+

BKF2343
MATERIAL AND
ENERGY BALANCE

Suriyati Saleh, PhD

2017/2018

Chapter 1b:
Processes and
Process Variables
1
2
Process: Any operation or series of operations by which a
particular objective is achieved.

Inputs Outputs
Process Unit Process Unit
(feed) (product)

WHAT do we want to know about these streams?

Temperature Pressure Chemical composition

Volumetric flow Mass flow

rate rate
+
Topic outcomes
• Determine mass/ mass flow rate, volume/
volumetric flow rate, and mole/ mole flow rate
1 using density and molecular weight.

• Calculate the composition of a mixture in mass

fraction and mole fraction.
2
• Explain the absolute pressure and gauge pressure
and calculate an equivalent temperature in its
3 various units.
+
What are in this topic?

Process Variables

Density,
Specific
Chemical
volume & Flow rate Pressure Temperature
Composition
Specific
Gravity
 +
Density & Specific Volume

Density Specific Volume

mass volume
density( r ) =
.
volume .
specific volume (vˆ ) =
mass

Unit: Unit:
  g cm-3; kg m-3; lbm ft 
-3
cm3 g-1; m3 kg-1; ft3 lbm-1

Densities of pure solids and liquids are

essentially independent of pressure and inverse of density
vary slightly with temperature.
+
Specific Gravity (SG)
 SpecificGravity (SG)- Ratio of the density () of a substance to the
density of a reference (ref) substance at a specific condition:
SG = substance/ref
 SGis a dimensionless. To get the density of a substance, multiply the
SG value to the value of reference density, ref.

1000
1.000 kg m-3 62.43
g cm-3 lbm ft-3
ref
= H2O (l)
(4˚C)
+ Exercise
A liquid has a SG of 0.50. Find
a) Density in g cm-3
0.5 1g
a) ρ = = 0.5 g cm-3
cm 3

b) Density in lbm ft-3

0.5 62.43 lbm
b) ρ = = 31.215 lbm ft-3
ft3
c) Mass of 3 cm3 of this liquid
c) 3 cm3 0.5 1g
= 1.5 g
cm 3

d) Volume occupied by 18 g of this liquid

d) 18 g cm3
= 36 cm3
0.5 g
+
Exercise

An empty 10 gal tank weighs 4.5 lbm. What is the total weight of
the tank plus the water when it is filled with 5 gal of water?
(1 ft3 = 7.4805 gal)

total weight = total water + total tank

total weight = 5 gal 62.43 lbm 1 ft3 + 4.5 lbm

  ft3 7.4805 gal

total weight = 41.73 lbm + 4.5 lbm

total weight = 46.23 lbm

+
Flow rate
 Continuous process involve movement of materials from
one point to another with certain rate.
 Flow rate - the rate at which a material is transported
through a process line.
 Flow rate can be expressed as :
 mass flow rate (mass/time)
 volumetric flow rate (volume/time)
 molar flow rate (mol/time)
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Flow meter
 Flow meter is a device mounted in a process line that
provides a continuous reading of the flow rate in the line.
 Two commonly used flow meter are rotameter and orifice
meter.

rotameter
orifice meter
+ Relationship between mass flow rate 12

and volumetric flow rate

 Mass flow rate and volumetric flow rates of a fluid are not
independent. They are related through the density of the
fluid, ρ.

 The density of a fluid can be used to convert a known

volumetric flow rate of a process stream to the mass flow rate
of that stream or vice versa.
+
Exercise
The specific gravity of gasoline is approximately 0.70. Find:

a) The mass (kg) of 50.0 liters of gasoline

b) The volumetric flow rate in liters/s (l/s) if mass flow rate of
gasoline exiting a refinery tank is 1150kg/min.
+ Pressure
 A pressure is the ratio of a force to the area on which the force acts
(P= F/A).

 Pressure units: N/m2, dynes/cm2, lbf/in2, psi, Pa.

