ECE402 Microwave Engineering Lab

School of Electronics Engineering

Microwave Lab Manual Winter Semester 2012 -13

VIT
UNIVERSITY
(Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)

List of MW Lab experiments

Gunn Diode Oscillator Directional Coupler & Circulator Waveguide Tee Junctions Magic Tee Measurement of impedance of a device (Antenna) Measurement of Antenna Radiation Pattern MIC Power Dividers Two Port Networks Wilkinson Power Divider ( Equal & Unequal ) Branch Line Coupler 180o Hybrid Coupler LPF Richards Transformation Method LPF Stepped Impedance Method

Expt. No. : Date :

Gunn Diode

Objectives: To study Gunn diode as a microwave source and hence to study 1. I-V characteristics 2. Power Bias voltage characteristics 3. Power Frequency characteristics Equipment & Components required : Gunn Oscillator Isolator VSWR meter Theory : The Gunn diode is a very useful microwave source and is widely used. The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk semiconductors such as GaAs. From the DC V-I characteristics, we will see that the Gunn diode has a negative differential resistance region. In GaAs, electrons can exist in a high-mass low velocity state as well as their normal lowmass high-velocity state and they can be forced into the high-mass state by a steady electric field of sufficient strength. In this state they form domains which cross the field at a constant rate causing current to flow as a series of pulses. This is the Gunn effect and one form of diode which makes use of it consists of an epitaxial layer of n-type GaAs grown on a GaAs substrate. A potential of a few volts applied between ohmic contacts to the n-layer and substrate produces the electric field which causes clusters. The frequency of the current pulses so generated depends on the transit time through the n-layer and hence on its thickness. If the diode is mounted in a suitably tuned cavity resonator, the current pulses cause oscillation by shock excitation and r.f. power up to 1 W at frequencies between 10 and 30 GHz is obtainable. Block diagram: Gunn power supply VSWR Meter Gunn power supply Variable attenuator Cables PIN modulator Detector mount

Gunn Oscillator

PIN Modulator

Isolator Figure (1)

Variable Attenudator

Detector Mount

Procedure: 1. Set the components as shown in figure 1. 2. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation (9 GHz). 3. Change the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5 V and measure the Gunn diode current through the digital panel meter. 4. Plot the voltage & current readings on a graph. 5. Measure the threshold voltage (Vo) which corresponds to maximum current. 6. Set Gunn biasing just above Vo and note down corresponding power. 7. Change the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5 V and measure the power VSWR meter. 8. Plot power bias voltage characteristics. 9. Set Gunn biasing for maximum power output and note down this power. 10. Move micrometer screw in steps of 0.5 mm and note down corresponding power till the screw reaches one extreme. 11. Plot power frequency characteristics. Sample Observations: Bias voltage = 4 V Frequency = 10 GHz Bias Voltage (V) 1 2 3 3.28 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Current (mA) 0.176 0.306 0.362 0.367 0.198 0.147 0.301 0.298 0.296 0.294 0.293 Power (dB) -70 -70 -46 -44 -40 -47 -58 -58 -58 -58 -58 Frequency (GHz) 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 10 10.4 10.6 11 11.4 11.75 12.4 Power (dB) -58 -62 -58 -44 -40 -33 -38 -32 -36.5 -39 -46

Model graph:

I-V characteristics
0.40

0.35

Current (mA)

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

10

Voltage (V)

Practical Observations: Bias voltage = Frequency = Bias Voltage (V) Current (mA) Power (dB) Frequency (GHz) Power (dB)

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Directional Coupler
Objective: To study the function of a directional coupler by measuring the following parameters. 4. 5. 6. 7. Insertion loss Coupling coefficient Directivity Isolation

Equipment & Components required : Reflex Klystron Directional coupler Matched termination Theory : A directional coupler is a four port wave guide junction as shown in figure 1. Directional couplers are used to divide signals from a single channel into multiple channels in both small signal and large signal applications. Also directional couplers are used to sample propagating microwave energy for the purpose of monitoring or measuring. It consists of a primary wave guide called main arm (1 & 2 ports) and a secondary wave guide called auxiliary arm ( 3 & 4 ports). The operation of a directional coupler can be illustrated with the help of figure 1. If power fed at port 1 is coupled to port 3 (coupled port) with the coupling factor while the remainder of the in put power is delivered fed to port 2 (through port). In an ideal directional coupler, no power is delivered to port 4 (Isolated port). The following quantities are generally used to characterize directional coupler Reflex Klystron power supply Detector mount Slotted section with detector Isolator VSWR meter Cables & stands

Insertion loss

10 log

P 1 P2
P 1 P3 P3 P4

dB

Coupling coefficient =

10 log

dB

Directivity

10 log

dB

Isolation

10 log

P 1 P4

dB

Input

Through

Isolated

Coupled

Figure (1)

Block diagram: Auxiliary arm VSWR Meter

Klystron power supply

Detector

Klysron Oscillator

Isolator

Slotted Section Figure (2)

Main arm

Matched termination

Procedure: 1. Set the components as shown in figure 2 without directional coupler. 2. Energise the microwave source for particular frequency of operation. 3. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (P1 in dB). 4. Insert the directional coupler as shown in figure 2 with detector to the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing the position of gain control knob of VSWR meter.

