Strong bases completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solution
Eg. NaOH Na+(aq) + OH ̄(aq)
Strong acids/bases have high electrical conductivity in solution due to high concentration of ions. They react rapidly with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides etc. Their conjugate bases/acids are weak.
www.mrwengibchemistry.com
Strong bases completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solution
Eg. NaOH Na+(aq) + OH ̄(aq)
Strong acids/bases have high electrical conductivity in solution due to high concentration of ions. They react rapidly with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides etc. Their conjugate bases/acids are weak.
www.mrwengibchemistry.com
Strong bases completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solution
Eg. NaOH Na+(aq) + OH ̄(aq)
Strong acids/bases have high electrical conductivity in solution due to high concentration of ions. They react rapidly with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides etc. Their conjugate bases/acids are weak.
www.mrwengibchemistry.com
Strong bases completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solution
Eg. NaOH Na+(aq) + OH ̄(aq)
Strong acids/bases have high electrical conductivity in solution due to high concentration of ions. They react rapidly with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides etc. Their conjugate bases/acids are weak.
www.mrwengibchemistry.com
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Higher level 8.1 Theories of acids and bases OBJECTIVES
• A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a proton/H+ donor and a Brønsted–
Lowry base is a proton/H+ acceptor. • Amphiprotic species can act as both Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases. • A pair of species differing by a single proton is called a conjugate www.mrwengibchemistry.com acid-base pair. • Deduction of the Brønsted–Lowry acid and base in a chemical reaction. • Deduction of the conjugate acid or conjugate base in a chemical reaction. NOS: Acid-Base Hypothesis • Greeks classifying substances based on taste – sweet, salty, sour.... • Alkalis were known to neutralize the sour taste • 1777 Antoine Lavoiser burnt phosphorus and www.mrwengibchemistry.com sulfur with oxygen. These compounds were acidic when dissolved in water. Therefore acids contain oxygen. Created the word oxygen: Oxys = sour, genes = born in Greek. • 1809 Humphry Davy questioned this as HCl, H2S, H2Te were acidic with no oxygen. Key – Best hypothesis is the one with the most predictive power • Arrhenius proposed that salts form ions in solution even without an electric current. Hence acids were possibly substances that released H+ ions, and bases released OH- ions. But this did not explain outside of aqueous solutions or for bases www.mrwengibchemistry.com that did not have an –OH group. • Bronsted and Lowry – acid is a H+ donor, base is a H+ acceptor. NH3 can now be explained as a base. • Lewis using his dot structures defined acids as an electron pair acceptor, and a base as an electron pair donor. BF3 + NH3 can now be explained. Learning check - match • Phosphorus and sulfur • Lewis oxides make acids • HCl does not contain oxygen • Lavosier www.mrwengibchemistry.com • Acids give off H+ ions • Acid is a H+ donor, base is • Davy a H+ acceptor • Acids are electron pair • Bronsted and Lowry acceptors and and bases are electron pair donors • Arrhenius 1 of 3. Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Acid – produce H+ ions (or
hydronium ions H3O+) eg. HCl
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Arrhenius Base – produce OH- ions eg. NaOH
(Problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!)
2 of 3. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bonsted-Lowry Acid – proton donor eg. H2O
Bronsted-Lowry Base – proton acceptor eg. NH3
www.mrwengibchemistry.com A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s electron! A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Base – conjugate acid pair conjugate conjugate base acid acid base Acid – conjugate base pair The Brønsted definition means NH3 is a BASE in water — and water is itself an ACID NH3 + H 2O NH4+ + OH - Base Acid Acid Base www.mrwengibchemistry.com Conjugate Pairs
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Amphoteric – can act as either an acid or a base eg. Al2O3 as a base: Al2O3 + 6 HCl —> 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O Al2O3 as an acid: Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3 H2O —> NaAl(OH)4
Amphiprotic – a type of amphoteric substance that
specifically can act as either an acid or base by accepting or donating hydrogen ions eg. water, diprotic acids
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Learning Check! Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in each reaction:
HCl + OH - Cl- + H O www.mrwengibchemistry.com 2
H2O + H2SO4 HSO4- + H3O+
8.2 Properties of acids and bases OBJECTIVES
• Most acids have observable characteristic chemical reactions
with reactive metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, hydrogen carbonates and carbonates. • Salt and water are produced in exothermic neutralization reactions. www.mrwengibchemistry.com • Balancing chemical equations for the reaction of acids. • Identification of the acid and base needed to make different salts. • Candidates should have experience of acid-base titrations with different indicators. Properties of Acids • Often produce H+ in water (also written as the hydronium ion H3O+ which is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) • Taste sour • Corrode metals • Electrolytes • www.mrwengibchemistry.com React with bases (metal hydroxides) to form a salt, water • React with carbonates to form salt, water, CO2 • React with metals/metal oxides to form salt, H2 • pH is less than 7 • Turns blue litmus paper red, phenolphthalein colourless, methyl orange red Key reactions 1. Acid + base salt + water
Eg. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
*Base can be a metal hydroxide, or a metal oxide.
www.mrwengibchemistry.com 2. Acid + metal salt + hydrogen
Eg. HCl + Mg MgCl2 + H2 (unbalanced)
3. Acid + metal carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide
Eg. HCl + Na2CO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2 (unbalanced)
Acid Nomenclature Flowchart ACIDS start with 'H'
2 elements 3 elements
www.mrwengibchemistry.com hydro- prefix no hydro- prefix -ic ending
www.mrwengibchemistry.com • H CO carbonic acid 2 3
• H2SO3 sulfurous acid
Properties of Bases • Often produce OH- ions in water • Taste bitter • Are electrolytes • Feel soapy, slippery • React with acids to form salts and water • pH greater than 7 www.mrwengibchemistry.com • Turns red litmus paper blue, phenolphthalein pink, methyl orange yellow • An alkali is a base that dissolves in water 8.3 The pH scale OBJECTIVES
• pH = − log[H+(aq)] and [H+] = 10−pH.
