HEAT TRANSFER
. TOPIC .
EFFECT OF FOULING ON
HEAT EXCHANGER
PREPARED BY,
1) Padhiar Rushabh D. 130010119061
2) Naik Harsh K. 130010119059
3) Maharshi Soni H. 130010119050
4) Mihir Dalwadi D. 130010119057
SUBMITTED TO :- PROF.ABHISHEK PANDEY
EFFECT OF FOULING
ON
HEAT EXCHANGER
CONTENTS
Heat Exchanger
Fouling
a. Types and Effect
b. Facts and recent scenario
c. Design considerations
d. Economic importance of fouling
e. Fouling control
HEAT EXCHANGER
Heat exchangers are units designed to transfer
heat from a hot flowing stream to a cold flowing
stream.
Use :-
Heat exchangers and heat recovery is
often used to improve process efficiency.
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGER
There are three broad categories:
The Recuperator, or through-the-wall non
storing exchanger.
The Direct contact non storing exchanger
The Regenerator, accumulator, or heat storage
exchanger
RECUPERATORS
An
interchangeable
plate heat
exchanger
applied to the
system of a
swimming pool.
RECUPERATORS
The schematic of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger
RECUPERATORS
Direct Contact
Regenerators
Applications of Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchangers
prevent car engine
overheating and
increase efficiency
Heat exchangers
are used in Industry
for heat transfer
Heat
exchangers are
used in AC and
furnaces
FOULING
Fouling, in technical language, it is the
general term of unwanted material which is
accumulating on surfaces, such as inside
pipes, machines or heat exchangers.
Fouling occurs
when any type
of particles
both organic or
inorganic plug
or plate out on
heat transfer
surfaces
creating a
resistance to
transfer
energy.
Examples of components that may be subject to
fouling and the corresponding effects of fouling
Heat exchanger surfaces – reduces thermal efficiency,
increases temperature on the hot side, decreases
temperature on the cold side, corrosion, increases use of
cooling water;
Piping, flow channels –reduces flow, increases pressure
drop, increases energy expenditure, may cause flow
oscillations, cavitation; may increase flow velocity
elsewhere, may induce vibrations;
Ship hulls – increases fuel usage, reduces maximum
speed;
Examples of components that may be subject to
fouling and the corresponding effects of fouling
Turbines – reduces efficiency, increases probability of
failure;
Solar panels –decreases the electrical power generated;
Electrical heating element – increases temperature of
the element, increases corrosion, reduces lifespan;
Venturi tubes, orifice plates – inaccurate or incorrect
measurement of flow rate;
Pitot tubes in airplanes – inaccurate or incorrect
indication of airplane speed
TYPES OF FOULING
There are two broad categories :-
1. Macro fouling
2. Micro fouling
Macro Fouling
Macro fouling is caused by coarse matter
of either biological or inorganic origin, for
example industrially produced refuse. Such
matter enters into the cooling water circuit
through the cooling water pumps from
sources like the open sea, rivers or lakes.
Micro Fouling
As to micro fouling, distinctions are made between:
Scaling or precipitation fouling
Chemical reaction fouling
Bio-fouling
Particulate fouling
Corrosion fouling
Solidification fouling
Composite fouling
Scaling or precipitation fouling
Scaling is the most common type of fouling and is
commonly associated with inverse solubility salts such as
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) found in water. Reverse
solubility salts become less solute as the temperature
increases and thus deposit on the heat exchanger
surface. Scale is difficult to remove mechanically and
chemical cleaning may be required.
Particulate/Sedimentation Fouling
Sedimentation occurs when particles (e.g. dirt, sand or
rust) in the solution settle and deposit on the heat
transfer surface. Like scale, these deposits may be
difficult to remove mechanically depending on their
nature.
Corrosion Fouling
Results from a chemical reaction which involves the
heat exchanger surface material. Many metals such
as copper and aluminum form adherent oxide
coatings which serve to passivate the surface and
prevent further corrosion. Metal oxides which are
corrosion products exhibit quite a low thermal
conductivity and even relatively thin coatings of
oxides may significantly affect heat exchanger
performance.
Chemical Fouling
Fouling from chemical reactions in the fluid stream
which result in the deposition of material on the
heat exchanger surface. This type of fouling is
common for chemically sensitive materials when
the fluid is heated to temperatures near its
decomposition (degradation) temperature. Coking
of hydrocarbon material on the heat transfer
surface is also a common chemical fouling
problem.
Chemical Fouling
Corrosion Fouling
Freezing Fouling
Occurs when a portion of the hot stream is cooled to near
the freezing point of one of its components. An example
in refineries is when paraffin solidifies from a cooled
petroleum product. Another example is freezing of
polymer products on the heat exchanger surface.