5. Note down the reading of VSWR meter with the help of range-dB switch if required (P3 in dB). 6. Calculate coupling coefficient C = P1 P3 (dB). 7. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up. 8. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure the reading on VSWR meter (P2 in dB). 9. Compute insertion loss I.L. = P1 P2 (dB). 10. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to slotted section side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3 without disturbing the position of the gain control knob of VSWR meter. 11. Note down the reading on VSWR meter (P4 in dB ). 12. Compute Isolation = P1 P4 (dB) and Directivity = P3 P4 (dB).

Sample Observations:
I/P port P1(dB) O/P port P2(dB) Coupled port P3(dB) Isolated port P4(dB) Directivity (dB) Isolation (dB)

I.L. (dB)

C.C. (dB)

-20

-21

-30

-60

10

30

40

Practical Observations:
I/P port P1(dB) O/P port P2(dB) Coupled port P3(dB) Isolated port P4(dB) Directivity (dB) Isolation (dB)

I.L. (dB)

C.C. (dB)

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Circulator
Objective: To study the function of a 3-port circulator by measuring the following parameters. 1. Insertion loss 2. Isolation Equipment & Components required : Reflex Klystron Circulator Matched termination Theory : A circulator is a non reciprocal device with ports arranged in such a way that power entering at a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to the other ports. Based on the direction of the energy propagation to the adjacent ports we have clockwise and anti-clockwise circulators. Circulators can have any number of ports. Wave propagation in a 3-port clockwise circulator is shown in figure 1. circulator
P 1 P2 P 1 P3

Reflex Klystron power supply Detector mount Slotted section with detector

Isolator VSWR meter Cables & stands

The following quantities are generally used to characterize

Insertion loss

10 log

dB

Isolation

10 log

dB

Port 2

Port 1

Port 3

Figure (1) Block diagram: Detector VSWR Meter

Klystron power supply

Klysron Oscillator

Isolator

Slotted Section Figure (2)

Circulator

Matched termination

Procedure: 1. Set the components as shown in figure 2 without circulator. 2. Energise the microwave source for particular frequency of operation. 3. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (P1 in dB). 4. Insert the circulator as shown in figure 2 with detector to adjacent port 2 and matched termination to port 3, without changing the position of gain control knob of VSWR meter. 5. Note down the reading of VSWR meter with the help of range-dB switch if required (P2 in dB). 6. Calculate insertion loss I.L. = P1 P2 (dB). 7. Now carefully disconnect the detector from port 2 and matched termination from port 3 without disturbing the set-up. 8. Connect the matched termination to port 2 and detector to port 3 and measure the reading on VSWR meter (P3 in dB). 9. Compute Isolation. = P1 P3 (dB). 10. Repeat the experiment for other ports similar way.

Sample Observations: I/P port P1= -20 P2= -20 P3= -20 O/P port P2=-20.5 P3=-20.8 P1=-20.9 Isolated port power(dB) P3=-60 P1=-62 P2=-61 Isolation (dB) 40 42 41

power(dB) power(dB)

I.L. (dB) 0.5 0.8 0.9

Practical Observations: I/P port O/P port Isolated port power(dB) Isolation (dB)

power(dB) power(dB)

I.L. (dB)

Conclusions:

Expt.No.: Date :

Waveguide Tee junctions

Objectives: 1. To study the function of a E-plane and H-plane Tee 2. To determine scattering parameters of a E-plane and H-plane Tee Equipment & Components required : Reflex Klystron E or H-plane Tee Matched termination Reflex Klystron power supply Detector mount Slotted section with detector Isolator VSWR meter Cables & stands

Theory : A waveguide T-junction is a simple three port network that can be used for power division or combining. These junctions are not matched perfectly at all ports. Waveguide tees may be consists of E-plane tee, H-plane Tee or Magic Tee. E-plane Tee : An E-pane tee is a waveguide in which the axis of its side arm is parallel to the E filed of the main guide as shown in figure 1. If the collinear arms are symmetric about the side arm, there are two different transmission characteristics. E-plane tee can be perfectly matched with the aid of screw tuners or capacitive or inductive windows at the junction, the diagonal elements of the Smatrix S11, S22, S33 are zero because there is no reflection. When the waves are fed into side arm (port 3), the waves appearing at port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arm will be in opposite phase and in the same magnitude as shown in figure 2.

Figure 1

Figure 2

H-plane Tee : An H-plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm(port 3) is shunting the E-field or parallel to the H filed of the main arm as shown in figure 3. If two input waves are fed at port 1 and port 2 in same phase, the output wave at port 3 will be additive and in phase. On the other hand, if the input is fed into port 3, the wave will split equally into port 1 and port 2 in phase and in the same magnitude.

Figure 3

Block diagram: Detector VSWR Meter

Klystron power supply

Klysron Oscillator

Isolator

Slotted Section Figure (4)

Tee junction

Matched termination

Procedure: 1. Set the components as shown in figure 4 without Tee junction. 2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation. 3. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (P1 in dB).

