CETHEORY 1 - STRUCTURAL THEORY 1
Lecture 2: Estimation and Application of Loads in Structures
Annthony Pantaleon, CE
FEU – Institute of Technology
Structural Load Path
The structural design is performed by “chasing
the loads” of the dead and live load from slabs
to beams to girders, then on to the columns or
walls. The loads are then carried down to the
footing or foundation walls and finally to the
earth below.
• The path that a load travels through the
structural system
• “Tracing” or “chasing” the loads
• Each structural element must be designed
for all loads that pass through it
Girder
Beam
Column
Footing
Partial View of 2nd Floor Framing
For clarity the ground floor slab, 2nd floor slab, roof framing, and roof deck are not shown.
Structural Load Path
• Load Path for Gravity Loads
Structural Load Path
• Load Path for Lateral Loads
Gravity Load Estimation
Uniformly Distributed Load Concentrated Load
Gravity Load Estimation
• Dead Load Estimation (Self-Weight)
Gravity Load Estimation
• Dead Load Estimation (Self-Weight)
Gravity Load Estimation
• Dead Load Estimation (Self-Weight)
The prestressed concrete girder is
made from plain stone concrete and
four -in. cold-form steel reinforcing
rods. Determine the dead weight of
the girder per foot of its length.
Gravity Load Estimation
• Live Load Estimation (Occupancy) Adobe Acrobat
Document
Load Transfer (Slab to Beam)
Comparison of One-
way and Two-way
slab behavior
One-way slabs carry
load in one direction.
Two-way slabs carry
load in two directions.
Load Transfer (Slab to Beam)
Comparison of One-way
and Two-way slab
behavior
One-way and two-way
slab action carry load in
two directions.
One-way slabs: Generally, long side/short side > 1.5
Load Transfer (Slab to Beam)
Comparison of
One-way and
Two-way slab
behavior
Beam
Design Area
Girder
Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN Girder
Tributary Area 3’- 4” Half the
distance to each
adjacent beam
Beam B.3
6’-8”
Tributary
Width
Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary Width
Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributary
Width
Beam Uniform Load = Floor Loading (psf) x Tributary Width (ft)
Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributary
Width
Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary Width
Tributary Area = (18 ft) ∙ (6.67 ft) = 120 ft2
Load Transfer (Slab to Beam)
The steel framework is used to support
the reinforced stone concrete slab that
is used for an office. The slab is 200 mm
thick. Sketch the loading that acts along
members BE and FED. 1. Let a = 2m and
b= = 5m 2. Let a=2m and b=4m
Calculating Beam Loading
Assume that the floor system must support its
own weight of 2.4 kPa (dead load) and a live load
of 4.8 kPa. What is the uniform load applied to the
beam? Use ASD and LRFD combinations.
Calculating Girder Loading
Exterior
Girder
Beam
DESIGN AREA
Interior
Girder
Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Calculating Column Loads
Beam
Girder
Calculating Column Loads
1
2
(20 ft) 10 ft
Tributary Area = (18 ft)(20 ft) = 360 ft2
Calculating Column Loads
Assume that the floor system must support its
own weight of 2.4 kPa (dead load) and a live load
of 4.8 kPa. What is the column load for column
B3?
Column Load = Tributary Area ∙ Total Floor Load
Concept of Pattern Loading
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Lateral Load Estimation
• Seismic Load Estimation (intro only!.. will be discussed on CE ELECT next term??
Zone 2 – Sulu, Tawi
Tawi, and Palawan
Zone 4 – the rest of the
Philippines
Lateral Load Estimation
• Seismic Load Estimation
Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Excerpt from a soil report
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Lateral Load Estimation
• Seismic Load Estimation
Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
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Lateral Load Estimation
• Seismic Load Estimation
Near Source Factor and Seismic Source
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Lateral Load Estimation
• Seismic Load Estimation
Near Source Factor and Seismic Source
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Lateral Load Estimation
• Seismic Load Estimation
PHIVOLCS Fault Finder http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
Lateral Load Estimation
• Wind Load Estimation
Separate discussion along
with truss analysis
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