TRIGONOMETRY RODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometry can be found in many fields such as navigation, surveying, engineering and architecture. It is the study of the relationships between the angles and the lengths of the sides of triangles. The word “Trigonometry” is derived from two Greek words: ‘trigon’ which means triangle and ‘metron’ which means a measure and therefore trigonometry ‘means literally the measurement of a triangle, Angles in Trigonometry are usually indicated by means of Greek letters: @= theta, B=beta, o=alpha, ¢=phi Right-angled triangles These triangles are fundamental to the study of trigonometry. In Grade 8 you were introduced to the theorem of Pythagoras which describes the relationship between the three sides of a right-angled triangle. From the Theorem of Pythagoras: A ec a B Furthermore, we will label the three sides as adjacent, opposite and hypotenuse. The longest side (opposite the right-angle) is called the hypotenuse. The opposite and adjacent sides are dependent on which angle is used as the reference point. A A <3 Opposite to B Sen. Adjacent to A. C ‘Adjacent to B B COppositetoA BB TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS There are three special ratios in the sudy of Trigonometry, namely the sine, cosine and tangent ratios. When these ratios are applied to a right-angled triangle, they define the relationships between its sides and angles. The triangles sketched on the next page are all similar because their corresponding angles are equal and their corresponding sides are in proportion. Each of the triangles has angles 30°, 60° and 90°. The lengths of the sides are also indicated,ir sem G opposite 60° re \ 4m Adjacent to 30°) 4,33 cm: Lb Cc 25cm B 4cm EB Adjacent to 60" ‘Opposite 30° opposite side 11 be equal: With respect to the angle 60° in the three triangles, the ratio “hypotenuse will be eq! eee ee hypotemuse a side hypotenuse nace: 2222sH side _ 3,464 _ 9 g66 hypotenuse 4 _ The constant 0,866 is called ‘This willbe true for any triangle with angles 30°, 60° and 90° the sine of 60. 866 We can write this as follows’ sin 60° = In general, we can define the sine of am angle as follows: ine ofan angte = 22 of the side opposite angle 8 Tength of the hypotenuse opposite hypotenuse in® Notice that in all three triangles: 63adjacent side ill be ypotenase, Wil boca ‘With respect to the angle 60° in the three triangles the ratio adjacent side _ 2,5 hypotenuse adjacent side ‘hypotenuse adjacent side hypotenuse In AABC: In ADEF: In AGHI: This willbe true for any triangle with angles 30°, 60° and 90°. The constant 0,5 is called the cosine of 60°. We can write it as follows: cos60°=0,5. In general, we can define the cosine of an angle as follows: Tength of the side adjacent to angle @ Tength of the hypotenuse adjacent hnypotenuse cosine of an angle @= £088 Notice that in all three triangles: cos30° = _itent hypotenuse With respect to the angle 60° in the three triangles the ratio °PPOsite siden be equal adjacent side In ABC: In ADEF: opposite side In AGHI: a adjacent side 2 This will be true for any triangle with angles 30°, 60° and 90°, The constant 1,732 is called the tangent of 60°. We can write it as follows: tan 60° = 1,732 In general, we can define the tangent of an angle as follows: Tength ofthe side opposite angle @ length ofthe side adjacent to angle 6 stan = 2PPosite adjacent tangent of an angle 0Notice that in all three triangles: opposite 25 4 __2 9.577 (counded off to 3 decimal places) tan 30° =. = aS adjacent 4,33” G28 "3 4GH of any two similar triangles will be Su the 8 sin@ =—OPPOsite cos = adjacent hypotenuse hypotenuse EXAMPLE In ADEF, DE=S, EF=12, 8=90°, =f andf'=0. D (@) Determine the length of the hypotenuse DF. 4 (b) Write the value of sin , cos@ and tan 6. J ©) Write the value of sinB, cosB and tan. O 8 E em Solutions D (@) DF =5?