4. Insert the Tee junction as shown in figure 4 with detector to port 2 and matched termination to port 1, without changing the position of gain control knob of VSWR meter. 5. Note down the reading of VSWR meter with the help of range-dB switch if required (P2 in dB). 6. Now carefully disconnect the detector from port 2 and matched termination from port 1 without disturbing the set-up. 7. Connect the matched termination to port 2 and detector to port 1 and measure the reading on VSWR meter (P1 in dB). 8. Repeat the experiment by keeping port 2 and port 3 as input ports. 9. Scattering parameters of the Tee junction are calculated as follows

Port 1 as input port then, S 21 = Port 2 as input port then

P2 P 1

; S31 =

P3 P 1

S12 = S13 =

P P 1 ; S32 = 3 P2 P2 P 1 P3
; S 23 =

Port 3 as input port then

P2 P3

Sample Observations:

I/P port power(dB) P3= -20 P2= -20 P1= -20

O/P port 1 power(dB) P1=-25.5 P3=-22.6 P2=-22.6

O/P port 2 power(dB) P2=-25.4 P1=-29 P3=-29

Practical Observations:

I/P port power(dB)

O/P port 1 power(dB)

O/P port 2 power(dB)

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Magic Tee
Objective: To study the function of a Magic Tee by measuring Isolation. Equipment & Components required : Reflex Klystron Magic Tee Matched termination Reflex Klystron power supply Detector mount Slotted section with detector Isolator VSWR meter Cables & stands

Theory : A magic tee is a combination of E-plane and H-plane tee, shown in figure 1. The magic tee is commonly used for mixing, duplexing and impedance measurements. The magic tee has several characteristics. 1. If two waves of equal magnitude and the same phase are fed into port 1 and port 2, the output will be zero at port 3 and additive at port 4. 2. If a wave is fed into port 4 (the H arm) , it will be divided equally between port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arms and will not appear at port 3 (the E arm). 3. If a wave is fed into port 3 (the E arm), it will produce output of equal magnitude and opposite phase at port 1 and port 2. The output at port 4 is zero. That is S34=S43=0. 4. If a wave is fed into one of the collinear arms at port 1 or port2 , it will not appear in the other collinear arm at port 2 or port 1 because the E arm causes a phase delay while H arm causes a phase advance. That is S12=S21=0. Therefore the S matrix of a magic tee can be expressed as

0 0 S = S31 S41

0 0 S32 S42

S13 S23 0 0

S14 S24 0 0

Figure (1)

Block diagram:

Klystron power supply

Detector Mount

VSWR Meter

Klysron Oscillator

Isolator

Slotted Section Figure (2)

Magic Tee

Matched termination

Matched termination

Procedure: 1. Set the components as shown in figure 2 without magic tee

2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation. 3. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (Pin in dB). 4. Insert the Tee junction as shown in figure 2 with detector to port 3 and matched termination to port 1 and port 2, without changing the position of gain control knob of VSWR meter. 5. Note down the reading of VSWR meter with the help of range-dB switch if required (P3 in dB). 6. Repeat the experiment by keeping port 1, Port 2 and port 3 as input ports.

Sample Observations: I/P port power(dB) O/P port power(dB)

E-arm P3= -20 H-arm P4= -20

P1 = -25.5 P2 = -25.4 P4 = - 65 P1 = -26.1 P2 = -25.7 P3 = -68

Practical Observations:

I/P port power(dB)

O/P port power(dB)

E-arm

H-arm

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Measurement of Unknown Impedance

Objectives: To measure the impedance of an Unknown load. Equipment & Components required :

Reflex Klystron Directional coupler Matched termination Short plate

Reflex Klystron power supply Detector mount Slotted section with detector Unknown load

Isolator VSWR meter Cables & stands

Theory :

The impedance at any point on a transmission line can be written in the form (R + jX). For comparison VSWR can be calculated as

VSWR =
= Vref Vinc ; L =

1+ | | 1 | |

Z L Zo VSWR 1 ; L = Z L + Zo VSWR + 1

Z0 = Characteristics impedance of waveguide at operating frequency. ZL is the load impedance.

The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the position of the minima is determined. The unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice the difference between minima position will be guided wavelength. One of the minima is used as reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be d. Take a Smith Chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the centre with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co-ordinates of this point will show the normalized impedance of load.

Block diagram:

Klystron power supply

Auxiliary arm

Detector

VSWR Meter/CRO

Klysron Oscillator

Isolator

Slotted Section

Main arm

Matched termination

Procedure:

1. Set the components as shown in figure with a matched load. 2. Energise the microwave source for particular frequency of operation. 3. Keep the Controls knobs of klystron power supply (SKPS-610) as below:i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Beam voltage Switch- OFF Beam voltage control knob- Fully anticlockwise Repeller voltage control knobMod Switch- AM AM AmplitudeAround fully clockwise AM Frequency knob- Around mid position. Fully clockwise

4. Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan. 5. Switch ON the Beam voltage Switch and set and rotated the beam voltage knob clockwise slowly up to 270 volt meter reading and observe beam current position, The beam current should not increase more than 30 mA. 6. Adjust the repeller voltage knob to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 7. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 8. Tune the repeller voltage knob for maximum deflection. 9. Now connect a movable short at the slotted line. 10. Move the probe along the Slotted line. Note the two successive minima positions; let it be as d1 and d2. Hence g = 2(d1- d2).

11. One of the minima is used as reference for Impedance measurement. Let it be DR. 12. The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the position of minima is determined. Let it be DU. Measure VSWR S0. 13. Find d = (DR- DU). Calculate:- d / g

Impedance measurement using Smitch Chart:

Take a Smith Chart, taking (1,0) as centre, draw a circle of radius equal to VSWR S0. Fix the voltage minimum point at the extreme left of the horizontal axis of the smith chart. Mark a point on circumference on VSWR circle towards load side at a distance equal to d / g. Join the centre with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co-ordinates of this point will show the normalized Impedance of load. Multiply with the wave impedance of the waveguide at the operating frequency.

