0 and n > 0. [2] The Gamma function is defined as an integral from 0 to infinity of t^(n-1)e^-t dt, where n > 0. [3] These functions have various properties and applications in calculating definite integrals."> 0 and n > 0. [2] The Gamma function is defined as an integral from 0 to infinity of t^(n-1)e^-t dt, where n > 0. [3] These functions have various properties and applications in calculating definite integrals.">
The document discusses Beta and Gamma functions, which are special functions used to calculate improper integrals. [1] The Beta function is defined as an integral from 0 to 1 of x^(m-1) * (1-x)^(n-1) dx, where m > 0 and n > 0. [2] The Gamma function is defined as an integral from 0 to infinity of t^(n-1)e^-t dt, where n > 0. [3] These functions have various properties and applications in calculating definite integrals.
The document discusses Beta and Gamma functions, which are special functions used to calculate improper integrals. [1] The Beta function is defined as an integral from 0 to 1 of x^(m-1) * (1-x)^(n-1) dx, where m > 0 and n > 0. [2] The Gamma function is defined as an integral from 0 to infinity of t^(n-1)e^-t dt, where n > 0. [3] These functions have various properties and applications in calculating definite integrals.
The document discusses Beta and Gamma functions, which are special functions used to calculate improper integrals. [1] The Beta function is defined as an integral from 0 to 1 of x^(m-1) * (1-x)^(n-1) dx, where m > 0 and n > 0. [2] The Gamma function is defined as an integral from 0 to infinity of t^(n-1)e^-t dt, where n > 0. [3] These functions have various properties and applications in calculating definite integrals.
The document discusses Beta and Gamma functions, which are special functions used to calculate improper integrals. [1] The Beta function is defined as an integral from 0 to 1 of x^(m-1) * (1-x)^(n-1) dx, where m > 0 and n > 0. [2] The Gamma function is defined as an integral from 0 to infinity of t^(n-1)e^-t dt, where n > 0. [3] These functions have various properties and applications in calculating definite integrals.
Introduction: Beta and Gamma functions are also called special functions because of their special usage to calculate some improper integrals. Improper integral is one which cannot be solved by by parts, substitution and known general formulae. These functions are developed by Euer. So this integrals are also called Euler integrals. Beta function is called the Euler integral of the first kind where as Gamma function is called the Euler integral of the second kind.
1 Beta function: It is defined as β(m,n) = ∫ 0 x m−1 (1 - x) n -1 dx , m > 0, n > 0 ( Euler
integral of the first kind. (1)
Beta function follows the symmetricity property. i.e
β(m,n) = β(n,m) obtaining the result by transformation in the above integral (1) x = 1-y
Gamma function( Euler integral of the second kind) :
Gamma function: ∞ Γ(n)= ∫ 0 t n−1e −t dt , n > 0 for convergence (2) ∞ Theorem Γ(x+1)=xΓ(x), Γ’(x)= ∫0 ln(t ) ⋅ t x −1e −t dt ∞ ∞ (Proof) Γ( x + 1) = ∫ t x e −t dt = − ∫ t x de −t 0 0
( Graph of Gamma function)
2
t = ∞ ∞ −t x ∞ = −t x e − t + ∫ e dt = x ∫ t x −1e −t dt = xΓ(x) t=0 0 0
Theorem Γ(n)=(n-1)!, Γ(1)=0!=1.
x −1 π ∞ t
sin(πx) ∫0 1 + t Theorem Γ(x)Γ(1-x)= = dt
∞ Γ( z ) = 2 ∫ e −t t 2 z −1 dt , 2 ℜ( z ) > 0, ( A) 0
1 1 1 (γ= lim 1 + + + LL + − ln n ) n →∞ 2 3 n 2 1 1 1 π 1 (Proof) Γ Γ1 − = Γ = = π ⇒ Γ( ) = π 2 2 2 π 2 sin 2 1 Γ ( x )Γ( y ) Beta function: β(x,y)= ∫ t (1 − t ) dt = x −1 y −1 0 Γ( x + y )
Motivating problems: 1 dz 1) Evaluate ∫0 1 − z4 .
3 1 −4 t dt 1 1 1 dz 1 4 1 1 4 −1 −1 1 1 1 Sol.) Let t=z4, dt=4z3 dz, ∫ =∫ = ∫ t ⋅ (1 − t ) 2 dt = β , 0 1− z 4 0 1− t 4 0 4 4 2
π 2 Theorem β(m,n)= 2 ∫ 0 sin 2 m −1 (θ ) cos 2 n −1 (θ )dθ Result: β(x,y)=β(y,x)
The restriction on z is necessary to avoid divergence of the integral. When Γ(z) does appear in physical problems, it is often in this form or some variation such as
to define a factorial function z! The factorial function of Eq.(5.5) is, of course, related to the gamma function by
Γ( z ) = ( z − 1)! Γ( z + 1) = z!. 3
Observation: The definite integral, together with the factor 2, has been named the beta function
π 2 B (m + 1, n + 1) ≡ 2 ∫ cos 2 m +1 θ sin 2 n+1 θdθ 0
m!n! = = B (n + 1, m + 1). (m + n + 1)!
Equivalently, in terms of the gamma function
Γ ( p )Γ( q ) B ( p, q ) = . Γ( p + q )
• Definite integrals, alternative forms
The beta function is useful in the evaluation of a wide variety of definite integrals. The substitution t=cosθ2 converts to
m!n! 1 B (m + 1, n + 1) = = ∫ t m (1 − t ) n dt. Replacing t by x2 , we obtain (m + n + 1)! 0
m!n! 1 = ∫ x 2 m +1 (1 − x 2 ) n dx. 2(m + n + 1)! 0
The substitution t = u (1 + u ) in the basic equation yields still another useful form
m!n! ∞ um (m + n + 1)! ∫0 (1 + u ) m + n + 2 = du.
