5.
1 FUNDAMENTAL OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
THEOREM A : Trigonometric Ratios
hypotenuse
opposite/
tentang
B
adjacent/ C
sebelah
The three trigonometric ratios are:
opposite sin STH=saya tak hafal@ sin= tentang/hipotenus
tan
adjacent cos KSH=Kalau saya hafal@ kos=sebelah/hipotenus
opposite TTS= tentu tak susah@ tan=tentang/sebelah
sin
hypotenuse
*singkatan untuk mengingat 3 nisbah trigo yg utama
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
The three reciprocal trigonometric ratios are:
1 cos
cot
tan sin
1
cos ec
sin
1
sec
cos
Example 1:
From the triangle below, find:
a) The length AB A
b) The length AC
30
C
5cm
Solution:
a) AB is the hypotenuse. Using the cosine ratio gives:
adj
cos
hyp
5
cos 30
AB
5
AB
cos 30 ________cm
b) Using the tangent ratios gives:
opp
tan
adj
AC
tan 30
5
AC 5 tan 30 ____________cm
Example 2:
From the right-angled triangle below, calculate:
a) sin
b) cos
c) tan 12cm
d) sec
e) cos ec
6cm C
f) cot
Solution:
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
THEOREM B : Finding Trigonometric Ratios Using Calculator
We can find any trigonometric ratio by simply using calculator. Before that, make sure that your
calculator is set to the degree mode.
Example 1:
Find the value of each of the following using your calculator:
a) Sin 10° =
b) Sin 85° =
c) Cos 125° =
d) Cos 230° =
e) Tan 30° =
f) Tan 315° =
Example 2:
Find the value of each of the following using your calculator. Give the answer correct to 4 decimal
places:
a) Tan 45.53° =
b) Sin 60°24’36” =
c) Cos 95°55’74” =
Example 3:
Find the value of each of the following. Your answer must be correct to 4 decimal places:
a) Cosec 12.8° =
b) Sec 9°18’36” =
c) Cot 124° =
d) Tan(-65°) =
e) Cos(-142°) =
f) Sec(-105°) =
THEOREM C : Finding Exact Values for Trigonometric Ratios
We have two cases involving exact trigonometric ratios.
45° - 45° triangle
30° - 60° triangle
45° - 45° triangle 30° - 60° triangle
45 60 2
2
1
1 30
45
3
1
opp 1 1 3
tan 45 1 tan 30 tan 60
adj 1 3 , 1
opp 1 3 1
sin 45 cos 30 cos 60
hyp 2 2 , 2
adj 1 1 3
cos 45 sin 30 sin 60
hyp 2 2, 2
Example 1:
Find the exact values of the following:
a) Cos 30°
b) Sin 60°
c) Tan 30°
Solution:
Using the 30°-60° triangle,
60 2
1
30
3
a) Cos 30° = 2
3
b) Sin 60° = 2
1
c) Tan 30° = 3
Example 2:
Find the exact values of the following:
a) Cot 45° b) cosec 45° c) sec 45°
Solution:
This solution needs the 45° - 45° triangle,
45
2
1
45
1 1 1
a) Sec 45° = cos 45 b) cosec 45°= sin 45 c) cot 45°= tan 45
1 1
2 2
1 1
= 2 = 2 =…………….
THEOREM D : Finding Angles Given the Trigonometric Ratio
Example 1:
Find the angle each of the following and that 0 90 .
a ) tan 0.2217 b) sin 0.9272 c ) cos 0.8066
tan 1 0.2217
=…………………….
d ) cot 5.6713 e) sec 4.8097 f ) cos ec 1.2208
1
There is no cot button in
calculator, therefore:
1
cot
tan
1 1
tan 5.6713
1
tan 0.1763
5.6713
tan 1 0.1763
=…………………….
THEOREM E : Trigonometric Ratios Involving Radians
Radians are an alternative measure for angle instead of using degrees unit. They can be converted vice
versa.
Converting Degrees to Radians, Converting Radians to Degrees,
180o
___ ___ radians
180
Example 1:
Convert the following to degrees:
a) 30°
b) 115°
Solution:
30 rad 115 2.0071rad
a) 180 = 6 b) 180
Example 2:
Convert the following to degrees:
rad
a) 2 b) 2.84rad
Solution:
180
rad 90
a) 2
180
2.84rad 162.72
b)
5.2 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS AND IDENTITIES
A : Trigonometric Basic Identities
sin
tan
cos
cos 2 sin 2 1
1 tan 2 sec 2
1 cot 2 cos ec 2
B : Formula of Compound Angle & Double Angle
Compound Angle
sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan A B
1 tan A tan B
Double Angle
sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A
1 2sin 2 A
2 cos 2 A 1
2 tan A
tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
C : Solving Equations involving Trigonometric using Compound Angle and Double angle
5.3 SINE AND COSINE RULES
THEOREM A : The Sine Rule
In any triangle ABC, whether it is an acute-angles triangle or obtuse-angled triangle, the sine rule states
that:
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
This rule can be used when:
Two angles and one side are given or,
Two sides and an angle (not an included angle) are given.