Impedance measurement using Calculation:

| |=

VSWR 1 VSWR + 1

= + 2 lmin
where = 2 ;

lmin = distance between two minima of short circuit & unknown load =| | ei The load impedance is then 1+ ZL = Z o 1

Practical Observations:

Unknown Impedance

Ref Min Position (Cm)

Guided Wave length (without Sample)

(DR)

g = 2*(d1- d2) Cm

Minima with the sample (Cm)

(DU)

VS WR with the Sam ple

d =(DRDU)

d -g

Calculated Impedance

(S0)
1 2

3 4

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Measurement of Radiation Pattern

Objective:

1. To measure the E plane and H plane radiation pattern of a pyramidal horn antenna. 2. To compute the 3 dB beam width and directivity of horn antenna.
Equipment & Components required :

Reflex Klystron Waveguide twist Matched termination

Theory :

Reflex Klystron power supply Detector mount Pyramidal horn antennas

Isolator VSWR meter

The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of field strength of the power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating antenna. It is a 3D plot of the radiation properties far from the source such as the radiation intensity, power density, directivity and polarization of an antenna as a function of the spatial coordinates which are described in terms of spherical coordinates. An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes, and the back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the side lobes and back lobe as low as possible. Usually the radiation pattern is shown in principal planes of interest. Further, for linearly polarized antennas, patterns may be plotted in E plane or H plane. E- plane is defined as the plane passing through the antenna in the direction of beam maximum and parallel to the far field E vector. One defines the H plane similarly. It is quire common to plot the pattern by normalizing the field values with respect to the field strength in the direction of maximum radiation. The radiation pattern of typical microwave antennas consists of a main lobe and a few minor or side-lobes. Beam-width of an antenna is defined as the angular separation between 3 dB points with respect to the maximum field strength. Side lobes represent a loss and leakage of information in the transmit mode. In the receive mode, sidelobes may cause an uncertainty in determining the angle of arrival of a signal. However, sidelobes are very sensitive to the surroundings in which the radiation pattern is measured.

The wavefronts in the vicinity of an antenna have a small radius or curvature but after traveling some distance the radius of curvature increases to such an extent as to make the wave front practically a plane wave. A receiving antenna is considered to be in the far-field of the test antenna if the wavefront across it is practically plane. Most measurements are carried out in the far field region since; otherwise, when the receiving antenna is kept in the region of curved wavefornt, there will be a phase difference across the receiving aperture. It can be shown that the phase variation over the receiving aperture is less than one sixteenth of a wavelength if it is at a distance R from the transmitting antenna, where

In which D = largest dimension of the larger of the receiver and transmitter antennas.

A horn antenna is a flared out waveguide at the end. If the flaring is done along both the walls of the rectangular wave guide, then the pyramidal horn is obtained. Horn antennas are extensively used at microwave frequencies. Theoretically the 3 dB beam width of the pyramidal horn antenna is
530 where' b 'isthenarrowerdimensionof thewaveguide b 800 H = where' a 'isthebroaderdimensionofthewaveguide a

E =

The directivity D can be calculated using the following approximate formula

D=

32400

EH

32400 orD(dB) = 10log EH

Block diagram:

Procedure:
1.

Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure. Again the antenna for maximum meter reading and mark this position of the receiver antenna as 0. Use squarewave modulation if necessary, and tune the detector. Take care to kept the distance between the antennas sufficiently large so that they are in the far-field zone. Rotate the receiving horn clockwise, in steps of 100, to cover the main lobe and atleast the first sidelobe( till 900) . At each position, note the reading on the VSWR meter in dB scale. Return to the position 0 and repeat the measurements by rotating the antenna in steps of 100 in the anticlockwise direction till -900 . At each position, note the reading on the VSWR meter in dB scale.

2.

3.

4.

Plot the radiation pattern in the above manner for both E- and H-plane. Determine the beam width and level of the first side lobe with respect to the main lobe. Calculate the directivity and compare the result with the theoretical value.
E - plane : Angular Position Out put power ( VSWR meter reading ) Anti Clockwise clockwise H plane : Angular Position Out put power ( VSWR meter reading ) Anti Clockwise clockwise

5.

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

MIC Power Dividers

Objective : To measure the power division, isolation and return loss characteristics of Wilkinson power dividers and branch line coupler . Equipment & Components required :

Signal source Frequency meter Detector

Attenuator Power divider Matched load

VSWR meter Directional coupler,

Theory: The Wilkinson power divider is generally designed using microstrip lines as shown in

figure 2 and can be made with any number of ports with equal or unequal power divisions. Wilkinson power divider has many advantages over other power dividers and has the following properties 1. Matched at all ports. 2. Large isolation between output ports 3. Reciprocal 4. Lossless when output ports are matched The S-matrix of a 3-port Wilkinson power divider is given by
0 j [S ] = 2 j 2 j 2 0 0 j 2 0 0

Theory : Branch line couplers are 3 dB directional couplers with a 900 phase difference in the

outputs of the through and coupled ports. This type of hybrid is often made in microstrip line form as shown in figure 2. It is also known as Quadrature hybrid or 900 hybrid couplers. With all the ports matched, power entering port 1 is eventually divided between ports 2 and 3 with a 900 phase shift between these outputs. No power is coupled to port 4. Branch line coupler has a high degree of symmetry, as any port can be used as the input port. The output ports will always be on the opposite of the junction from the input port and the isolated port will be the remaining port on the same side as the input port. The S-matrix will have the following form

0 j 1 0 1 j 0 0 1 [S ] = 2 1 0 0 j 0 1 j 0

Detector

VSWR Meter

Microwave Source

Attenuator (Optional)

Wilkinson power divider

Matched termination

Figure 1

Procedure: 1. Set the components as shown in figure 4 without Wilkinson power divider.