+12?[pythagoras] Opposite@ | : DF? =169 Adjacent to B :,DF=13 cm 12cm ®) — sino= ra © Opposite B Adjacent to @ B so E LE P Ss. Determine: (@) tan gant Tem| (b) cos V 25cm T Solutions QS em R (@) PR? =157-9? @) SV? =25*-7 2PR? =144 “SV? =576 PR = 144 =12em +-SV = 576 = 24cm 65EXERCISE 1 (a) 0) © (@) © o Redraw the triangles below and indicate which sides are opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse with respect to 6. Oo oY State the following in terms of g, and m: G () sink Q) cosk 5 @) tank (4) sinG & (5) cosG (6) tanG L K z M State the following in terms ofp, q and r R (1) sind Q) cose Y @) tan8 4) sina. y So (5) cose 6) wna 7 ADEF is shown with given dimensions. E F (1) Determine the length of EF. i ee (2) Write the value of sin®,cos@ andtand E tem D B. E Cc Skem oO \P I ; P N Determine the value of: Q) sinN tac 24cm (1) Determine cost and cosB L 12cm (2) What do you notice? N. E (3) Whatean you deduce about a the two triangles and why? 30cm fee K B 66to can be catoulated with the use of # ‘The sing, cosine and tangent rust be on the DEG (degree) mod Consicer the triangles we used to discover the sine, Adj 9,5 and it is possible to use a calcul typ calculation as well as for the other trigonometric ratios of 60°, fi cateutato os” in "60" (some calculators wil ‘On your calculator, press the button “eos” and then type Ce eT aa He expect you to close the brackets first), Then pres and you will get ratios of sin 60° = 0,866 and tan 60° = 1, 703 rounded to three decimal places. page 64. cosine and! tangent ratios on lator to do this We discovered that cos 60° = EXAMPLES Evaluate the following trigonometric ratios rounded off to two decimal places where necessary. @ —_cos35° (be) tan36° (©) sin83° (d)__sin43° (© cost? (stands?) S060" = (h) ne x a &) sin(35°+ 75°) = 0,94 1 i) 0;6>0 © (Wa)=Va.Ja=Va? =a for a>0 70Consider the following: () sxv7 =5V7 ® © Wi=3 @ 2xvS__ 25 2 © © Ae 3 reason for them being ‘The angles 30°, 45° and 60° are referred to as special angles. The Sis evekated called special angles is because the trigonometric ratios of these ang] without using a calculator, ft ‘ial angles. ‘The following two triangles can be used to determine trigonometric ratios of spec! A Triangle A Triangle B For 45° we will sketch a right-angled triangle with sides | and 1 and then find the third side using Pythagoras. For 30° and 60°, we will sketch an equilateral triangle with side-Lengths of 2 units. The dotted line AD is perpendicular bisector of side BD and divides A into two equal angles (30°), We can find the length of the AD using Pythagoras. EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate the following without using a calculator. Use the above triangles to assist you. costs) consonants sing" iggy Trangle By + (Triangle B) 71a EXAMPLE 7 Calculate the following without using a calculator: (a) sin30°+cos 60° (6) tan60°—cos30° sin 60° © fase (@) cos? 45° Solutions (@) _sin30°+cos60° (6) tan60°—cos30° J 22 3 2 () _sin30° (@) cos? 45° = (cos 45°)? Ga) - 2 EXAMPLE 8 Solve the equation 2cos.x— Solution 2cosx-V3=0 2-2cosx=V3 V3 =0 without using a calculator where x is an acute angle. T 3 is adjacent to 30° and 2 is the hypotenuse 30° since cos30°= 2°? = V3 hyp 2 EXERCISE 4 (@) Evaluate the following without the use of a calculator: 2 . "i tan30° (1) sin30°+cos*45° (2) cos30°-+tan 60° 3) me > a c0s30° (4) sin?45°—cos*30° (5) tan60°+sin60° a 72