Occurs when biological
organisms grow on heat
transfer surfaces. It is a
common fouling
mechanism where
untreated water is used
as the coolant. Problems
range from algae to other
microbes such as
barnacles and zebra
mussels. During seasons
when these microbes are
said to bloom, colonies
several millimeters deep
may grow across the
surface within hours,
impeding circulation near
the surface wall and
Biological Fouling:
impacting heat transfer.
Macro vs Micro
Macro-fouling Micro-fouling
Sand Biological growth
Silt Algae
Scale Bacteria
Rust Mussels
Mineral deposits Micro-fouling is
Ex. Calcium Carbonate controlled by water
treatment.
Many
contaminants mix
together to form
larger deposits
Example-
CaCO3 mixed
with sand
makes
concrete.
It is these large
particles that
create problems CaCO3 + Sand = Concrete
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
• Prone to fouling
especially during
low flow or
downturn.
• Particles tend to
settle with laminar
flow.
Are dissolved solids and particles under 40
micron a problem?
Typically no, as they do not precipitate out of solution until they
reach 120F, or if the ph. is out of balance.
The Bigger the Particle….The Bigger the Problem
Fouling
Particle Size vs. Volume with 1 Trillion
Particles
Size of Particle Quantity of Particles Volume Volume % Volume
5um 212.5 Billion 14.58cm³ 14580mm³
3um 212.5 Billion 3.11cm³ 3110mm³
1um 212.5 Billion 0.11cm³ 110mm³
0.45um 212.5 Billion 0.0098cm³ 9.8mm³
Sub Total: 850 Billion 17.83cm³ 17809mm³ 1%
10um 37.5 Billion 21.30cm³ 21300mm³
25um 37.5 Billion 303.16cm³ 303160mm³
50um 37.5 Billion 2459.70cm³ 2459700mm³
75um 37.5 Billion 8260.72cm³ 8260720mm³
Sub Total: 150 Billion Particles 11044.88cm³ 11044880mm³ 99%
Fouling on Mars
NASA Mars Exploration
Rovers experienced Abiotic
fouling of solar panels by
dust particles from the
Martian atmosphere.
Some of the deposits
subsequently cleaned off.
This illustrates the universal
nature of the fouling
phenomena.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
It is important to consider fouling in the design of a heat
exchanger.
There are different methods to provide the added heat transfer
area needed to account for the expected fouling and maximize
runtime between cleaning.
For shell and tube heat exchanger, the common method is to
use fouling factors. For other types of heat exchangers, excess
heat transfer area is often used. However, fouling is a self-
fulfilling prophecy and the selection of fouling factors or excess
area must be done carefully.
Fouling Factor
The performance of heat exchangers usually deteriorates
with time as a result of accumulation of deposits on heat
transfer surfaces.
The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to
heat transfer and causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat
exchanger to decrease.
The net effect of these accumulations on heat transfer is
represented by a fouling factor (Rf), which is a measure of
the thermal resistance introduced by fouling.
Fouling Factor
The fouling factor depends on the operating
temperature and the velocity of the fluids, as well as
the length of service.
Fouling increases with increasing temperature and
decreasing velocity.
For an unfinned shell-and-tube heat exchanger :
Rf, i and Rf, o are the fouling factors
Representative fouling factors
(thermal resistance due to fouling for a unit surface area)
Economic and environmental importance
of fouling
Fouling is ubiquitous and generates tremendous
operational losses, not unlike corrosion. For
example, one estimate puts the losses due to
fouling of heat exchangers in industrialized
nations to be about 0.25% of their GDP.
Another analysis estimated the economical loss
due to boiler and turbine fouling in China
utilities at 4.68 billion dollars, which is about
0.169% the country GDP .
FOULING CONTROL
Plate and frame heat exchangers can be disassembled and
cleaned periodically. Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned
by such methods as acid cleaning, sandblasting, high-pressure
water jet, bullet cleaning, or drill rods.
In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,
water treatment such as purification, addition of chemicals,
and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchange
equipment. Other water treatment is also used in steam
systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and
corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.
A variety of companies have started using water borne
oscillations technology to prevent biofouling. Without the use
of chemicals, this type of technology has helped in providing a
low-pressure drop in heat exchangers.
CONCLUSION
MAINTENANCE IS NOT
AN OPTION IT IS MUST!!!
REFERENCES
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd
=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwitl5HD7KjIAhXJBY4K
Hd-
KDmA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFouling&
usg=AFQjCNFOt2WzgJxRkxrld33MOYTZOIi7Vg
Heat and Mass Transfer book by R.K.Rajput.
Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Edition
By Dewitt and Incropera.
THANK YOU…