2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation. 3. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (P1 in dB). 4. Insert the Wilkinson power divider as shown in figure 4 with detector to port 2 and matched termination to port 1, without changing the position of gain control knob of VSWR meter. 5. Note down the reading of VSWR meter with the help of range-dB switch if required (P2 in dB). 6. Now carefully disconnect the detector from port 2 and matched termination from port 1 without disturbing the set-up. 7. Connect the matched termination to port 2 and detector to port 1 and measure the reading on VSWR meter (P1 in dB). 8. Repeat the experiment by keeping port 2 and port 3 as input ports. 9. Scattering parameters of the Tee junction are calculated as follows Port 1 as input port then, S 21 = Port 2 as input port then

P2 P 1

; S31 =

P3 P 1

S12 = S13 =

P P 1 ; S32 = 3 P2 P2 P 1 P3
; S 23 =

Port 3 as input port then

P2 P3

10. Perform the experiment in a similar way using branch line coupler
Sample Observations:

I/P port power(dB)

O/P port 1 power(dB)

O/P port 2 power(dB)

P3= -40 P2= -40 P1= -40

P1=-43 P3=-43 P2=-43

P2=-43 P1=-43 P3=-43

Practical Observations: (Wilkinson power divider)

I/P port power(dB)

O/P port 1 power(dB)

O/P port 2 power(dB)

Practical Observations: (Branch Line Coupler)

I/P port power(dB)

O/P port 1 power(dB)

O/P port 2 power(dB)

O/P port 3 power(dB)

Conclusions :

Expt. No. : Date :

Two Port Networks

Objective: To study the performance of different two port networks by determining their scattering parameters. Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software

Specifications :

Characteristic impedance Operating frequency Substrate thickness Metal thickness Dielectric constant Loss tangent

= = = = r = L =
Z0 f H T

Theory : Microstrip lines: The simple microstrip line uses a single strip conductor on the dielectric that

rests on a single ground plane. Generally the ground plane made up of with good conductor like silver or copper and the material used for the dielectric is Teflon or Aluminum or Silicon, etc.. It is possible to use several independent strips with the same ground planes and dielectric. Microstrip lines use quasi TEM mode of propagation. The ground plane of the microstrip line must be wide compared with the top conductor, so it appears like a nearly infinite wide ground plane with only very small electric field fringes at its edges. The characteristic impedance of a microstrip line depends on the strip line width, thickness, the distance between microstrip line and ground plane and the dielectric constant of the dielectric material.

Figure 1

Design Equations:

The effective dielectric constant is calculated by:

e =

+1 + 2

H 1 + 12 W

8e A e2 A 2 W = forZ 0 > 44 2 r narrowstrip 0.61 r 1 H 2 B 1 ln(2 B 1 + ln( B 1) + 0.39 2 r r Z0 r + 1 r 1 0.11 + 0.23 + 60 2 r +1 r 377 B= forwidestrip 2Z 0 r A=

l =

l=

l=

g 2

W= Width of the microstrip line, l = Length of transmission line, H = Thickness of the substrate, A,B constants, = Phase shift, g=Guide wavelength.
Sample Observations: The behaviour of a two port network when matched with 50 ohm at both

input and output ports for a typical microstrip line with the following specifications is shown below.
Z0 = 50 , f = 3 GHz , H = 1.6 mm, T = 0.036 mm,

= 4.4 , L = 0.001

Model graph:
Graph 1
0

-50

-100

DB(|S(1,1)|) TWO PORT NETWORK DB(|S(2,1)|) TWO PORT NETWORK

-150 1 2 3 4 Frequency (GHz) 5 6

Practical Observations:

Frequency

S11

S12

S21

S22

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Wilkinson Power Divider

Objectives: 1. To design and simulation of a Wilknson power divider for equal and unequal power divisions. 2. To determine the scattering parameters of Wilkinson power divider. Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software Specifications : Characteristic impedance Operating frequency Substrate thickness Metal thickness Dielectric constant Loss tangent

= = = = r = L =
Z0 f H T

Figure (1) Theory: The Wilkinson power divider is generally designed using microstrip lines as shown in

figure 2 and can be made with any number of ports with equal or unequal power divisions. Wilkinson power divider has many advantages over other power dividers and has the following properties 5. Matched at all ports. 6. Large isolation between output ports 7. Reciprocal 8. Lossless when output ports are matched The S-matrix of a 3-port Wilkinson power divider is given by 0 j [S ] = 2 j 2 j 2 0 0 j 2 0 0

Figure (2)

Design Equations:

PowerdivisionRatio = K 2 = Z 03 = Z 0 1+ K 2 K3 1 ) K

P3 P2

Z 02 = Z 03 K 2 = Z 0 K (1 + k 2 ) R = Z0 (K + R2 = Z 0 K R3 = Z 0 / K

Sample Observations: For equal power division, sample results of a Wilkinson power divider

shown below
Z0 = 50 , f = 3 GHz , H = 1.6 mm, T = 0.036 mm,

= 4.4 , L = 0.001

Model graph:

S parameters
0

-20

-40
DB(|S(1,1)|) Wilknson divider

-60

DB(|S(2,1)|) Wilknson divider DB(|S(3,1)|) Wilknson divider DB(|S(3,2)|) Wilknson divider

-80 1 2 3 4 Frequency (GHz) 5 6

Practical Observations:

