C++ - a programming language

Compilers
- Computers understand only 0101010…. (machine or
binary code)
- We write code in a programming language
- So, we need to use a compiler to translate our
programming language code to the 010101.. (binary
or machine code) form
- Compiler also checks for errors and tells you, if there
is any error, along with the line number, in which the
error is present

Which compiler can we use?

- Geany IDE or CodeBlocks
- or Online IDEs
1. https://csacademy.com/workspace/
2. https://ideone.com/
- or Mobile App (Search on Playstore for C++ compiler)
(Prefer mobile app, only when you can’t access a
laptop or PC)
- For setting up compiler, view instructions at this link:
https://tinyurl.com/codeism-2024-cpp-setup
Structure of code in C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// You write your code here
return 0;
}

Meaning of these lines :

(It’s completely okay, if you can’t understand the meaning
much, you will understand those, after learning some
basics concepts of the language)

1. #include <bits/stdc++.h>
// This line imports all the standard
// necessary libraries

2. using namespace std;

// Just, an indication to the compiler, that we
// will use the standard functions
 3. int main()
// main() function is the entry point function
of our program
// Our program will start running from the
main() function always
// main() is a compulsory function() and
required in every C++ program
4. return 0;
// We return 0 from main() function to indicate
that our program ended error-free

5. In C++, every statement should end with a

semicolon (;)
[Similar to full-stop (.) in English language
or | in Hindi]
6. In C++, capital letters (A,B,C) are
different from small letters (a,b,c). (So,
C++ is a case sensitive language)
Output
- Output means to display something on the
screen, in our program
- We use cout with << operator (Output
operator or insertion operator)
Eg. cout<<88;
 - We use the term string for english
sentences or words
Suppose I want to print a string
cout<<"Hello CodeISM";

- You can also combine multiple outputs using

<< (Output operator)
Eg. cout<<"Hello CodeISM "<<2024;

- You can also write something on the next

line using '\n' (Newline character)
Eg.
cout<<'\n'<<"Welcome";

- We use {} (curly brackets or braces) for

enclosing similar things in one group

- Caution: You can also use cout<<endl; to

print on the next line but it is slow
compared to ‘\n’ (It is slow because it
flushes the buffer everytime it is used)
Difference between ‘a’ and “a”
- Single inverted comma is always used for 1
single character. Eg. cout<<’a’;
- Double inverted comma is used for strings
Eg. cout<<”Hello world”;
 Variables

- Consider variables as a box, where some

value is stored.
- Value of variable can be changed

Syntax for declaring a variable:

<data-type> <name-of-variable> ;

Eg. int temp;

// Computer will give some memory to a box
// named “temp”

- For naming a variable, follow these rules:

1. Variable name shouldn’t start with a
number
2. Variables should not contain space.
Instead use underscore.
int abc def; // error : Incorrect name of
//variable
3. Variables should not use any reserved
name . Like int
 - You can also give a value to a variable
using =
Eg.
1. int temp=8;
2. int temp;
temp=8;
// Computer will give some memory to a box
// named “temp” and give it a value 8.

Program to add 2 numbers

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a=4;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
cout<<c;
return 0;
}
Input

- For input, use cin and >> (Input

operator or extraction operator)
Eg. int num;
cin >> num;
Program using user-input to multiply 2
numbers

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int a,b,result;
cout<<"Enter first number:";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter second number:";
cin>>b;
result=a*b;
cout<<"Answer is: "<<result<<'\n';
return 0;
}
Program to use multiple inputs in same line

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int a,b,result;
cout<<"Enter 2 numbers:";
cin>>a>>b;
result=a*b;
cout<<"Answer is: "<<'\n'<<result;
return 0;
}

Data Types

1. int // integer
Range of integer in C++ is -2^31 to +2^31
(-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
2. long int // long integer
Range increases
3. long long int // long long integer
Range is -10^(18) to +10^(18)
Exact range of long long int
(No need to remember this. Just remember
approx range from above)
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807

4. float // for fractional / decimal values

Eg. float pi=3.14159;
// Float has less precision

5. double // Also used for

fractional/decimal values,has greater
precision than ‘float’
6. long double // Also used for
fractional/decimal values, highest
precision for decimal values
7. string // for english words or sentences
string str = “Hello everyone”;
cout<<str;
8. char // for single character
Eg. char ch=’p’;
cout<<ch;
 Program to print double of a decimal
(fractional) number
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float abc;
cin>>abc;
cout<<abc*2;
return 0;
}

Program to print double of a decimal

(fractional) number without user input
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
long double abc=23.2929;
cout<<abc*2;
return 0;
}
Program to print a word taken from user

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string str;
cin>>str;
cout<<"str="<<str<<'\n';
return 0;
}