B
c b
a
c
B a A b C
Acute –angled triangle obtuse-angled triangle
Example 1:
Solve the triangle ABC with side AB=9 cm, A=50° and B=60°.
Solution:
50° b
9cm
60°
B
a C
Apply the sine rule, we get:
b 9
sin 60 sin 70 *…………… Note that: C = 180°-(50°+60°) =70°
9sin 60
b
sin 70 ……………...cm
Applying the sine rule again to get the value of a:
a 9
sin 50 sin 70
9sin 50
a
sin 70 ……………….cm
Example 2:
ABC is a triangle such that ACB 120 , AC = 6 cm and AB = 17 cm. Solve the triangle.
120
6 cm B
17 cm
A
Solution:
Using the sine rule gives:
6 17
sin B sin120
6sin120
sin B
17 =0.3057
B sin 1 0.3057 =………….°
CAB 180 120 17.8 42.2 . Using the sine rule again to find BC gives:
BC 17
sin 42.2 sin120
17 sin 42.2
BC
sin120
BC …………………cm.
By using formula are of triangle ½ ab sin c, try to find the area of triangle for both example
above.
THEOREM B : The Cosine Rule
In any triangle ABC,
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A B
a
And similarly we have,
C
b
b a c 2ac cos B
2 2 2
c
and c a b 2ab cos C
2 2 2
A
Example 1:
In triangle PQR, PR = 10 cm, QR = 6 cm and PRQ 28 . Find
P
a) The length PQ
b) PQR
10 cm
Q 28
6 cm
R
Solution:
a) Applying the cosine rule to the PQR gives:
PQ 2 62 102 2(6)(10) cos 28
=
=
PQ
=………………..cm.
b) To find PQR , we need to rearrange the cosine formula for cos Q. This gives:
q 2 p 2 r 2 2 pr cos Q
p2 r 2 q2
cos Q
2 pr
Applying this formula to the triangle PQR gives:
62
2
102
cos Q
2 6
=
Q = cos 1 ( )
= ………………….
Therefore, PQR is …………………..
ENHANCEMENT EXERCISE (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)
July 2010
a) For each of the following trigonometric functions, determine the reference angle. Hence, find
the value of the trigonometric functions:
i.sin130
ii.cos 35
iii.tan 300
b) Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0 360 .
2
i. cos ec
3
ii. 8sin cos sin
iii. cos 2 sin 2 0
c) From the figure below, QRS is a straight line. Given that: PS=16cm, QR=10cm, RS=16cm,
PRS=43° and RPS=77°. Calculate:
i. PSR
ii. The length of PQ right to two decimal places
P
16cm
43° 77°
S
10cm R 14cm
January 2010
12
a) Given that is an acute angle and cos = 13 . Find the values of:
i. cot
ii.sec
iii. cos ec
b) Find the values of in the following equations for 0 360 :
i. cos 0.6428
2
ii. sec 2.521
c) Solve the following equations for 0 360 :
i. tan 5 6 cot
ii. 2sin 5cos
July 2009
a) Find the value of the following trigonometry:
i. sin150
ii. cos ec350
iii. cot 300
b) Find all the angles between 0 360 that satisfy each of the following trigonometry
equations:
i.sin 0.9421
ii.cos 0.6428
c) Solve each of the following trigonometry equations for 0 360 :
i. sin x cos 42 0
ii.2sin x cos x cos x
January 2009
a) Change the following angles into radian:
i.678
ii.135
iii.531
b) Find the value of in the range 0 360 and sketch the diagram if:
i.tan 2 1.723
ii.sin 0.707
2
c) Given RST is a triangle where RS=10.0 cm and S=40°. Calculate:
i. The angle of T
ii. The angle of side TS
iii. The length of side TR
July 2009 (senibina)
8 4
sin x tan y
a) In diagram below, QTS is a straight line. Given that 17 and 3 . Calculate the
length, in cm of ST.
6cm
y
P
x
S 8cm R
b) Determine the values of between 0 360 for each trigonometric equation below:
i.tan 0.364
ii.sin 0.781
iii.cos ec 4.676
July 2008
8
sin
a) Given 17 with 0 90 . Without using calculator, find the following values:
i. cos
ii. tan
iii.cos ec
iv.sec
v.cot
b) Find value of 0 360 which satisfy the following trigonometric equations:
i. tan 0.4245
ii. sin 0.7431
c) Solve the following equations for 0 360
2 tan 2 tan 3 0
-END OF CHAPTER-
