The document describes an experiment to construct and analyze a two-stage RC coupled CE-CC cascade amplifier. The objectives are to build the amplifier and analyze its gain, input and output impedance. The circuit uses two NPN transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Procedures are outlined to find the quiescent points, voltage gains, mid-band frequency, input and output impedances through measurement and calculation. Results and observations will be recorded in tables and conclusions.
The document describes an experiment to construct and analyze a two-stage RC coupled CE-CC cascade amplifier. The objectives are to build the amplifier and analyze its gain, input and output impedance. The circuit uses two NPN transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Procedures are outlined to find the quiescent points, voltage gains, mid-band frequency, input and output impedances through measurement and calculation. Results and observations will be recorded in tables and conclusions.
Original Description:
Practical guidance to perform transistor based circuit
The document describes an experiment to construct and analyze a two-stage RC coupled CE-CC cascade amplifier. The objectives are to build the amplifier and analyze its gain, input and output impedance. The circuit uses two NPN transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Procedures are outlined to find the quiescent points, voltage gains, mid-band frequency, input and output impedances through measurement and calculation. Results and observations will be recorded in tables and conclusions.
The document describes an experiment to construct and analyze a two-stage RC coupled CE-CC cascade amplifier. The objectives are to build the amplifier and analyze its gain, input and output impedance. The circuit uses two NPN transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Procedures are outlined to find the quiescent points, voltage gains, mid-band frequency, input and output impedances through measurement and calculation. Results and observations will be recorded in tables and conclusions.
OBJECTIVE Construct an RC coupled Multistage Amplifier with Common Emitte r amplification and Common Collector buffering stage then analyze its performance in terms of gain, input and output impedance.
THEORY In practical applications, the output of a single stage amplifier is usually insufficient. Hence they are replaced by Multi-stage transistor amplifiers.
In Multi-stage amplifiers, the output of first stage is coupled to the input of next stage using a coupling device like capacitor. This process of joining two amplifier stages using a coupling device can be called as Cascading.
The following figure shows a two-stage amplifier connected in cascade.
The overall gain is the product of voltage gain of individual stages. It is necessary to study the loading effect and the source resistance of each amplification stage in a multi-stage amplifier.
23 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
VO1
Fig 5.1: RC coupled Multistage Amplifier.
P ROCEDURE
1. Using a Multimeter, measure the value of all Resistors and Capacitors being used in the circuit. Also verify working of your BJT by testing it with DMM. 2. To find Q point: Connect the circuit without Vin and capacitors. Set Vcc= 15V. Measure dc voltages at the base VB1, VB2 , collector Vc1 , VC2 and Emitter VE1 , VE2 with respect to ground. Determine VCE1 , VCE2 and IC1 , IC2 . The Q points are respectively Q1 (VCE1 ,IC1 ) and Q2 (VCE2 ,IC2 ). 3. Now connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 4. Mid-band Gain and Mid-band frequency: a. Connect the signal generator and apply a sine wave of peak-to peak amplitude 10mV at 10 kHz. b. Connect input (Vin ) and first stage output VO1 and actual output VO of the circuit separately to oscilloscope channels and observe the waveforms. c. Vary the frequency of the input signal (between 1 kHz till 1 MHz) till the output signal VO maximizes. d. If the output signal becomes distorted, reduce the input signal amplitude till the output signal is free of distortion. e. Once maximum is achieved, note down the peak to peak amplitude of Vin , VO1 and VO.
24 f. Calculate Mid-band voltage gain of both amplifier stages using the values evaluated in last step AV1 = VO1 /Vin and AV2 = VO/ VO1 and overall voltage gain GV. g. The frequency at which maximum gain is achieved is the mid-band frequency.
5. Input impedance:
POT
Vo Vin
Fig 5.2: Input impedance finding technique .
a. Connect a Potentiometer (POT) between input voltage source and the base of the transistor (series connection). Set Potentiometer (POT) to zero. Keep Input sine wave amplitude to the one evaluated in step 4(e). Keep Input sine wave frequency to any mid band frequency evaluated in step 4(f). b. Connect AC voltmeter (Range: 0-10V) across the biasing resistor R2. c. Vary the value of Potentiometer such that the AC voltmeter reads a voltage half of the input signal value. d. Measure the value of the potentiometer with a multimeter. This is the Input Impedance at mid-band frequency. 6. Output impedance:
Pot Vo Vin
Fig 5.3: Output impedance finding technique .
a. Connect a Potentiometer between input voltage source and the base of the transistor (series connection) b. Set the following: Potentiometer to maximum value. Keep Input sine wave amplitude to the one evaluated in step 4(e).
25 Keep Input sine wave frequency to any mid band frequency evaluated in step 4(f). c. Connect AC voltmeter (Range: 0-10 V) across the biasing resistor RC and measure Output Voltage. d. Decrease Potentiometer till output voltage reduces to one half of the one achieved in step 6(c). e. Measure the value of the potentiometer with a multimeter. This is the Output Impedance at mid-band frequency. 6. Theoretical Calculations: a. Solve the circuit using a pen and paper and evaluate the theoretical values of the mid- band gain, input and output impedance. 7. Observations: a. Write down your observations in the Conclusions portion. RESULTS & CALCULATIONS
Table 5.1: Measured Circuit Parameter
Parameter Measured Parameter Measured Name Value Name Value Cb1 R3 Ce1 R4 Cc1 VCC R1 VCE1 R2 VCE2 RE1 IC RC1 β RE2 Ce2
Table 5.2: Representation of Mid-band gain and frequency
Input Output Output Freq. GV = GV (dB) = Voltage Voltage Voltage Av1 = Av2 = (Hz) AV! * AV2 20log AV (Vi) (VO1 ) (VO) VO1 /Vin VO2 /VO1
26 Table 5.3: Comparison of theoretical and practical values Theoretical Practical Input impedance Output impedance Mid-band Gain
CONCLUSION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Activity Name Experiment No
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