Geotechnical Engineering–I
BSc Civil Engineering – 4th Semester
Lecture # 11
2-Mar-2015
by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotec-1
1
SOIL COMPACTION –
LABORATORY EVALUATION
Ultimate goal → to obtain compaction curve of soil
Test Procedure → Standard Proctor Test
(ASTM ASTM D-698 or AASHTO T-99)
2
STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
(ASTM D-698 or AASHTO T-99)
Ultimate goal → to obtain compaction curve of soil.
→ OMC & γd(max)
Dry Density, γd
5.5 lb
Drop height = 12 in Moisture content, w (%)
Repeat the test
by adding Repeat the same
more water procedure by
adding more and
25 blows/layer 25 blows/layer
more water every
w1 time.
w2 (w2 > w1)
b
γb(1) = W/V d γb(2)
(1 w)
3
STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
(ASTM D-698 or AASHTO T-99)
Developed by R.R. Proctor (1933)
Equipment
Volume of mold = 1/30 ft3 (943.3 cm3)
Diameter of mold = 4 in (101.6 mm)
Weight of hammer = 5.5 lb (2.45 kg)
Drop height = 12 in (305 mm)
Soil compacted in 3 layers
25 blows per layer
Height of
Compaction
Weight of
hammer drop of Number of
blows per layer Number of
layers
hammer
E=
Energy, E Volume of mold
2.495 kg (9.81 m / s 2 ) (0.3048 m) (25 blows / layer ) (3 layers)
E
0.944 10 3 m 3
E 592.7 kJ / m 3 (12,375 ft lb / ft 3 )
4
ZERO AIR VOID (ZAV) CURVE
• Corresponds to 100%
saturation.
• Compaction curve always S <100%
lie on the left of ZAVC.
o because S > 100% is not
possible
Gs w w Gs
d ; e
1 e s
Gs w
d
w Gs
1
s
5
ZERO AIR VOID (ZAV) CURVE
• Also known as full 20
saturation curve. Gs = 2.69
• Similar curves can 19
Dry unit weight d (kN/m3)
be drawn for
various degrees of 18
saturation.
17
S = 100%
60%
16 70%
G 80%
d s w 90%
w Gs
1 15
s 5 10 15 20 25
Moisture content, w (%)
6
MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST
• Developed during World War II by U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
o to represent compaction required at airfields to support heavy
aircrafts.
Equipment Modified E=E2
Volume of mold = 1/30 ft3
Dry Density (γd)
Diameter of mold = 4 in
Weight of hammer = 10 lb
Drop height = 18 in
Soil compacted in 5 layers Standard E=E1
25 blows per layer
Water Content (w)
7
STANDARD vs MODIFIED
PROCTOR TEST
Standard Modified
Proctor Test Proctor Test
Mold size (ft3) 1/30 1/30
Height of drop (inch) 12 18
Hammer weight (lb) 5.5 10
No. of layers 3 5
No. of blows per layer 25 25
Energy (ft.lb/ft3) 12,375 56,250
8
STANDARD vs MODIFIED
PROCTOR TEST
Zero Air Voids
Curve
The curve represents the
fully saturated condition
(S = 100 %).
Line of Optimums
A line drawn through the
peak points of several
compaction curves at
different compactive
efforts for the same soil
will be almost parallel to
a 100 % saturation
curve.
9
COMPACTION – Notes
• OMC is typically slightly
less than the plastic limit
(ASTM suggestion).
• Typical values of OMC are
between 10% and 20%,
with an outside maximum
range of about 5% to 40%.
• Typical values of γd(max) are
around 1.6 to 2.0 Mg/m3
with the maximum range
from about 1.3 to 2.4
Mg/m3.
10
PRACTICE PROBLEM #1
The laboratory test for a standard proctor is shown below. Determine the
optimum water content and maximum dry density. If Gs of the soil is 2.70,
draw the ZAV curve.
Volume of Weight of wet soil Water Content
Proctor Mold in the mold (lb) (%)
(ft3)
1/30 3.88 12
1/30 4.09 14
1/30 4.23 16
1/30 4.28 18
1/30 4.24 20
1/30 4.19 22
11
PRACTICE PROBLEM #1
Volume of Weight of Wet Unit Water Dry Unit
Proctor wet soil in Weight Content Weight
Mold the mold (lb/ft3) (%) (lb/ft3)
(ft3) (lb)
1/30 3.88 116.4 12 103.9
1/30 4.09 122.7 14 107.6
1/30 4.23 126.9 16 109.4
1/30 4.28 128.4 18 108.8
1/30 4.24 127.2 20 106.0
1/30 4.19 125.7 22 103.0
12
PRACTICE PROBLEM #1
110
109 γd(max) = 109.5 lb/ft3
108
Dry unit weight, γd (lb/ft3)
107
106
105
104
103
OMC = 16.6%
102
10 15 20 25
Moisture Content, w (%)
13
CONCLUDED
14