Frequency

S11

S21

S31

S32

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

Branch Line Coupler

Objectives: 3. To design and simulation of a branch line coupler. 4. To determine the scattering parameters of branch line coupler. Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software

Specifications :

Characteristic impedance Operating frequency Substrate thickness Dielectric constant Loss tangent

Z0 = f = H = r = L =

Figure (1)

Theory : Branch line couplers are 3 dB directional couplers with a 900 phase difference in the

outputs of the through and coupled ports. This type of hybrid is often made in microstrip line form as shown in figure 2. It is also known as Quadrature hybrid or 900 hybrid couplers. With all the ports matched, power entering port 1 is eventually divided between ports 2 and 3 with a 900 phase shift between these outputs. No power is coupled to port 4. Branch line coupler has a high degree of symmetry, as any port can be used as the input port. The output ports will always be on the opposite of the junction from the input port and the isolated port will be the remaining port on the same side as the input port. The S-matrix will have the following form

0 j 1 0 1 j 0 0 1 [S ] = 2 1 0 0 j 0 1 j 0

Figure (2) Sample Observations: Z0 = 50 , f = 3 GHz , H = 1.6 mm, T = 0.036 mm,

= 4.4 , L = 0.001

Model graph:

S parameters
0 -10 -20 -30
DB(|S(1,1)|) Branch line coupler

-40 -50 -60 1 2 3 4 Frequency (GHz)

DB(|S(2,1)|) Branch line coupler DB(|S(3,1)|) Branch line coupler DB(|S(4,1)|) Branch line coupler

Practical Observations:

Frequency

S11

S21

S31

S41

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

1800 Hybrid Coupler

Objectives: 5. To design and simulation of 1800 hybrid coupler. 6. To determine the scattering parameters of 1800 hybrid coupler. Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software

Specifications :

Characteristic impedance Operating frequency Substrate thickness Dielectric constant Loss tangent

Z0 = f = H = r = L =

Figure (1) Theory : The 1800 hybrid junction is a four port network with a 1800 phase shift between the two

output ports. It can also be operated so that the outputs are in phase. With reference to the hybrid coupler shown in figure 2, a signal applied to port 1 will be evenly split into two in-phase components at ports 2 and 3, and port 4 will be isolated. If the input is applied to port 4, it will be equallysplit into two compoents with a 1800 phase difference at ports 2 and 3, andport 1 will be isolated. When operated as a combiner with input signals applied at ports 2 and 3, sum of the inputs will be formed at port 1, while the difference will be formed at port 4. The 180 hybrid can be fabricated in several forms. The ring hybrid or rat-race shown in figure 2 can be easily constructed in microstrip form shown in figure 2. The scattering matrix for the ideal 3 dB 1800 hybrid thus has the following form 0 1 j 1 0 [S ] = 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Figure (2)

Sample Observations: Z0 = 50 , f = 3 GHz , H = 1.6 mm, T = 0.036 mm,

= 4.4 , L = 0.001

Model graph:

S parameters
0

-20

-40
DB(|S(1,1)|) 180 Hybrid coupler DB(|S(2,1)|) 180 Hybrid coupler DB(|S(3,1)|) 180 Hybrid coupler DB(|S(4,1)|) 180 Hybrid coupler

-60

-80 1 2 3 4 Frequency (GHz) 5 6

Practical Observations:

Frequency

S11

S21

S31

S41

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

LPF Richards Transformation Method

Objectives: To design and simulation of low pass filter using Richards transformation method with parallel stubs. Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software Filer specifications : Filter type Cutoff frequency(fc) Insertion loss & Frequency (w) Ripple factor () Microstrip specifications : Characteristic impedance Operating frequency Substrate thickness Dielectric constant Loss tangent Butterworth (or) Chebyshev

Z0 = f = H = r = L =

Figure (1) Theory :

A microwave filter is a two port network used to control the frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system by providing transmission at frequencies within the passband of the filter and attenuation in the stopband of the filter. Most microwave filter design is done based on the insertion loss method. The perfect filter would have zero insertion loss in the passband, infinite attenuation in the stopband and a linear phase response in the pass band. Filter design at microwave frequencies using lumped elements arise two problems. First, lumped elements such as inductors and capacitors are generally available only for a limited range of values and are difficult to implement at microwave frequencies, but must be approximated with distributed components. In addition, at microwave frequencies the distance between filter components is not negligible.

Richards transformation is used to convert lumped elements to transmission line sections, while Kurodas identities can be used to separate filter elements by using transmission line sections. Because such additional transmission line sections do not affect the filter response, this type of filter design is called redundant filter synthesis. The Richards transformation is given by
= Tan l

By this equation, the inductors and capacitors of a lumped element filter design can be replaced with short circuited and open circuited stubs as shown in figure 2, where the length of each stub is /8 at cutoff frequency c. Three element filter design using parallel stubs in microstrip form is shown in figure 3.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Design equations:

(a) Maximally flat (or) Butterworth type:

L log10 10 10 1 Order of the filter: N = w + log10 ( ) 2log10 w c L (in dB) is Insertion loss at w. is ripple factor.