• A change of one pH unit represents a 10-fold change in the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. • pH values distinguish between acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions. www.mrwengibchemistry.com • The ionic product constant, Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10−14 at 298 K. • Solving problems involving pH, [H+] and [OH-]. • Students should be familiar with the use of a pH meter and universal indicator. The pH scale is a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases. Instead of using very small numbers, we just use the NEGATIVE power of 10 on the Molarity of the H+ (or OH-) ion.
www.mrwengibchemistry.com pH 1 is 10 times stronger than pH 2 pH 1 is 100 times stronger than pH 3 etc…
Under 7 = acid 7 = neutral Over 7 = base Calculating pH pH = - log10 [H+(aq)]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in mol dm-3
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Working backwards:
[H+ (aq)] = antilog (-pH)
Or
[H+] = 10-pH Ionic product constant of water - Kw Water undergoes very slight ionisation ... H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH¯(aq)
[H+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)] Applying the equilibrium law: Kc [H2O(l)]
As the dissociation is small, the water concentration is very large compared
with the dissociated ions and any changes to its value are insignificant; its concentration can be regarded as constant. www.mrwengibchemistry.com This “constant” is combined with (Kc) to get a new constant (Kw). At 25°C:
Because the constant is based on an equilibrium, Kw VARIES WITH
TEMPERATURE
Also note: pKw = 14 = pH + pOH
Kw variation with temperature www.mrwengibchemistry.com • Kw gets larger as the temperature increases • this means the concentration of H+ and OH¯ ions gets greater • this means the equilibrium has moved to the right • if the concentration of H+ increases then the pH decreases • pH decreases as the temperature increases
Because the equation moves to the right as the temperature goes up, it must be an ENDOTHERMIC process Problem 1: Calculate the pH of 0.02M HCl? HCl H+ + Cl¯ [H+] = 0.02M = 2x10-2 mol dm-3 pH = - log [H+] = 1.7 www.mrwengibchemistry.com Problem 2: Calculate the pH of 0.1M NaOH? NaOH Na+ + OH¯ [OH¯] = 0.1M = 1x 10-1 mol dm-3
• Strong and weak acids and bases differ in the extent of
ionization. • Strong acids and bases of equal concentrations have higher conductivities than weak acids and bases. • A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate www.mrwengibchemistry.com base. • A strong base is a good proton acceptor and has a weak conjugate acid. • Distinction between strong and weak acids and bases in terms of the rates of their reactions with metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal hydrogen carbonates and metal carbonates and their electrical conductivities for solutions of equal concentrations. In a nutshell: A strong acid or base is one that completely dissociates in water. Eg. HCl H+ + Cl- www.mrwengibchemistry.com <1% >99% Strong acids/bases Strong acids completely dissociate (split up) into ions in aqueous solution
Weak acids/bases Weak acids partially dissociate into ions in aqueous solution Eg. ethanoic acid CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO¯(aq) + H+(aq)
Can also be written as:
HA(aq) + H2O(l) A¯(aq) + H3O+(aq) or HA(aq) A¯(aq) + H+(aq) www.mrwengibchemistry.com Weak bases partially dissociate into ions in aqueous solution
Eg. NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH¯(aq)
Note the arrow indicates PARTIAL DISSOCIATION
Determining weak/strong, acids/bases experimentally • A weak acid has a higher pH than a strong acid of equal concentration • A weak acid does not conduct electricity as well as a strong acid www.mrwengibchemistry.com • A weak acid reacts more slowly than a strong acid eg. acid + metal H2 Examples to be learnt - weak/strong, acids/bases Strong acids: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid Weak acids: carboxylic acids (eg. ethanoic acid is vinegar), carbonic acid www.mrwengibchemistry.com Strong bases: group 1 hydroxides (eg. NaOH), barium hydroxide Weak bases: ammonia and amines Learning check: Weak or strong, acid or base?
Ammonia NH4+ Weak base
Hydrochloric acid HCl Strong acid
www.mrwengibchemistry.com Potassium hydroxide KOH Strong base
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Weak base
8.5 Acid deposition OBJECTIVES
• Rain is naturally acidic because of dissolved CO2 and has a pH of
5.6. Acid deposition has a lower pH, usually below 5.0. • Acid deposition is formed when nitrogen or sulfur oxides dissolve in water to form HNO3, HNO2, H2SO4 and H2SO3. • Sources of the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and the effects of www.mrwengibchemistry.com acid deposition should be covered. • Balancing the equations that describe the combustion of sulfur and nitrogen to their oxides and the subsequent formation of HNO3, HNO2, H2SO4 and H2SO3. • Distinction between the pre-combustion and post-combustion methods of reducing sulfur oxides emissions. • Deduction of acid deposition equations for acid deposition with reactive metals and carbonates. Acid deposition Carbonic acid from CO2 in the atmosphere makes rain a little acidic naturally:
This can also react further with air, then water to form sulphuric acid:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) Prevention of acid deposition Pre-combustion methods involve crushing and washing coal with water to remove up to 90% of solid sulphur. www.mrwengibchemistry.com Post-combustion methods such as calcium oxide (lime) can remove gaseous sulphur (and other pollutants):
