Integral membrane proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid bilayers, with nonpolar regions embedded in the interior and polar regions protruding from both sides. Peripheral membrane proteins are attached to the outer surface and can be removed by high salt concentrations. Membrane proteins function as transporters, enzymes, receptors, identity markers, and attachments to the cytoskeleton. They associate with lipid bilayers through alpha helices embedded in the membrane, multiple alpha helices, or beta sheets.
Integral membrane proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid bilayers, with nonpolar regions embedded in the interior and polar regions protruding from both sides. Peripheral membrane proteins are attached to the outer surface and can be removed by high salt concentrations. Membrane proteins function as transporters, enzymes, receptors, identity markers, and attachments to the cytoskeleton. They associate with lipid bilayers through alpha helices embedded in the membrane, multiple alpha helices, or beta sheets.
Integral membrane proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid bilayers, with nonpolar regions embedded in the interior and polar regions protruding from both sides. Peripheral membrane proteins are attached to the outer surface and can be removed by high salt concentrations. Membrane proteins function as transporters, enzymes, receptors, identity markers, and attachments to the cytoskeleton. They associate with lipid bilayers through alpha helices embedded in the membrane, multiple alpha helices, or beta sheets.
Integral membrane proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid bilayers, with nonpolar regions embedded in the interior and polar regions protruding from both sides. Peripheral membrane proteins are attached to the outer surface and can be removed by high salt concentrations. Membrane proteins function as transporters, enzymes, receptors, identity markers, and attachments to the cytoskeleton. They associate with lipid bilayers through alpha helices embedded in the membrane, multiple alpha helices, or beta sheets.
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CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
MEMBRANE PROTEINS:-
Proteins are the major functional molecules of membranes.
Membrane proteins are categorized into two groups: 1- Peripheral(extrinsic) membrane proteins. 2- Integral (intrinsic) membrane proteins.
PERIPHERAL(EXTRINSIC) MEMBRANE PROTEINS:-
Peripheral proteins are attached to the outer surface of lipid bilayer .they are not penetrate into its hydrophobic region. It may be attach with intergral membrane protein. They are weakly bound with OH- group of hydrophilic phospholipids and can be remove by high salt ionic concentration. Example: Cytochrome C of Mitochondria. Cell surface identity marker (antigens).
INTEGRAL (INTRINSIC) MEMBRANE PROTEINS:-
Integral membrane proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid layers. Proteins which are completely embedded in the lipid bilayer are called transmembrane proteins. Attach with the membrane due to hydrophobic interactions between membrane lipids and hydrophobic domains of the proteins. Nonpolar regions of the protein are embedded in the interior of the bilayer. Polar regions of the protein protrude from both sides of the bilayer. Example: Transmembrane protein Transport proteins, Protein channels.
PROTEINS DOMAINS ANCHOR MOLECULE:-
Within membrane:- Nonpolar amino acids Hydrophobic. Anchors protein into membrane. On outer surfaces of membrane:- Polar amino acids Hydrophilic Extend into extracellular fluid & into cytosol.
Polar areas of protein
Nonpolar areas of protein
Types I & II have only one transmembrane helix, the amino terminal domain is outside the cell in type I proteins and inside in type II. Type III proteins have multiple transmembrane helices in a single polypeptide. Type IV proteins have several transmembrane domains from different polypeptide chains to form a channel through the membrane. Type V proteins are held to the bilayer primarily by covalently linked lipid. Type VI proteins have both transmembrane helices and lipid (GPI) anchors.
ASSOCIATION OF MEBRANE PROTEIN WITH LIPID BILAYER:-
1) a single α- helix, (2) as multiple α- helices, or (3) as a rolled-up b sheet (a barrel). (4) α- helix (hydrophobic face) embedded in lipid bilayer. (5) Others are attached to the bilayer by a covalently attached lipid chain either a fatty acid chain or a prenyl group in the cytosolic monolayer or, (6) via an oligosaccharide linker, to phosphatidylinositol in the non cytosolic monolayer. (7, 8) Finally, many proteins are attached to the membrane only by non-covalent interactions with other membrane proteins. CELL MEMBRANE PROTEIN FUNCTIONS:-
Membrane proteins have various functions:
1. Transporters 2. Enzymes 3. Cell surface receptors 4. Cell surface identity markers 5. Cell-to-cell adhesion proteins 6. Attachments to the cytoskeleton ENZYMATIC MARKERS OF DIFFERENT MMBRANES:-