Table of Element values for maximally flat LPF prototype (g0=1, gN+1=1)
Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C1 2.000 1.41421 1.00000 0.76357 0.61803 0.51764 0.44504 0.39018 0.34730 0.31287 L1 L2 1.41421 2.00000 1.84776 1.61803 1.41421 1.24698 1.11114 1.00000 0.90798 C2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9 L10

1.00000 1.84776 2.00000 1.93185 1.80194 1.66294 1.53209 1.41421 L3

0.76537 1.61803 1.93185 2.00000 1.96157 1.87938 1.78201 C4

0.61803 1.41421 1.80194 1.96157 2.00000 1.97538 L5

0.51764 1.24698 1.66294 1.87938 1.97538 C6

0.44504 1.11114 0.39018 1.53209 1.00000 0.34730 1.78201 1.41421 0.90798 0.31287 L7 C8 L9 C10

(b) Equal-ripple type:

10 0.1L 1 cosh 10 0.1Gr 1 Order of the filter M = w cosh 1 w c

1

L (in dB) is the insertion loss at w. Gr is ripple amplitude in dB

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.01 dB ripple
Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 0.4489 0.6292 0.7129 0.7653 .07814 0.7970 0.8073 0.8145 L1 L2 0.4078 0.9703 1.2004 1.3049 1.3600 1.3924 1.4131 1.4271 C2 C3 0.9085 0.6292 1.3213 1.5773 1.6897 1.7481 1.7824 1.8044 L3 0.6476 1.3049 1.5350 1.6331 1.6833 1.7125 C4 0.9085 0.7563 1.4970 1.7481 1.8529 1.9058 L5 0.7098 1.3924 1.6193 1.7125 C6 0.9085 .07970 1.5555 1.8044 L7 0.7334 1.4271 C8 0.9085 0.8145 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.1 dB ripple

Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 0.8431 1.0316 1.1088 1.1468 1.1681 1.1812 1.1898 1.1957 L1 L2 0.6220 1.1474 1.3062 1.3712 1.4040 1.4228 1.4346 1.4426 C2 C3 .07378 1.0316 1.7704 1.9750 2.0562 2.0967 2.1199 2.1346 L3 0.8181 1.3712 1.5171 1.5374 1.6010 1.6167 C4 0.7378 1.1468 1.9029 2.0967 2.1700 2.2054 L5 0.8618 1.4228 1.5641 1.6167 C6 .07378 1.1812 1.9445 2.1346 L7 0.8778 1.4426 C8 0.7378 1.1957 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.20 dB ripple

Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 1.0379 1.2276 1.3029 1.3395 1.3598 1.3723 1.3804 1.3861 L1 L2 .06746 1.1525 1.2844 1.3370 1.3632 1.3782 1.3876 1.3939 C2 C3 0.6499 1.2276 1.9762 2.1661 2.2395 2.2757 2.2964 2.3094 L3 0.8468 1.3370 1.4556 1.5002 1.5218 1.5340 C4 0.6499 1.3395 2.0974 2.2757 2.3414 2.3728 L5 0.8838 1.3782 1.4925 1.5340 C6 0.6499 1.3723 2.1349 2.3094 L7 0.8972 1.3939 C8 0.6499 1.3861 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.5 dB ripple

Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 1.4029 1.5963 1.6704 1.7058 1.7254 1.7373 1.7451 1.7505 L1 L2 0.7071 1.0967 1.1926 1.2296 1.2478 1.2582 1.2647 1.2690 C2 C3 0.5040 1.5963 2.3662 2.5409 2.6064 2.6383 2.6565 2.6678 L3 0.8419 1.2296 1.3136 1.3443 1.3590 1.3673 C4 .05040 1.7058 2.4759 2.6383 2.6965 2.7240 L5 0.8696 1.2582 1.3389 1.3673 C6 0.5040 1.7373 2.5093 2.6678 L7 0.8795 1.2690 C8 0.5040 1.7505 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Sample Observations: Specifications for a maximally flat low pass filter are

Cut off frequency is 1.5 GHz; insertion loss at 2.5 GHz is 10 dB . With the given specifications, number of elements required is 3.
Z0 = 50 , f = 1.5 GHz , H = 1.6 mm, T = 0.036 mm,

= 4.4 , L = 0.001

Model graph:

S parameters
0

-50

-100

DB(|S(1,1)|) LPF RICHARDS DB(|S(2,1)|) LPF RICHARDS

-150 0 1 Frequency (GHz) 2 3

Practical Observations:

Frequency

S11

S21

Conclusions:

Expt. No. : Date :

LPF Stepped Impedance Method

Objectives: To design and simulation of low pass filter using Stepped Impedance method. . Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software Filer specifications : Filter type Cutoff frequency(fc) Insertion loss & Frequency (w) Ripple factor () Microstrip specifications : Characteristic impedance Operating frequency Substrate thickness Dielectric constant Loss tangent Butterworth (or) Chebyshev

Z0 = f = H = r = L =

Figure (1) Theory :

A microwave filter is a two port network used to control the frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system by providing transmission at frequencies within the passband of the filter and attenuation in the stopband of the filter. Most microwave filter design is done based on the insertion loss method. The perfect filter would have zero insertion loss in the passband, infinite attenuation in the stopband and a linear phase response in the pass band. Filter design at microwave frequencies using lumped elements arise two problems. First, lumped elements such as inductors and capacitors are generally available only for a limited range of values and are difficult to implement at microwave frequencies, but must be approximated with distributed components. In addition, at microwave frequencies the distance between filter components is not negligible.