// Try giving “Hello world” as input in your

screen with above program

- Input Operator (>>) will stop at spaces

(or any invisible character like Enter key)
Program to print 2 words taken from user

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
 string str,str2;
cin>>str>>str2;
cout<<"words are "<<str<<" "<<str2<<'\n';
return 0;
}

Program to take 1 full line as input

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
string str;
getline(cin,str);
cout<<"Full sentence is "<<str;
return 0;
}

Constants

- Just has a constant value. You will get an

error if you try to change the value of a
constant.
- Use const for declaring a constant
Eg.
const int abc=0;
const float pi=3.14;

#Functions in C++ -
- A function is a group of statements that together perform a task.
- A function may take some inputs (or arguments) and may or may not
return a value.
Like a sin(x) function may return a float value but a function which just
prints something, may not return a value

Syntax of function definition

(Used when you need to create your own function)

[return type] [function name] (inputs)

{
.
.
All the tasks you wanna perform;
.
.

Finally return the value( If any );

}
Examples:-

1. Function to return the sum of 2 integers

 int Add(int firstNum, int secondNum) {

int sum = firstNum + secondNum;

return sum;
}

2. Function to print the info of a student.

void PrintInfo(string name,int age,double height)

{
cout<<"My name is:"<<name<<endl;
cout<<"My age is:"<<age<<endl;
cout<<"My height is:"<<height<<"\n";
}
// Why return type of this function is void ?
// Because this function doesn’t return anything. Simple

When to use a void function?

- When your function performs a task but it doesn’t
need to return a value (or when it doesn’t need a
value to be used somewhere else)
- Like, you went to a cinema hall, watched a movie,
but after returning, you didn’t bring anything
from there. i.e. You performed a task but didn’t
 need to remember a value for later use
- Similarly, in C++, you may want to print
something but not return a value, so you will use
a void function in that case.
Calling a function
- Once a function is defined (or created) as above,
you can call the function inside any other
function like the main() function, to execute it.
- While calling a function, you can simply pass the
inputs (or arguments) to it using () (round
brackets or parentheses).
Examples:-

1. Calling the above Add() function to add

3 and 8 to print the answer on the screen

int ans = Add(3,8);

cout<<ans;

2. Calling the above PrintInfo() function

to print some information

PrintInfo("Chirag", 18, 6.0);

 Complete code to print the info. using
function

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void PrintInfo(string name,int age,double height)

{
cout<<"My name is :"<<name<<endl;
cout<<"My age is: "<<age<<endl;
cout<<"My height is: "<<height<< "\n";
}

int main()
{
string name;
int age;
double height;
cin>>name;
cin>>age;
cin>>height;

PrintInfo(name,age,height); //Function Call

PrintInfo(“Chirag”, 18, 6.0);

 //You may also call the function like this, It is hard-coded.

return 0;
}

Homework Questions :
1. Write a program to print the cube of a number (take user
input)
2. Write a program to take a temperature in degree Celsius and
print the equivalent temperature in degree Fahrenheit.
3. Write a program to take the radius of a circle as input and
print the area and perimeter of the circle in different lines
4. Write a program to take a First Name and Last Name of a
user and print the full name. Also take college name (with
spaces) as input and print it.
5. Implement your own subtraction, multiplication, and division
functions which take two numbers as an input and return the
answer after performing the given task.
6. Write a program to swap the value of 2 variables.
[ Hint: Maybe, using a third variable helps? ]
7. Write a program to swap the value of 2 variables without
using any 3rd variable
8. Write a program using a function to swap the values of 2
variables using a function. The values swapped inside the
function, should also be swapped outside that function.
9. Write a program to return the remainder when a number is
divided by another (Take both numbers as input)

Solution of Q.4
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

/*
Write a program to take a First Name and Last Name of a user
and print the full name.
Also take college name (with spaces) as input and print it.
*/

int main()
{
string fname;
string lname;
cout<<" Enter first name: ";
cin>> fname;
cout<<" Enter last name: ";
cin>>lname;
cout<<"Full name is : "<<fname<<" "<<lname<<'\n';
string college;
cout<<" Enter college name: ";
getline(cin, college);
getline(cin, college); // getline stops reading input when
"Enter key" is pressed
cout<<"College name is :"<<college;
return 0;
}
6.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

/*
Swap 2 variables.
*/

int main()
{
// = operator moves RHS value to LHS
int a=3;
int b=5;
int t;
cout<<"Earlier values \n";
cout<< a<< " "<< b;
t = b;
b = a;
 a = t;
cout<<"Values now \n";
cout<<a<<" "<<b;
return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

/*
Swap 2 variables without a third new variable.
*/

int main()
{
// = operator moves RHS value to LHS
int a=3;
int b=5;
cout<<a<<" "<<b<<'\n';
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
cout<<a<<" "<<b<<'\n';

return 0;
}