Process control in continuous production processes uses industrial control systems to manage flexible and complex manufacturing processes under changing economic and regulatory conditions. Control tuning is a key challenge, involving setting optimal gains for proportional, integral, and derivative controllers to achieve desired responses. Feedback control is commonly used, where the controlled variable is measured and used to adjust the manipulated variable. The most practical controllers are proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers. Tuning methods developed by Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon aim to provide stable closed-loop responses with minimal settling time and error.
Process control in continuous production processes uses industrial control systems to manage flexible and complex manufacturing processes under changing economic and regulatory conditions. Control tuning is a key challenge, involving setting optimal gains for proportional, integral, and derivative controllers to achieve desired responses. Feedback control is commonly used, where the controlled variable is measured and used to adjust the manipulated variable. The most practical controllers are proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers. Tuning methods developed by Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon aim to provide stable closed-loop responses with minimal settling time and error.
Process control in continuous production processes uses industrial control systems to manage flexible and complex manufacturing processes under changing economic and regulatory conditions. Control tuning is a key challenge, involving setting optimal gains for proportional, integral, and derivative controllers to achieve desired responses. Feedback control is commonly used, where the controlled variable is measured and used to adjust the manipulated variable. The most practical controllers are proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers. Tuning methods developed by Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon aim to provide stable closed-loop responses with minimal settling time and error.
Process control in continuous production processes uses industrial control systems to manage flexible and complex manufacturing processes under changing economic and regulatory conditions. Control tuning is a key challenge, involving setting optimal gains for proportional, integral, and derivative controllers to achieve desired responses. Feedback control is commonly used, where the controlled variable is measured and used to adjust the manipulated variable. The most practical controllers are proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers. Tuning methods developed by Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon aim to provide stable closed-loop responses with minimal settling time and error.
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INTRODUCTION
Process control in continuous production processes is a combination of control engineering and
chemical engineering disciplines that uses industrial control system as a consequence of global competition, rapidly changing economic conditions, and more stringent environmental and safety regulations. Process control is also a critical concern in the development of more flexible and more complex processes for manufacturing high value added products. One of the complex and difficult in process control is control tuning. Control tuning is the major key issue to operate the plant. Process tuning is a key role in ensuring that the plant performance satisfies the operating objectives.The process of setting the optimal gains for P, I and D to get an ideal response from a control system is also called tuning. Tuning a PID controller is the process of determining the ideal values for Kp, Ki, and Kd in order to achieve the desired response. Before started the tuning, it is general to make various reason and criteria for selecting which controller type will be adequate for which application. In control tuning, feedback control was used. Feedback control is that the controlled variable is measured and the measurement is used to adjust the manipulated variable and the disturbance variable is not measured . This controller is used to make tuning in process control. The selection made on the basis of the general characteristics of the different feedback controllers are the most practical. It has three major type of feedback controller, the controller are proportional controller (P), proportional-integral controller (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID). There are three parameters must be turning to achieve optimum value.The parameters that considered in PID controller are Kc for proportional, τ1 for integral and τD for derivative. Two controller tuning relations were published by Ziegler and Nichols (1942) and Cohen and Coon (1953) are used were develop to provide closed-loop responses that have one-quarter decay ratio with minimum settling time and minimum largest error. LITERATURE REVIEW PID Controller is an acronym of Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller. A PID controller is a standard instrument used in industrial control applications. A PID controller can be used for regulation of speed, temperature, flow, pressure and other process variables. Field mounted PID controllers can be placed close to the sensor or the control monitoring device.A PID controller continuously calculates an error value, E as the difference between a desired set point, SP and a measured process variable, PV and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms. The proportional component depends only on the difference between the set point and the process variable. This difference is referred to as the Error term. The proportional gain (Kc) determines the ratio of output response to the error signal. In general, increasing the proportional gain will increase the speed of the control system response. However, if the proportional gain is too large, the process variable will begin to oscillate. If K c is increased further, the oscillations will become larger and the system will become unstable and may even oscillate out of control.If there is no error, there is no corrective response. P action does not change the order of process. P action does not eliminate offset which is the difference from set point &steady state value, but higher gain reduces the offset. The integral component sums the error term over time. The result is that even a small error term will cause the integral component to increase slowly. The integral response will continually increase over time unless the error is zero, so the effect is to drive the Steady-State error to zero. Steady-State error is the final difference between the process variable and set point. The derivative component causes the output to decrease if the process variable is increasing rapidly. The derivative response is proportional to the rate of change of the process variable. Increasing the derivative time (Td) parameter will cause the control system to react more strongly to changes in the error term and will increase the speed of the overall control system response. Most practical control systems use very small derivative time (Td), because the Derivative Response is highly sensitive to noise in the process variable signal. If the sensor feedback signal is noisy or if the control loop rate is too slow, the derivative response can make the control system unstable
. Two controller tuning relations were published by Ziegler and Nichols and Cohen and Coon are used were developled.There are 2 steps in Ziegler-Nichol Method which is determination of the dynamic characteristics, or personality, of the control loop and estimation of the controller tuning parameters that produce a desired response for the dynamic characteristic determined in the first step, in other words, matching the personality of the controller to that of the other elements in the loop. In this method the dynamic characteristic of the process are represented by the ultimate gain of a proportional controller and the ultimate period of oscillation of the loop. There are several ways to determine what values to used for the proportional, integral, and differential parameters in the controller, and used the Cohen-Coon method is one of the method . By looking at the system’s response to manual step changes without the controller operating, initial values for the PID parameters and then tune them manually are determine REFERENCES
*Abdul Aziz Ishak. (2018). PID Tuning: Self-Study Tutorials & Exercises.
Shah Alam:Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.
*How Do PID Controllers Work: Application & Theory.(2014).Retrieved from Data Track and Process Instruments: http://www.datatrackpi.com/technical-papers/how-do-pid-controllers- work.html.
*K. Singh, P. Vasant, I. Elamvazuthi, and R. Kannan, “ScienceDirect PID Tuning of Servo
Motor using Bat Algorithm-review under responsibility of KES International,”
