LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Experiment No
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP
Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using Op-
amp 741, plot the waveforms and measure the frequency of oscillation

Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to design and setup an
astable multivibrators circuit using OP AMP.
Equipments/Components:
Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required
1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 5
7 Capacitor 0.1µF 1
8 Diode 1N4001 2
9 Probes and connecting wires As required.

Principle/ Theory:
In this circuit, the opamp is operated in saturation mode and the output swings
between +Vsat and –Vsat giving square wave output. This circuit is also called free
running oscillator or square wave generator . A positive feedback with feedback factor
β = R1 / (R1+R2) is provided to the non-inverting terminal. When Vo= +Vsat, the capacitor C
starts to charge to + Vsat through R. when the capacitor voltage crosses +βVsat, output
switches from +Vsat to –Vsat. Now the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is –
βVsat and capacitor discharges through R towards -Vsat. When the capacitor voltage
crosses –βVsat, the output switches from –Vsat to + Vsat and this process continues to
generate square wave output with time period T=Ton + Toff= 2RC ln[(1+β)/(1-β)]. In
asymmetrical astable multivibrators, the charging and discharging time of capacitor is made
unequal to get asymmetrical square wave with different Ton and Toff.

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on two channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.

Result:

Inference:

(Note: The experiment may be repeated for different values of frequency and duty cycle)

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Circuit Diagram:

Note: Use 10KΩ pot instead of R = 4.7KΩ resistor and vary it for accurate time period.

Design:

Given f = 1 KHz
So T = 1/f = 1ms
And β = R1 / (R1+R2)
Let R1 = 10KΩ , and R2 =10KΩ
Then β = 0.5
Therefore T= 2.2RC =1ms

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Let C = 0.1µF
Then R = 4.7KΩ

Observation:
a) Symmetrical astable multivibrators
Vo(p-p)= ?

f=?
Duty cycle = ?

Graph:
a) Symmetrical astable multivibrators

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Experiment No

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP

Aim: To design and setup a monostable multivibrator using Op-amp 741 and
(i) Plot the waveforms (ii) Measure the time delay

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up the
monostable multivibrator circuit and delay circuits.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply +/-15V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.1μF;0.01μF 1 each
4 IC µA 741 1
5 Function generator (0-1)MHz 1
6. Oscilloscope 1
7. Diode 1N 4001 2
8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:

The monostable multivibrator is also called as one shot multivibrator.

The circuit produces a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external trigger
pulse. It always has one stable state (+Vsat). When an external trigger is applied, the output
state changes and the new state is called quasi stable state (-Vsat). The circuit remains in this
state for a fixed interval of time and then it returns to the original state after this interval. This
time interval is determined discharging of the capacitor from 0.7V to -βVsat.The time period
of quasi stable state or the delay is given by
T = 0.69RC

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

5. Observe trigger input , output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay .

Result:

Inference:

(Note: The experiment may be repeated for different values of time delay)


R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Time Period T= 0.69RC
Let T = 1ms; and C = 0.1µF.
Then R = 15KΩ
Feedback factor β = R2/(R1+R2)
Let β = 0.5 or 1/2
R2/(R1+R2) = 1/2
If R1=10KΩ ; R2 =10KΩ
For triggering circuit
RdCd= 0.0016t
Let t = 3ms and Cd = 0.01 µF; then Rd = 470Ω
D1 & D2 are diodes 1N 4001

Observations:
Measured time period or delay =?
Graph:

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Experiment No.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP AMP

Aim: To Design and setup a RC phase shift oscillator using Op-Amp 741 and (i) Plot the
output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up
the RC phase shift oscillator for desired frequency.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply +/-15V 1
2 Resistors 5
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 3
4 IC µA 741 1
5 Oscilloscope 1
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:
RC phase shift oscillator uses op-amp, in inverting amplifier
mode and the circuit generates its own output signal. It consists of an op-amp as an amplifier
and 3 RC cascaded network as the feedback circuit. Since the op-amp is used in the inverting
0
mode, any signal that appears at the inverting terminal is shifted by 180 at the output. An
0
additional 180 phase shift required for oscillation is provided by the cascaded RC network.
0 0
Thus the total phase shift around the circuit is 360 or 0 . At some specific frequency, the
0
phase shift of the cascaded RC network is exactly 180 and feedback factor is 1/29. If the
gain of the amplifier is 29, the total loop gain of the circuit becomes 1. The circuit will
oscillate at this specific frequency and is given by

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the RC phase shift oscillator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

4. Observe output voltage on oscilloscope.

5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation .

Result:

Inference:

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Circuit Diagram:

Note: Instead of 100KΩ pot, use 47KΩ pot in series with 68KΩ resister for distortion less sine wave

Design:

Let f = 1 KHz, and C= 0.01µF

R = 6.8KΩ
Gain = 29
Rf/R1 = 29
If R1 = 3.3KΩ ; Rf = 95.7KΩ Use 100KΩ pot
Observations:
Measured frequency of oscillation is =?

Graph:

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Experiment No.

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP AMP

Aim: To design and construct a Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp 741 and
(i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up
the Wien oscillator for desired frequency
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply +/-15V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.1µF 2
4 IC µA 741 1
5 Oscilloscope 1
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:
It is the commonly used audio frequency oscillator which employs both
positive and negative feedback. The feedback signal is connected in the non-inverting
input terminal so that the amplifier is working in non-inverting mode. The Wien
bridge circuit is connected between amplifier input terminal and output terminal. The
bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining
arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistor R1 and Rf are connected. The
phase angle criterion for oscillation is that the total phase shift around the circuit must
be zero. This condition occurs when bridge is balanced. At resonance, the frequency
of oscillation is exactly the resonance frequency of balanced Wien bridge and is
given by f0 = 1/ (2πRC). At this frequency, the gain required for sustained oscillation
is 3.It is provided by the non-inverting amplifier with Gain = 1+ (Rf/R1) = 3

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the Wien bridge oscillator circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output voltage on oscilloscope.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation .

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Result:

Inference:

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB


Circuit Diagram:

Note: Instead of 47KΩ pot, use 10KΩ pot in series with 22KΩ resister for distortion less sine wave
Design:

Let f = 1KHz , and C= 0.1µF

R=1.5KΩ
Gain=3
1+ (Rf/R1) =3
If R1 = 10KΩ ,Rf = 20KΩ Use 47KΩ pot

Observations:
Measured frequency of oscillation is =?

Graph:

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Experiment No.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555

Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using IC 555
and (i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation
Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up
the astable multivibrator using timer IC 555.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 2
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle: The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay .The
internal structure of 555 is shown in which there are two comparators, a flip flop, an output
stage, a voltage divider network and a transistor. The comparator is a device whose output is
high when the non-inverting input voltage is greater than inverting input voltage and output
is low when inverting input voltage is greater than non-inverting input voltage. The voltage
divider network consist of three 5KΩ resistors and provides a trigger voltage level of 1/3VCC
and threshold voltage level of 2/3VCC.The control voltage is used for changing the threshold
and trigger voltages externally.
555 as Astable multivibrator: Astable multivibrator means it has no stable states. It has two
quasi stable states (high and low).In the figure given , there are 2 external resistors R A and RB
and a capacitor C. When the power is given to the circuit the capacitor C will charge towards
VCC through RA and RB ,when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC (threshold
voltage) the output of the comparator I goes high which resets the flip flop so the output Q of
the flip-flop becomes low and becomes high. Now the transistor which is connected to
becomes ON. The capacitor C started to discharge through RB and transistor exponentially.
When voltage across capacitor reaches just below of 1/3VCC (trigger voltage) the output of the
comparator II becomes high and sets the flip flop, turning OFF the transistor since it is
connected to the of the flip flop. The capacitor C will begin to charge towards VCC through
RA and RB. when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3V CC, the output of the
comparator I goes high which resets the flip-flop so the output Q of the flip flop becomes low