+ Atmospheric, Absolute & Gauge Pressure

 A typical value of the atmospheric pressure at sea level, 760.0 mm Hg,

has been designated as a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere.
 Pressure-measuring devices give gauge pressure of fluid.
 Relationship between absolute pressure and gauge pressure is:


P  P  P
A gauge pressure of zero indicated that theatmopheric
absolute gauge absolute pressure of the
fluid is equal to atmospheric pressure.
 psia and psig: denote absolute and gauge pressure in lbf/in2.
+ Temperature
 Temperature of a substance in a particular state of aggregation
(solid, liquid, or gas) is a measure of the average kinetic energy
possessed by the substance molecules.
 Some temperature measuring devices: thermometer,
thermocouple, pyrometer.
 Temperature conversion equation (page 61):

T  K   T  C   273.15


T  R   T  F   459.67
 

T  R   1.8T  K 


T  F   1.8T  C   32
 
+ Chemical Composition

Moles & MW

Chemical Mass & Moles

ppm & ppb Composition
Fraction

Concentration
+ Chemical Composition
+ Molecular Weight
Atomic • mass of an atom based on carbon
weight of
isotope 12C.
element
Molecular • sum of the atomic weights of atoms
weight of that constitute a molecule of the
compound compound.

 Ifthe molecular weight of a substance is M, then the unit used can be M

g/mol, M kg/kmol or M lbm/lb-mole.

 The molecular weight is used as a conversion factor that

relates the mass and the number of moles of a quantity of a
substance.
+
Moles
 For 1 mol of a substance, its mass in gram is equal to its
molecular weight.
 eg. CO has molecular weight of 28. Hence, for 1 mol of CO, mass
of CO is 28 g. For 1 kmol of CO, mass of CO is 28 kg.

Formula : moles = mass/molecular

weight
 Unit : mol, kmol, lb-mole etc.

 One mole of any species contains 6.02 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number)

molecules of that species.
+ 21

Exercise (different unit of M)

Calculate:
Moles of 34 g ammonia (M=17)

Moles of 50 kg ammonia

Mass of 4.0 lb-moles ammonia

moles = mass/molecular weight

+ 22

Exercise

1) How many mol of CO2 consist in 100 g of CO2 (M of

CO2 =44)?

2) How many mol of C consist in 100 g of CO2 ?

3) How many mol of O2 consist in 100 g of CO2 ?

4) How many gram of O2 consist in 100 g of CO2? (M of

O2= 32)
+ 23

Relationship between mass flow and

molar flow rate

The molecular weight of a species can

be used to relate the mass flow rate of a
continuous stream to the corresponding
molar flow rate.
+ 24

Molar flow rate

a) What is molar flow rate for 100kg/h CO2 (M=44)
fed to the reactor?
(Ans: 2.27 kmol/hr CO2)

b) What is corresponding mass flow rate of 850lb-

moles/min CO2?
(Ans: 37 400 lbm/min CO2)

c) 2.4 kg of chlorine (M= 70) pass into a process

every 3 minutes. Calculate the molar flow rate of
the chlorine in kmol/hr?
(Ans. 0.605 kmol/hr chlorine)
+
Mass and Mole Fractions
 Process streams consist of mixtures of liquids or gases, or solutions of
one or more solutes in a liquid solvents.

 The following terms may be used to define the composition of a mixture

of substances:

 Mass fraction: xA= mass of A/ total mass

Unit: g A/g total, kg A/kg total, lbm A/lbm total
e.g. 20% by mass A (xA= 0.2 kg A/kg solution)

 Mole fraction: yA= moles of A/ total moles

Unit: mol A/mol total, kmol A/kmol total, lb-moles A/lb-mole total
e.g. 15 mole% A (yA= 0.15; 0.15 mol A/mol solution)
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Mass Fraction
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Mole Fraction
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Exercise
 If 100 lbm/min of A (MA=2) and 300 lbm/min of B (MB=3) flow through
pipes, find

a. Total mass flow rate

(400 lbm/min)
b. Total molar flow rate
(150 lb-moles/min)
c. Mass fractions of A and B
0.25 lbm A/lbm; 0.75 lbm B/lbm
d. Mole fractions of A and B
0.333 mole A/mole; 0.667 mole B/mole
+ 29

mass
density(r ) =
volume

moles = mass/molecular weight

Unit for molecular weight??

