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Plant Sciences A Treatise
Book · November 2016
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
(For ICAR JRF, SRFARS/NET, SAU, Ph.D & Other Competitive Exams)
P. JALENDER
Ph. D Scholar, Plant Pathology,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030
A. SRIJAN
Ph. D Scholar, Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030
S. SANDEEP
Ph. D Scholar, Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING
(Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
The author Mr. P. Jalender completed his
M.Sc. Ag in the discipline of Plant Pathology
from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
Univeristy and currently pursuing his Ph.D
(Ag) in the Department of Plant Pathology at
PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The author has cleared
ICAR ASRB – NET and awarded wtih
NFST-UGC Fellowship. He has published
research papers in various National and
International peer reviewed journals and he also received awards in
various seminars and conferences.
The author Mr. Srijan Ambati completed his
M.Sc. Ag in the discipline of Genetics & Plant
Breeding from Professor Jayashankar Telangana
State Agricultural University (Formerly
ANGRAU). He also cleared ICAR- SRF
examination and ASRB – NET. Currently he is
pursuing his Ph.D. at PJTSAU, Hyderabad. He
was also awarded with DST- INSPIRE
fellowship for his Ph. D. program from Ministry
of Science & Technology, Government of India. He also has
publications in NAAS rated peer reviewed international journals to
his credit.
The author Mr. S. Sandeep completed his M.Sc.
Ag in the discipline of Genetics and Plant
Breeding from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
Univeristy and currently pursuing his Ph.D (Ag),
in the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding at
PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The author has cleared
ICAR ASRB – NET and awarded wtih UGC
(RGNF) Fellowship. He has published research
papers in various National and International peer reviewed journals
and he also received awards in various seminars and conferences.
******
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ABOUT THE BOOK
The present book entitled “PLANT SCIENCES A TREATISE is
an attempt for providing agricultural graduates and post graduates
sufficient supplemental information for competitive examinations
such as JRF, SRF AND ICAR - ASRB NET Examinations. The
basic purpose of the book is to assist the students to develop a
thorough understanding of the subjects of plant sciences viz.,
Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biotechnology, Seed science and
technology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology. To
accomplish the said objectives an attempt was made to present the
subjects elucidly as per the requirements of students of agricultural
universities. For convenience the book is furnished in various
sections. The book deals with the fundamental facts and landmarks
in the field of plant sciences briefing introduction of various cell
organelles and their functions, cell division, Mendelian genetics,
Cytogenetics, plant breeding methods, breeding of field crops, seed
science and molecular genetics aspects. Plant pathology dealing
with various crop diseases, their casual organisms, epidemiology,
diagnosis and detection and management of plant diseases were
dealt. The basics of agricultural microbiology were also covered
briefly keeping JRF and other competitive examinations in view.
Scientists and their contributions have been thoroughly covered in
various sections of plant sciences. We hope this book can cater the
needs of the agricultural students preparing for various
examinations and we wish the students utilize this book for their
success. We are thankful to our teachers for their moral support in
bringing out this book. Yours valuable comments and suggestions
are most welcome for improving this book further.
******
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We feel previlge to acknowledge with praises to God and gratitude
for the guidance help and encouragement given by our respected
teachers. We extend our gratitude to our beloved parents for their
constant support, love, and motivation. The authors are grateful to
educreation publishers for their efforts in bringing out this book
into a reality. We also acknowledge Professor Jayashankar
Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) for providing
us healthy environment to explore knowledge and share through
this book. Finally we thank everyone who directly or indirectly
lent us their helping hands for completion of this book.
******
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Dedicated To
Our Beloved Parents
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SYLLABUS FOR JRF PLANT SCIENCES
Subjects:
1. Plant Breeding & Genetics,
2. Plant Pathology,
3. Agricultural Microbiology/Microbiology,
4. Seed Science & Technology,
5. Plant Genetic Resources.
UNIT-I: Importance of Agriculture in national economy; basic
principles of crop production; cultivation of rice, wheat, chickpea,
pigeon-pea, sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, potato and mango.
Major soils of India, role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms.
UNIT-II: Structure and function of cell organelles; mitosis and
meiosis; Mendelian genetics; elementary knowledge of
photosynthesis; respiration, and transpiration; structure and
functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and
vitamins. Major pests and diseases of rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea,
sugarcane and their management.