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

and becomes high. The cycle continues which gives a square wave at the output (pin 3)
and charging and discharging wave form across capacitor (pin 2&6).
555 as Symmetrical astable multivibrator: Symmetrical astable multivibrator means the
multivibrator has equal ON time & OFF time (duty cycle =50%).we can achieve this by
making the charging (towards 2/3 VCC) and discharging (towards 1/3VCC) process of
capacitor through equal resistance path. In the circuit diagram the diode (1N 4001) is
connected across the resistor RB so the charging of capacitor above threshold voltage
(2/3VCC) takes place through the resistor RA and forward biased diode. The discharging
below trigger voltage (1/3VCC) is through the resistor RB. Since RA and RB have same
value, charging and discharging time of the capacitor will be same.
555 as Asymmetrical astable multivibrator: Asymmetrical astable multivibrator means the
multivibrator has unequal ON time & OFF time (duty cycle other than50%).In the circuit
diagram the charging of capacitor towards threshold voltage (2/3VCC) takes place through
the resistor RA and RB, discharging towards trigger voltage (1/3VCC) is through the resistor
R B. Since charging and discharging process of the capacitor takes place through different
resistance path, the charging time and discharging time of the capacitor will be different,
which results in asymmetrical output wave.

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.

Result:

Inference

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

a) Symmetrical astable multivibrator:

Circuit Diagram :

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Internal diagram of IC 555

IC 555 Pin out

Design:
SYMMETRICAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

T = 0.69(RA+RB)C or f = 1.44/(RA+RB)C

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Duty cycle D = 0.5 or 50%

D = RA/(RA+RB) = 0.5

So RA= RB

Let T = 1ms ; and C = 0.1 µF

0.693(RA+RB) 0.1 µF = 1ms

RA + RB = 14.49KΩ

or 2 RA = 14.49KΩ

RA = 7.25KΩ = 6.8KΩ(std)

RB = 7.25KΩ = 6.8KΩ(std)

Observations:
T =?
Measured frequency of oscillation is =?

Graph:

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

b) Asymmetrical astable multivibrator:

Circuit Diagram :

Design:
ASYMMETRICAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

T = 0.69 (RA + 2RB) C or f = 1.44 / {( RA+2RB) C}

Here T = t1 + t2

t1 = 0.69(RA+RB)C (charging)

t2 = 0.69(RB)C (discharging)

Let t1= 1ms ; t2= 0.5ms ; C=0.1µF

0.69 RB C = 0.5ms

RB = 7.2 KΩ = 6.8KΩ (std)

0.69 (RA+RB) C = 1ms

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

RA + RB = 14.49 KΩ

RA = 14.49- RB
RA = 7.2 KΩ = 6.8KΩ (std)

Observations:
t1 =?
t2 =?
T =?
Measured frequency of oscillation, f=?
Duty cycle = ?
Graph:

R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Experiment No.

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555

Aim: To design and construct a monostable multivibrator using 555 IC and (i) Plot the
output waveform (ii) Measure the time delay
Objectives: Upon completion of this experiment the students are able to design and setup
monostable multivibrator using IC 555.
Equipments/Components

Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity

1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 2
3 Capacitor 0.01µF ,0.1 µF 2 +1
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Function generator 0 – 1MHz 1
8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting wires and probes As required

Principle:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and one quasi stable state.
Monostable multivibrator produces an output pulse with defined time period for each
external trigger pulse applied. It comes out of the stable state only by use of an external
signal called trigger.
When the output is low, that is, the circuit is in stable state. Upon application of
trigger pulse to pin 2, the output of the comparator II becomes high which sets the flip flop
high. As the output is high, the transistor becomes OFF since it is connected to the of the
flip flop. Capacitor starts to charge through R towards VCC, as soon as the capacitor voltage
crosses 2/3 VCC (threshold voltage) the output of the comparator I becomes high so the flip-
flop will reset and out goes to low. At the same time transistor turns ON and hence
capacitor rapidly discharges through the transistor. The output of this circuit remains low
until a trigger pulse is again applied . The time during which the output remains high is
given by T = 1.1 RC.
Procedure

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.

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 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.
5. Observe trigger input , output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay .

Result:

Inference:



R. Naresh Lecturer in ECE,

 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Circuit Diagram :

D is diode 1N4001

Design:
Time period T = 1.1RC
Let T = 1ms ; C = 0.1µF
R = 1 x 10-3 / (1.1 x0.1 x 10-6)

R = 9.09x103Ω = 10KΩ (std)

For triggering circuit
RdCd = 0.016t
Let t = 3ms, and Cd = 0.01 µF ; then Rd = 4.7KΩ

Observations:

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Measured time period or delay=?

Graph:

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