+ 30

 How many mol of NO2 consist in

200 g of NO2 (M of NO2 =46)?

 What is corresponding mass flow

rate of 350lb-moles/min NO2?
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Average Molecular Weight
 The average molecular weight is mean molecular weight of a mixture
(kg/kmol, lbm/lb-mole, etc.).

 If yi is the mole fraction of the component i of the mixture and Mi is the

molecular weight:
M  y1M1  y2M2  .....  yM i i
all component

 If xi is the mass fraction of the component i of the mixture and Mi is the

molecular weight:

1 x1 x2 xi
 
M M1 M2
 .....  
all component Mi
+ 32

Exercise
Calculate
   the average molecular weight of air:
a) From its approximate molar composition of 79% N2, 21% O2
b) From its approximate composition by mass of 76.6% N2 and 23.3%
O2

Answer:
yN2 = 0.79; yO2 = 0.21

….. ……

M = 29 kg/kmol
+ Exercise: Mass fraction to mole fraction 33

A mixture of gases has the following mass composition:

O2 (M=32) 16%
CO (M=28) 4%
CO2 (M=44) 17%
N2 (M=28) 63%
What is the molar composition?
 4 steps to convert from mass fractions to moles fractions:

Assuming a
Using the known Taking the ratio
mass of the Convert these
mass fractions to of the moles of
mixture as a masses to moles
calculate the each component
basis of mass of each
using their
to the total
calculation (e.g. component in the molecular
number of
100 kg or 100 basis quantity. weights.
moles.
lbm).
+
Solution

Basis: 100g of mixture

Mass
Component Fraction Mass (g) MW Moles Mole Fraction
i xi mi Mi ni yi
O2
CO
CO2
N2
Total
+ Solution

Basis: 100g of mixture

Mass
Component Fraction Mass (g) MW Moles Mole Fraction
i xi mi Mi ni yi
O2 0.16 16 32 0.500 0.152
CO 0.04 4 28 0.143 0.044
CO2 0.17 17 44 0.386 0.118
N2 0.63 63 28 2.250 0.686
Total 1.00 100   3.279 1.000
+ Concentration

mass of A
 Mass concentration,cA  kg/m3
Volume of mixture

 Molar concentration,CA moles of Akmol/m3


Volume of mixture

 Molarity :
moles of A mol/L
Molarity 
Volume of mixture in Liter
 Ex: 0.2 molar aqueous solution of NaOH: 0.2 moles NaOH per 1
Liter solution
+ 37

Concentration
The concentration of a substance in a mixture or
solution can be used as a conversion factor:

1. to relate the mass (or mole) of a component in a

sample of the mixture to the sample volume.

2. to relate the mass (or molar) flow rate of a

component of a continuous stream to total
volumetric flow rate of the stream.
+
Exercise
A 0.50 molar aqueous solution of sulfuric acid flows
into a process unit at a rate of 1.25 m3/min. The SG
of the solution is 1.03. Calculate:
a) the mass concentration of H2SO4 in kg/m3,
b) the mass flow rate of H2SO4 in kg/s and
c) mass flow rate of solution and the mass fraction
of H2SO4.
*Note: MW H2SO4 = 98 g/mol
+ 39
+ Parts per million (ppm)&
Parts per billion (ppb)

 To express the concentrations of trace species in mixtures of gases or

liquids.
 May refer to mass ratios (usually for liquids) or mole ratios (usually
for gases). How many parts (in gram or moles) of the species are
present per million or billion parts of the mixture.

ppmi= yi x 106
ppbi = yi x 109
 15 ppm SO2 in air meaning that:
every million moles of air contains 15 moles of SO2
a.k.a. mole fractions of SO2 in air is 15 x 10-6
+
Topic outcomes
• Determine mass/ mass flow rate, volume/
volumetric flow rate, and mole/ mole flow rate
1 using density and molecular weight.

• Calculate the composition of a mixture in mass

fraction and mole fraction.
2
• Explain the absolute pressure and gauge pressure
and calculate an equivalent temperature in its
3 various units.
+
What are in this topic?

Process Variables

Density &
Chemical
Specific Flow rate Pressure Temperature
Composition
Gravity