FACULTY : ENGINEERING

EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HIGHWAY ENGNEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 20303

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 2

AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST (FLAKINESS INDEX &

EXPERIMENT TITLE
ELONGATION INDEX)

DATE

GROUP NO.

(1)
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
(2)

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

COMMENTS:

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)

1
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT:
FACULTY FLAKINESS
OF ENGINEERING EFFECTIVE DATE:
TECHNOLOGY SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HIGHWAY ENGNEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

Level of Achievement

Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Elements
1 2 3 4 5 Level Weight Score

No Students
mistakes mistakes while
Display with
ls, but

Display a Most of
Procedures
handling procedures
procedures procedures
are
of

Most data All data

Measure All data Most data taken
minor data All data
taking missing
taken, correctly
with missing
missing

Respond
Able
Limited respond Able Unable
Respond ability to respond respond
answer to respond answer answer to
answer sometimes most of
to not match at all

Show the
discipline
Major Minor flaws Minor flaws Conform Conform to
follows
rules to criteria, criteria, dress code dress
minutes minutes minor flaw
-Dress

Regulations

Total
Mark:

2
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or

provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

Name : ___________________________________
Matrix No : ___________________________________

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

3
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016

1.0 OBJECTIVES
To determine the flakiness and elongation indices of the given aggregate sample.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a. FLAKINESS INDEX
- Measure the percentage of aggregate which passing the thickness gauge
- Correlate the flakiness index with the allowable shape of aggregate

b. ELONGATION INDEX
- Measure the percentage of aggregate which not passing the particular length gauge
- Correlate the elongation index with the allowable length of aggregate

3.0 INTRODUCTION
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongation
particles. Flaky and elongation particles are considered undesirable as they cause weakness of
the pavement. Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete pavements as the
workability of concrete improves. Regular shapes of particles are desirable for granular base
course due to increased stability desired from better interlocking. When the shape of
aggregates deviates more from the spherical shape, as in the case of angular, flaky and
elongation aggregate the void content increase and hence the grain size distribution of the
aggregates has to be suitable altered in order to obtain minimum voids in the dry mix on the
maximum density.

4.0 FLAKINESS INDEX

Aggregate particles are classified as flaky when they have a thickness (smallest dimension) of
less than 0.6 of their mean sieve size. The flakiness index of an aggregate sample is found by
separating the flaky particles and expressing their mass as a percentage of the mass of the
sample tested. This test is not applicable to aggregate passing 6.30mm sieve and retained as
63.0 mm sieve.

Instruments /Apparatus / Chemical / Reagents

1. Metal thickness gauge (Figure 1.0)
2. Test sieve, balance, trays, ect.

Figure 1.0 Shape Test Apparatus

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016
Procedure
1. The sieve sample with sieves mentioned in Table 7.1. Weight each of the individual size
fraction (w1, w2, w3…..)retained on these sieve, other than the 63.0 mm sieve and store
them in separate trays marked with their size.

2. Gauge each fraction from the respective slots in the thickness gauge weigh pieces which
pass through the slots (x1, x2, x3…..ect.

Results Calculations

Flakiness index = X1+ X2+X3+…….. X 100

W1+W2+W3+……..

Where x1, x2,…etc. are the weight of the fractions passing from the thickness gauge. W1, w2
…ect are the weight of the original sample retained as the corresponding sieve

5.0 ELONGATION INDEX

Aggregate particles are classified as elongation when they have a length (greatest dimension) of
more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size. The elongation index is found by separating the
elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the mass of sample tested.
The test is not applicable to material passing 6.30 mm sieve or retained on 50 mm sieve.

Apparatus
1. Metal length gauge
2. Sieve
3. Balance
4. Tray
Procedure
1. Sieve the sample with sieve mentioned in table (3) weight each of the individual size fractions
(w1, w2, w3…. Retained on these sieves other than the 50.0 mm sieve
2.Gauge each fraction as follows, select the length gauge appropriate to the single fraction
under test and gauge each particle separately by hand. Elongated particles are those whose
greates dimension prevent them from passing through the gauge. Weigh each fraction which
doesn’t pass through the gauge (y1, y2, …ect)

Calculation and Results

Elongation Index = y1+ y2+y3+…….. X 100

W1+W2+W3+……..

Where: y1, y2, y3, ….weight of the fractions not passing through the length gauge w1, w2, w3,
….are the weight of the original sample on the corresponding sieve

Aggregate Shape Test

2
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016

Size of aggregate Width of the friction Weight on Weight on

contesting of at last aggregate in each aggregate in
Passing through Retained on IS
200 piece, g fraction passing each fraction
IS sieve, mm sieve, mm
thickness gauge, g retained on
length gauge, g
1 2 3 4 5
63 50 W1mm…. X1mm…. Y1mm….
50 37.5 W2mm…. X2mm…. Y2mm….
37.5 28 W3mm…. X3mm…. Y3mm….
28 20 W4mm…. X4mm…. Y4mm….
20 14 W5mm…. X5mm…. Y5mm….
14 10 W6mm…. X6mm…. Y6mm….
10 6.3 W7mm…. X7mm…. Y7mm….

Total

Flakiness index = X1+ X2+X3+…….. X 100

W1+W2+W3+……..

Elongation Index = y1+ y2+y3+…….. X 100

W1+W2+W3+……..
Table 2 data for Determination of Flakiness Index

Aggregate Size Fraction Width of slot in Minimum mass for

thickness subdivision
BS test sieve nominal aperture size Gauge or special sieve

100% passing 100% passing

mm mm mm kg
63.0 50.0 33.9 ± 0.3 50
50.0 37.5 26.3 ± 0.3 35
37.5 28.0 19.7 ± 0.3 15
28.0 20.0 14.4 ± 0.15 5
20.0 14.0 10.2 ± 0.15 2
14.0 10.0 7.2 ± 0.1 1
10.0 6.3 4.9 ± 0.1 0.5
This dimension is equal to 0.6 times the mean test sieve size

Table 3 data for Determination of Elongation Index

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016

Aggregate Size Fraction Width of slot in Minimum mass for

thickness subdivision
BS test sieve nominal aperture size Gauge or special sieve

100% passing 100% passing

mm mm mm kg
50.0 37.5 78.7 ± 0.3 35
37.5 28.0 59.0 ± 0.3 15
28.0 20.0 43.2 ± 0.15 5
20.0 14.0 30.6 ± 0.15 2
14.0 10.0 21.6 ± 0.2 1
10.0 6.3 14.7 ± 0.2 0.5

This dimension is equal to 1.8 times the mean test size.

REFERENCES
British Standards Methods of determination of particle shape BS 812, Part 105, 1989.
Kenneth N. derucher and George P .Korfiatis, Material for civil and highway engineers, Prentice Hall,
NJ 2nd edition,1988.
Harold N. Attkins, Highway materials, soils and concretes, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 1990.

6.0 RESULT & ANALYSIS

Summary of Flakiness & Elongation Index Test (BS 812 Part: III)
Passing Retained Sample Passing Retained Flakiness Elongation
Sieve (mm) Sieve (mm) (gm) (gm) (gm) Index Index

63

50

37.5

28

20

14

10

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: FLAKINESS EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
AND ELONGATION INDEX AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016
7.0 DISCUSSIONS
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8.0 CONCLUSION:

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Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

Signature/Tandatangan : Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : PN. NOOR KHAZANAH ABD Name/Nama : ASSOC. PROF DR.
RAHMAN SURAYA HANI ADNAN

Date/Tarikh : SEPTEMBER 2016 Date/ Date/Tarikh : SEPTEMBER 2016