One easy way to implement low pass filter in microstrip form is to use alternating sections of very high and very low characteristic impedance lines. Such filters are usually referred to as stepped impedance or hi-Z, low-Z filters. These filters are popular because they are easier to design ad take up less space than a similar low pass filter using stubs. Because of the approximations involved, however, their electrical performance is not as good, so the use of such filters is usually limited to applications where a sharp cutoff is not required. By using this method, the series inductors of a low pass prototype can be replaced with high impedance line section (Z0=Zh) and the shunt capacitors can be replaced with low impedance line sections (Z0=Zl). Stepped impedance filter implementation and its microstrip form is shown in figure 2. With these approximations the electrical lengths of the inductor and capacitor sections are calculated as follows

Inductor

l =

LR0 Zh

and Capacitor

l =

CZ l R0

R0 is the filter impedance; L, C are element values from the table.

Figure 2

Design equations: (a) Maximally flat (or) Butterworth type:

L 10 10 1 log10 Order of the filter: N = w + log10 ( ) 2log10 w c L (in dB) is Insertion loss at w. is ripple factor. Table of Element values for maximally flat LPF prototype (g0=1, gN+1=1)
Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C1 2.000 1.41421 1.00000 0.76357 0.61803 0.51764 0.44504 0.39018 0.34730 0.31287 L1 L2 1.41421 2.00000 1.84776 1.61803 1.41421 1.24698 1.11114 1.00000 0.90798 C2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9 L10

1.00000 1.84776 2.00000 1.93185 1.80194 1.66294 1.53209 1.41421 L3

0.76537 1.61803 1.93185 2.00000 1.96157 1.87938 1.78201 C4

0.61803 1.41421 1.80194 1.96157 2.00000 1.97538 L5

0.51764 1.24698 1.66294 1.87938 1.97538 C6

0.44504 1.11114 0.39018 1.53209 1.00000 0.34730 1.78201 1.41421 0.90798 0.31287 L7 C8 L9 C10

(b) Equal-ripple type:

10 0.1L 1 cosh 1 10 0.1Gr 1 Order of the filter M = w cosh 1 w c

L (in dB) is the insertion loss at w. Gr is ripple amplitude in dB
Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.01 dB ripple
Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 C1 0.4489 0.6292 0.7129 0.7653 .07814 0.7970 L2 0.4078 0.9703 1.2004 1.3049 1.3600 1.3924 C3 0.9085 0.6292 1.3213 1.5773 1.6897 1.7481 0.6476 1.3049 1.5350 1.6331 0.9085 0.7563 1.4970 1.7481 0.7098 1.3924 0.9085 .07970 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

8 9

0.8073 0.8145 L1

1.4131 1.4271 C2

1.7824 1.8044 L3

1.6833 1.7125 C4

1.8529 1.9058 L5

1.6193 1.7125 C6

1.5555 1.8044 L7

0.7334 1.4271 C8

0.9085 0.8145 L9

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.1 dB ripple

Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 0.8431 1.0316 1.1088 1.1468 1.1681 1.1812 1.1898 1.1957 L1 L2 0.6220 1.1474 1.3062 1.3712 1.4040 1.4228 1.4346 1.4426 C2 C3 .07378 1.0316 1.7704 1.9750 2.0562 2.0967 2.1199 2.1346 L3 0.8181 1.3712 1.5171 1.5374 1.6010 1.6167 C4 0.7378 1.1468 1.9029 2.0967 2.1700 2.2054 L5 0.8618 1.4228 1.5641 1.6167 C6 .07378 1.1812 1.9445 2.1346 L7 0.8778 1.4426 C8 0.7378 1.1957 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.20 dB ripple

Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 1.0379 1.2276 1.3029 1.3395 1.3598 1.3723 1.3804 1.3861 L1 L2 .06746 1.1525 1.2844 1.3370 1.3632 1.3782 1.3876 1.3939 C2 C3 0.6499 1.2276 1.9762 2.1661 2.2395 2.2757 2.2964 2.3094 L3 0.8468 1.3370 1.4556 1.5002 1.5218 1.5340 C4 0.6499 1.3395 2.0974 2.2757 2.3414 2.3728 L5 0.8838 1.3782 1.4925 1.5340 C6 0.6499 1.3723 2.1349 2.3094 L7 0.8972 1.3939 C8 0.6499 1.3861 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Normalized Chebyshev element values, 0.5 dB ripple

Order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C1 1.4029 1.5963 1.6704 1.7058 1.7254 1.7373 1.7451 1.7505 L1 L2 0.7071 1.0967 1.1926 1.2296 1.2478 1.2582 1.2647 1.2690 C2 C3 0.5040 1.5963 2.3662 2.5409 2.6064 2.6383 2.6565 2.6678 L3 0.8419 1.2296 1.3136 1.3443 1.3590 1.3673 C4 .05040 1.7058 2.4759 2.6383 2.6965 2.7240 L5 0.8696 1.2582 1.3389 1.3673 C6 0.5040 1.7373 2.5093 2.6678 L7 0.8795 1.2690 C8 0.5040 1.7505 L9 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9

Sample Observations: Specifications for a maximally flat low pass filter are

Cut off frequency is 2.5 GHz; insertion loss at 4 GHz is 20 dB, highest practical line impedance is 120 and the lowest is 20 . With the given specifications, number of elements required is 6.

Z0 = 50 , f = 4 GHz , H = 1.58 mm, T = 0.0128 mm,

= 4.2 , L = 0.02

Model graph:

S parameters
0

-10

DB(|S(1,1)|) LPF STEPPED IMPEDANCE DB(|S(2,1)|) LPF STEPPED IMPEDANCE

-20

-30

-40 1 2 3 4 Frequency (GHz) 5 6

Practical Observations:

Frequency

S11

S21

Conclusions: