Cellular Level Pathways of simple diffusion:
o Pass across lipid bilayer if lipid-
Cell Membrane
soluble (O2,CO2, N2, fatty acids,
Functions of the cell membrane: steroids, fat-soluble vitamins), or
o To give structure to the cell. if polar molecules (H2O, urea)
o To define what is intracellular (inside o Pass through ion channels
the cell) and what is extracellular (which may be gated: gates
(outside the cell). open and close) if ions such as
o To regulate what may enter or leave K+, Ca2+, Cl–
the cell by a process called 3. Facilitated diffusion.
membrane transport. Special type of diffusion for molecules
that cannot diffuse directly through the
Passive Transport cell membrane.
Moves materials from areas of high Common for glucose and amino acids.
concentration to areas of low Proteins carrier controlled process.
concentration with no energy required. Requires a carrier in membrane but not
ATP
Methods of passive transport include: Solute goes down concentration
1. Filtration gradient
Forces smaller molecules in a solution Maximum transport speed depends on
through a membrane due to greater number of carriers
hydrostatic pressure on one side. o insulin increases number of carriers
o Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure for glucose in plasma membrane
exerted by a fluid against a wall or 4. Osmosis.
membrane. Osmosis is diffusion of water through a
2. Simple diffusion. selectively permeable membrane.
Net movement of molecules from an Diffusion of water across selectively
area of higher concentration to an permeable membrane:
area of lower concentration. o Permeable to solvent
Occurs in gases and liquids due to o Impermeable to solute
constant, random motion of Types of solutions surrounding human
molecules. RBCs
Occurs in both living and nonliving o Isotonic: solution outside RBC has
systems. same concentration of solute as RBC:
Depends on: 0.9% NaCl
o Temperature. o Hypotonic: solution outside of RBC
o Molecular weight. has lower concentration: 0% NaCl
o Concentration gradient. Hemolysis: red blood cells to swell
o Membrane surface area. and burst, or lyse.
o Hypertonic: solution outside of RBC
Requirements for simple diffusion
has higher concentration: 4% NaCl
o Concentration gradient of solute
Crenation: red blood cells to
present
shrivel up
o Solute can diffuse across a
Water always diffuses from a hypotonic
membrane if membrane is
solution into a hypertonic solution.
present
Covers and lines all body surfaces.
Covers organs vessels and ducts.
Lines hollow organs vessels and ducts.
Active Transport Includes glandular tissue.
Epithelial tissues are named for the
Moves materials across a cell
shape of the cells and for the number of
membrane from areas of low
layers of cells.
concentration to areas of high
o Shapes of the cells.
concentration (against a concentration
1. Squamous cells are flat.
gradient).
2. Cuboidal cells are cuboid shape.
Requires energy.
3. Columnar cells are tall.
Performs as sodium-potassium pump:
o Number of cell layers.
Continually pumps sodium ions out of
1. Simple epithelium is one layered.
the cell while bringing potassium ions
2. Stratified epithelium is multiple
into the cell.
layered.
Can transport up a concentration
3. Pseudostratified epithelium is one
gradient
layered, but appears multilayered.
Critical for moving important ions
Bulk Transport Connective tissue
o Bulk transport moves large
Most abundant body tissues.
quantities of materials, not individual
Support and bind other tissues.
molecules, across a cell membrane.
o Requires energy (ATP) Consist of few, loosely arranged cells
and intercellular substance called
o Involves small membrane sac
matrix.
o Materials are moved into the cell
The density of the matrix is highly
through endocytosis.
variable.
Phagocytosis: ingestion of
o Loose/Areolar Connective Tissue:
particles such as bacteria
Loose arrangement of fibers in a
into white blood cells
matrix with a thick fluid consistency.
(WBCs)
o Dense Regular Connective Tissue:
Pinocytosis: ingestion of
fluid Mostly dense bundles of collagen
o Materials are moved out of the (protein) fibers that run parallel to
each other. (ex.tendons and
cell through exocytosis.
ligaments.)
o Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:
Interwoven pattern to its many
Levels of Organization of the Human
composing fibers. Can be found
Body
supporting the skin’s middle layer.
Tissue Level o Adipose Connective Tissue:
Composed of lipid-storing fat cells.
Histology is the study of tissues. o Blood Connective Tissue:
There are four basic classifications of Composed of red and white blood
tissues: cells and platelets in a very fluid
matrix called plasma.
Epithelial tissue. o Hyaline Cartilage Connective
Tissue: Has a very smooth, glassy
appearance. Its collagen fibers are hypertrophy (making existing cells
so fine that they are virtually bigger).
invisible. Tissues grow abnormally to form
o Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue: neoplasms (tumors).
Allows this cartilage to snap back to o Neoplasms may be benign or
shape if bent. Found in the ear and malignant.
the epiglottis. Malignant neoplasms may break apart
o Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue: and travel to other areas of the body in a
Function as a shock absorber. process called metastasis.
Found in the disks between
vertebrae and in the meniscus of the Tissue Change
knee. Metaplasia is the change of tissue from
o Bone Connective Tissue: Bone one type to another.
cells isolated by a dense, concrete o Change may be physiologic or
like matrix that makes bone very pathologic.
hard.
Tissue Shrinkage and Death
Muscle tissue
Atrophy is the shrinkage of tissue due
Composed of cells with a high to age or disuse.
concentration of proteins. Necrosis is the premature death of
The proteins and their arrangement tissue.
allow muscle cells to contract. o Gangrene is the death of tissue due
There are 3 main types of muscle to an insufficient blood supply,
tissue: usually associated with an infection.
o Skeletal muscle: Move the body o If the death is sudden, it is called an
and control body openings. infarction.
o Smooth muscle: Found in the walls Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
of hollow organs, veins, & arteries.
Moves material through hollow Organ Level: Many different types of
organs. Changes diameter of blood tissues work collectively as organs to carry
vessels. out functions in the various systems.
o Cardiac muscle: Heart muscle.
Specialized junctions between cells
(intercalated disks) allow for fast
transmission of electrical impulses.
Nervous tissue.
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Two main types of cells:
Neurons: conduct impulses.
Neuroglia: supporting cells that nourish,
insulate, and protect the neurons.
Tissue Growth
Tissues grow normally through
hyperplasia (making more cells) or
