstoll() converts wide string of specified base to int

C++ wcstoul() converts wide str of given base to unsigned long

C++ wcstoull() converts wide string num to unsigned long long

C++ wcsxfrm() transforms wide string to implementation defined

C++ wctob() converts wide character to single byte character

C++ wmemchr() searches for first occurrence of wide char

C++ wmemcmp() compares wide chars of two wide strings

C++ wmemcpy() copies specified num of wide char from src to dest

C++ wmemmove() moves wide chars from src to dest

C++ wmemset() copies single wide char for a certain num of time

C++ wprintf() write formatted wide string to stdout

C++ wscanf() reads wide character from stdin

cuchar:
The <cuchar> header file declares a set of functions to convert between multibyte
characters and UTF-16 or UTF-32.

It also contains two macros __STDC_UTF_16__, and __STDC_UTF_32__.

Method Description

C++ c16rtomb() converts 16 bit char to narrow multibyte char

C++ c32rtomb() converts 32 bit char to narrow multibyte char

C++ mbrtoc16() converts narrow multibyte char to 16 bit char

C++ mbrtoc32() converts narrow multibyte char to 32 bit char

csetjmp:
The <csetjmp> header file declares longjmp(), setjmp() and a type jmp_buf which
are used to deviate program from the usual subroutine call and return sequence
(non-local jumps).

Method Description
C++ longjmp() and setjmp() restores previously saved environment

cfenv:

The <cfenv> declares a set of functions to work with floating-point environment.

The floating point environment is a set of status flags, and control modes of a
floating-point.

Method Description

C++ feclearexcept() attempts to clear floating point exception flags

C++ fegetenv() store status of floating point env in an object

C++ fegetexceptflag() gets floating point exception flags

C++ fegetround() gets round direction mode

C++ feholdexcept() saves and clear floating point status flags

C++ feraiseexcept() raises floating point exceptions specified

C++ fesetenv() set floating point environment

C++ fesetexceptflag() sets given floating point exceptions to the env

C++ fesetround() set rounding direction

C++ fetestexcept() tests floating point exception

C++ feupdateenv() updates floating point environment

ctime:

A call to ctime(time) is a combination of asctime() and localtime() functions, as

asctime(localtime(time)).

It is defined in <ctime> header file.

ctime() prototype
char* ctime(const time_t* time_ptr);

The ctime() function takes a pointer to time_t object as its parameter and returns a
text representation of the form:

Www Mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy

ctime() time representation

Type Description Values

Www 3 letter day of week Mon to Sun

Mmm 3 letter month name Jan to Dec

dd 2 digit day of month 00 to 31

hh 2 digit hour 00 to 23

mm 2 digit minute 00 to 59

ss 2 digit second 00 to 59
yyyy 4 digit year 4 digit year