between two transmission lines with different characteristic impedances, the incident wave is partly reflected back toward the source and partly transmitted across the junction onto the other line. (Remember Ch.2 )
The same happens to a uniform plane wave
when it encounters a boundary between two material half-spaces with different characteristic impedances.
separates two lossless, homogeneous dielectric media. Medium 1 has permittivity ε1 and permeability µ1 and fills the half-space z ≤ 0.
Medium 2 has permittivity ε2 and permeability µ2
and fills the half-space z ≥ 0 . An x-polarized plane wave, with electric and magnetic fields (Ei, Hi) propagates in medium 1 along direction ki = z toward medium 2.
Reflection and transmission at the boundary at z = 0
result in a reflected wave, with electric and magnetic fields (Er, Hr), traveling along direction kr = -z in medium 1, and a transmitted wave with electric and magnetic fields (Et, Ht), traveling along direction kt = z in medium 2.
Individual Waves 8 On the basis of the formulations developed in Sections 7-2 and 7-3 for plane waves, the three waves are described in phasor form by:
Note ‒ sign
The amplitude E0i is imposed by the source
responsible for generating the incident wave, and therefore is assumed known.
Our goal is to relate E0r and E0t to E0i. We do
Note + sign so by applying boundary conditions for the total electric and magnetic fields at z = 0.
Remember: the tangential component of
the total electric field is always continuous Note ‒ sign across a boundary between two contiguous media, and in the absence of current sources at the boundary, the same is true for the total magnetic field. Boundary Conditions 9
The total electric field E1 (z) in medium 1 is the sum
of the electric fields of the incident and reflected waves, and a similar statement applies to the magnetic field H1(z). Hence,
At the boundary z = 0: (1)
(2)
Solution gives: Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 10
Similar form as for transmission lines:
The quantities Γ and τ are called the reflection and transmission coefficients. For lossless dielectric media η1 and η2 are real; consequently, both Γ and τ are real also. it can be easily shown that Γ and τ are interrelated as
For nonmagnetic media,
𝜂𝜂0 𝜂𝜂0 𝜂𝜂1 = 𝜂𝜂2 = 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟
where η0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space, in which case Γ may be expressed as Analogy of Normal Incidence to Transmission Lines 11 Power Transfer 12
Medium 1 in is host to the incident and reflected waves, which
together comprise the total electric and magnetic fields Medium 1
which is analogous to the lossless transmissionline case. The first and second terms inside the bracket represent the average power density of the incident and reflected waves, respectively. Thus
A I0-GHz aircraft radar uses a narrow-beam scanning
antenna mounted on a gimbal behind a dielectric radome, as shown in the Fig. Even though the radome shape is far from planar, it is approximately planar over the narrow extent of the radar beam. If the radome material is a lossless dielectric with εr = 9 and µr = 1, choose its thickness d such that the radome appears transparent to the radar beam. Structural integrity requires d to be greater than 2.3 cm.
the same (air), no net reflection will occur at z = ‒d if the radome thickness is an integer multiple of λ2/2 Example 8-2: Yellow Light Incident upon a Glass Surface 16
A beam of yellow light with wavelength 0.6 µm is normally incident in air upon a glass surface. If the surface is situated in the plane z = 0 and the relative permittivity of glass is 2.25, determine the fraction of the incident power transmitted into the glass medium.
