LESSON 5

            Practice
Occupational Health and
Safety Procedures

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. identify hazards and risks;

LO 2. evaluate risks and hazards; and
LO 3. control hazards and risks. 

Definition of Terms
 
Ampere - unit of measurement for electric current
Circuit - the path of electric current
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current flow
Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to connect from boxes to
conduits or raceways to the other boxes in the electrical system
Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as flexible non-metallic conduit
or the “moldflex”. Hot wire - a wire through which current flows
Insulator - a plastic, rubber, or asbestos material used to cover electric wires
Kilowatt - a unit of power
Metallic Conduits - metal raceways that was classified into four; rigid steel conduit
(RSC); intermediate metallic conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT); electrical metallic conduit or
tubing (EMC or EMT); and the flexible metallic conduit(FMC)
Non-metallic conduits - plastic conduits or raceways designed to be a channel of wire
that are classified as; rigid non-metallic conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or
CPC, and the surface plastic molding 

Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) - the governing rules and regulations that ensure
safety and fire-free environment
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms.
Threshold limit value (TLV) - a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day
after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects.

Acronyms
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Identify hazards and risks

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
· Workplace hazards and risks are identified and clearly explained.
· Hazards/risks and its corresponding indicators are identified in with the company procedures.
 · Contingency measures are recognized and established in accordance with
 
Information Sheet 1.1
HAZARDS AND RISKS

What is the difference between 'hazard' and 'risk'?

A hazard is something that can cause harm, eg electricity, chemicals, working up a
ladder, noise, a keyboard, a bully at work, stress.
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse
health effect once to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment
loss.
A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.

For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. The risk of personal
danger may be high. Electrical repair is a hazard. If someone accidentally turnedon the
power the worker’s life will be in a 'high-risk' category.

Five Basic Workplace Hazards 

There are five major types of hazards which can put both your health and your safety at
risk.

1. Chemical hazards
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards or job related hazards
5. Psychological hazards or stress
CHEMICAL HAZARD

If you are working with cleaning products, bleaches, paints, and other chemical agents,
you need to understand what a chemical hazard is as well as how to protect yourself.

Chemical hazards include:

Ø  liquids such a cleansers,
Ø  acids, and paints
 Ø  vapours and fumes such as
Ø  welding fumes
Ø  gases such as carbon monoxide
Ø  products that can catch fire or explode

PHYSICAL HAZARDS 

Physical hazards include:

 Machinery
 Electrical power
 Noise
 Power and hand tools
 Working and walking surfaces
 Trip and fall hazards
 Ladders and scaffolds
 Heat and cold
 ventilation

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Why be careful around ticks, mouse droppings, bird poop and wild animals? Because
you might get sick from working around certain animals, including people. Biological
hazards include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans. The risks
run from skin irritation and allergies to infections. 

Dangers can come from

: • unclean restrooms
• mold and fungus
• bacteria
• insect stings
• animal bites
• poorly stored medical waste 

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

If your job is poorly designed, you can develop long term health problems. These
problems can arise from simple things, like working for long periods in an awkward
position or having to make the same motions over and over again. 

Problems can come from:

 lghting
 chairs
 lifting
  repeated movements
 computer screens

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS 
Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an
individual very much to an extent that his general well-being is affected Stress can lead
to long-term health problems. Headaches, anxiety, and impatience are early signs of
stress.Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles
an individual very much to an extent that his general well-being is affected Stress can
lead to long-term health problems. Headaches, anxiety, and impatience are early signs
of stress.

Workplace causes of stress include

• heavy workloads
• lack of control over the pace of work
• shift work
• noise
• working by yourself
• fear of job-loss
• conflict with the employer

What are examples of a hazard?

 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE 
One of the most critical among the hazards that one may encounter is the chemical hazard. Chemical
may produce reactions that may endanger ones health and life. This is the reason why the American
Conference of Governmental Hygienist (ACGIH) established a threshold limit value (tlv). TLV is the term
used by the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists (ACGIH*) to express the airborne
concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse
health effects 

LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Evaluate hazards and risks

Information Sheet 2.1 

What is a risk assessment?
Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) is
a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting
the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.

The goal of all occupational safety and health programs is to foster a safe work
environment. As a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members,
employers, customers, suppliers, nearby communities, and other members of the public
who are impacted by the workplace environment. It may involve interactions among
many subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial)
hygiene, public health, safety engineering / industrial engineering, chemistry, health
physics.
 Risks include acute and chronic health effects, for example, irritation or cancer, and
physical effects such as fires or explosions. The hazards are physical and health
hazards. 
II. Risk assessment

A. Risk assessment is the process where you:

1. identify hazards
2. analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
3. determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard

B. Factors that influence the degree of risk include:

 how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition
 how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact), and how severe
are the effects under the conditions of exposure 
ACGIH has established
TLV's for approximately 850 chemical.

TLVs may appear as:

TLV-TWA or time-weighted average, which is an average eight-hour exposure limit;

TLV-STEL or short-term exposure limit, which is a fifteen-minute exposure limit, or
TLV-C or ceiling, which is a limit which should never be exceeded without protection. 

II. Fire and Explosion Hazard Assessment

Fire is one type of hazard that needs careful evaluation before extinguishing it. Not all
fire could be extinguished by water that is why it is necessary that we knew first the
cause of fire before dealing the fire.

1. Flash Point and Method Used: Lowest temperature at which a liquid will give off
enough flammable vapors to ignite. Since flash points vary according to how they are
obtained, the method used must be listed. Chemicals with lower flash points present a
greater flammability hazard.
2. Flammable Limits: Range of concentrations over which a flammable vapor mixed with
air will flash or explode if an ignition source is present. Range extends between lower
explosive limit (LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) and is expressed in percentage of
volume of vapor or gas in air (0 – 100%). Chemicals with a broad flammable range (i.e.,
range between the LEL and the UEL) and/or a flammable range in the lower
percentages, present a greater flammability hazard.
3. Extinguishing Media: Fire-fighting material for use on substance that is burning,
Firefighting material should be indicated by its generic name (e.g. water, foam, dry
chemical, etc.). 

III.
   Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and
monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics.

      Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on

delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes
treats all materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive
substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through
different methods.

     Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban
and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for
nonhazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually
the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous
commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 (Refer to Appendix 1 for elaboration) 

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 under its ―Declaration of Principles” stated that
the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Declaration of Policies. The
State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environmental protection. To
achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued.
Recognition of Rights. Pursuant to the above-declared principles, the following rights of
citizens are hereby sought to be recognized and the State shall seek to guarantee their
enjoyment. Definitions.- As used in this Act:

a) “Air pollutant” means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen,
nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal
concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes, but not
limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes,
chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances;
b) “Air pollution” means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties
of the atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid
substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country
harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare or which will
adversely affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
recreational, or other legitimate purposes;
c) “Ambient air quality guideline values” means the concentration of air over specified
periods classified as short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as goals or
objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare. These values shall be used
for air quality management purposes such as determining time trends, evaluating
stages of deterioration or enhancement of the air quality, and in general, used as basis
for taking positive action in preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution;
d) “Ambient air quality” means the general amount of pollution present in a broad area;
and refers to the atmosphere’s average purity as distinguished from discharge
measurements taken at the source of pollution;
e) “Certificate of Conformity” means a certificate issued by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources to a vehicle manufacturer / assembler or importer
certifying that a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the requirements provided
under this Act and its rules and regulations;
f) “Department” means the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
g)“Eco-profile” means the geographic-based instrument for planners and decision
makers which present an evaluation of the environment quality and carrying capacity of
an area. It is the result of the integration of primary data and information on natural
resources and antropogenic activities on the land which were evaluated by various
environmental risk assessment and forecasting methodologies that enable the
Department to anticipate the type of development control necessary in the planning
area. h)“Emission” means any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted
sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere;
i) “Greenhouse gases” means those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be
expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,
chloroflourocarbons, and the like;
j) “Hazardous substances” means those substances which present either: (1) short-term
acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption,
corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire explosion; or (2) long-
term toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogecity (which in some cases result in
acute exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such
as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters;
k) “Infectious waste” means that portion of medical waste that could transmit an
infectious disease;
l) “Medical waste” means the materials generated as a result of patient diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals;
m) “Mobile source” means any vehicle propelled by or through combustion of carbon-
based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons
or the transportation of property goods; 
n) “Motor vehicle” means any vehicle propelled by a gasoline or diesel engine or by any
means other than human or animal power, constructed and operated principally for the
conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or
street open to public use;
o) “Municipal waste” means the waste materials generated from communities within a
specific locality;
p) "New vehicle” means a vehicle constructed entirely from new parts that has never
been sold or registered with the DOTC or with the appropriate agency or authority, and
operated on the highways of the Philippines, any foreign state or country;
q) “Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index(AKI)” means the rating of the antiknock
characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by
two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number
(MON); the octane requirement, with respect to automotive gasoline for use in a motor
vehicle or a class thereof, whether imported, manufactured, or assembled by a
manufacturer, shall refer to the minimum octane rating of such automotive gasoline
which such manufacturer recommends for the efficient operation of such motor vehicle,
or a substantial portion of such class, without knocking;
r) “Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)” means those substances that significantly
deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in
adverse effects of human health and the environment such as, but not limited to,
chloroflourocarbons, halons and the like;
s) “Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)” means the organic compounds that persist in
the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing
adverse effects to human health and the environment. These compounds resist
photolytic, chemical and biological degradation, which shall include but not be limited to
dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as
aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane;
t) “Poisonous and toxic fumes” means any emissions and fumes which are beyond
internationally - accepted standards, including but not limited to the World Health
Organization (WHO) guideline values;
u) “Pollution control device" means any device or apparatus used to prevent, control or
abate the pollution of air caused by emissions from identified pollution sources at levels
within the air pollution control standards established by the Department;
v) “Pollution control technology” means the pollution control devices, production
process, fuel combustion processes or other means that effectively prevent or reduce
emissions or effluent;
w) “Standard of performance" means a standard for emissions of air pollutant which
reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best
system of emission reduction, taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction
and any non-air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirement which
the Department determines, and adequately demonstrates; and
x) “Stationary source” means any building or immobile structure, facility or installation
which emits or may emit any air pollutant.

LEARNING OUTCOME 3

Controlling hazards and risks

Information Sheet 3.1 

                                                                                                                  3A. HAZARD CONTROL

  
    All workplace hazards (chemical, physical, etc.) can be controlled by a variety of
methods. The goal of controlling hazards is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. Some methods of hazard control are more efficient than others,
but a combination of methods usually provides a safer workplace than relying on only
one method. Some methods of control are cheaper than others but may not provide the
most effective way to reduce exposures.
   To control hazards in your workplace you need to identify and understand those
hazards. Your first priority should always be to eliminate the hazards. If the hazards
can't be eliminated, try finding safer ways to carry out those tasks by substituting less
harmful substances or changing the work environment through engineering controls.
Also consider changing how work activities are organized and performed. For example,
reduce the time workers are exposed to a hazard by rotating them to another task.

A. Controlling workplace hazards

 Once a hazard has been identified and the risk assessed, control measures should be
put into place.A simple list of control measures can be utilized - the hierarchy of control. 

 1. Identify the Hazard

 Identify the source of the problem
2. Assess the Risk
 Risk assessment is the process where you:
o Identify hazards,
o Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard.
o Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard
3. Eliminate the Hazard Or Risk
Elimination of a specific hazard or hazardous work process, or preventing it from
entering the workplace, is the most effective method of control. Eliminating a hazard
means removing it completely.
4. Engineering Control
may mean changing a piece of machinery (for example, using proper machine guards)
or a work process to reduce exposure to a hazard.
5. Administrative Controls
Working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area is an example of an
administrative control for example, job rotation.
6. Substitution
is one measure of replacing one hazardous agent or work process with a less
dangerous one. It is important to consider worker health and safety when work
processes are still in the planning stages. 

Provide Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes ear and eye protection, respirators, and
protective clothing. 
Information Sheet 3.2 
                                                                                              YOUR HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

Personal hygiene
  Finally, personal hygiene (cleanliness) is also very important as a method of controlling
hazards. Your employer should provide facilities so you can wash and/or take a shower
every day at the end of your shift, no matter what your job is. Wash your skin and hair
with a mild soap, rinse and dry your skin completely to protect it. Washing hands
regularly, and eating and smoking away from your work area help to prevent ingesting
contaminants.
  Lack of personal cleanliness can affect your family's health. Your family can be
exposed to hazards you work with if you bring chemicals and other workplace
contaminants home with you on your clothes, hair or skin. Before you leave work,
wash/shower and change your clothes when necessary to prevent bringing workplace
contaminants home.

         Leave your dirty clothes at work or, if you must wash them at home, wash them separately —
not with the family wash. 

It may seem that the amount of contaminant you can bring home on your clothes or skin
is very small and cannot hurt your family. In reality a small exposure every day for
months can add up to a big exposure. A classic example of this ―spreading the
hazard‖ involves asbestos, where wives of asbestos workers have developed
asbestosis from exposure to the asbestos on their husbands' work clothes. Similarly,
children have developed lead poisoning from exposure to lead which comes home on
their parents' work clothes. If you wear protective clothing at work, such as aprons,
laboratory coats, overalls, etc., these should be cleaned regularly and you should
inspect them for holes or areas that are worn out. Workers who launder these clothes
should be trained in the types of hazards they may work with and how they can be
controlled. Inspect your underclothes at home for any signs of contamination with oils,
solvents, etc. If you find any signs, then it means your protective clothing at work is not
effective. 

Every workplace should have some kind of first-aid facility 

  Every workplace should have at least minimal first-aid facilities as well as adequate
personnel trained to provide first aid. First-aid facilities and trained personnel are
important components of a healthy and safe workplace.

A basic first-aid facility

1. General cleanliness in the workplace is an important method of controlling hazards.

2. Good housekeeping reduces the risk of fire and is cost-effective. 3. Good
housekeeping measures should be planned when work processes are in the design
stage.
4. Safety signs are not a method of hazard control.
5. Personal cleanliness is an important method of controlling hazards.
6. Your employer should provide facilities so you can wash and/or take a shower every
day.
7. Before you leave work, wash/shower and change your clothes when necessary to
prevent bringing workplace contaminants home to your family.
8. Leave your dirty clothes at work. If you must wash them at home, wash them
separately — never wash your work clothes with your family's wash.
9. Your protective clothing should be cleaned regularly. Inspect your protective clothing
for holes and worn areas that could leave you open to exposures.
10. Inspect your undergarments for signs of contamination.
11. Your workplace should have at least minimal first-aid facilities.
 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with the preventive measures, is
in a state of readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to
minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to property, can provide rescue, relief,
rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the disaster, and has the capability
and resources to continue to sustain its essential functions without being overwhelmed
by the demand placed on them. Preparedness for the first and immediate response is
called emergency preparedness.

Always remember that disaster comes in the most unexpected time and place. Being ready is always a
necessity in all circumstances. The government is giving trainings that everybody needs in all our
localities. One should participate in this disaster training so that we will not be caught unaware when
calamity struck.