UNIT-III: Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms, differences between fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and
viruses; physical and chemical basis of heredity; chromosome
structure; genes/operon concept; protein biosynthesis;
transformation, recombination, Heterosis; Elements of economic
botany; integrated diseases management; sterilization, disinfection
and pasteurization; Koch’s postulates; etiological agents of rusts,
smuts, powdery/downy mildews, wilts, yellows, mosaic, necrosis,
enations, blights and witches- broom; pH, buffer, vitamins, role of
plant hormones in seed germination and dormancy; pollination/
fertilization in flowering plants; methods of seed testing; breeders,
foundation and certified seeds; seed production in self and cross
pollinated crops, nitrate assimilation; biological nitrogen fixation
and other uses of microorganisms in agriculture.
UNIT-IV: Food and industry; composting and biogas production.
Important rural development programmes in India; organizational
set up of agricultural research, education and extension in India.
******
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CONTENTS LIST
S.No Topics Page No
1 Genetics 1
2 Plant Breeding 28
3 Plant Biotechnology 53
4 Science And Technology 71
5 Plant Pathology 86
6 Diseases Of Field Crops 124
7 Agricultural Microbiology 139
******
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
GENETICS
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P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep
The cell theory was formulated by
M.J. Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838-39.
Examples for unicellular organisms
Blue Green Algae, Bacteria, Protozoa etc.
A layer of plant cell wall that connects two adjacent cells
Middle Lamella
The naked cell surrounded by a plasma membrane is known as
Protoplast
Substance except nucleus surrounded by the plasma lemma is
known as
Cytoplasm
Plant cells with more than one nucleus are called
Coenocytes Eg: Certain Algae, Fungi, Vaucharia, Rhizopus,
Animal cells with more than one nucleus are called
Syncytia. Eg: Striated muscle cells of higher animals.
In a cell, the packaging of food material is done by
Golgibodies
Middle lamella is composed of
Ca & Mg Pectates
Following cells do not have nucleus / related material.
RBC of Human Beings
Cilia are formed from
Basal Bodies
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
The formation of nucleolus is associated with
Secondary Constriction
The following structures is not found in a prokaryotic cell
Nuclear Envelope
Bacteria are examples of
Prokaryotic Cells
The region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is
called the
Cytoplasm
The resolving power of an electron microscope is____ times the
resolving power of a light microscope
One thousand times the resolving power of a light microscope
Endoplasmic reticulum originates from
Outer Membrane of Nuclear Envelope
Golgi bodies originate from
ER Elements
Lysosomes originate from
Golgi Bodies
Cellular organelles which extracts energy from carbohydrates
and from ATP molecules
Mitochondria
Cellular organelle involved in breakdown of complex
macromolecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins
Lysosome
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P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep
Mitochondrion is the site for
Cell Respiration, Production of ATP
Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in
Synthesis of Proteins, Lipids, Glycogen, Cholesterol, Glycerides,
Hormones, Intracellular Circulatory System
Function of Golgi complex
Secretory in Function
The site of photosynthesis is
Chloroplast
Lysosomes contain enzymes (Hydrolytic digestive enzymes)
capable of
Digesting part of the cell
Function of Lysosomes
Digestion of food particles and microbes, autolysis of the cell
Power house of cell
Mitochondria
“Universal components of all biological organisms”
Ribosomes
Ribosome’s are synthesized and assembled in
Nucleolus (with in nucleus)
Ribosome’s are essential for
Protein Synthesis
Packaging plants of the cell
Golgi Bodies
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
Green pigments capable of capturing the energy of sunlight are
located within the
Chloroplasts
The two types of cellular organelles that transform energy are
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
The plastids that give fruits and flowers their orange and
yellow colors are the
Chromoplasts
Intercellular junction between animal cells
Desmosome
Plant cells are connected by channels through their walls called
Plasmodesmata
Mitochondria are sites of
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chloroplasts are sites of
Photo Phosphorylation
Among the higher plants, the longest mitotic chromosome is
found in
Trillium sps. Which may reach 32 μ in size
Molecular formula of glucose is
C6H12O6
Glycolysis occurs in
Cytoplasm (but outside the organelles).
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P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep
The function of the mitochondrial cristae is
To increase the surface area of the inner membrane
The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
Grana of Chloroplasts
Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in
Stroma of Chloropalast
The term chromosome is coined by
Waldeyer (1888)
Chromosome was first described by
Strasburger (1875)
Chromosomes having secondary constrictions are called
Satellite Chromosomes or Sat-Chromosomes
The general morphology of somatic chromosome complement
of an individual constitutes its
Karyotype
Diagrammatic representation of karyotype is called as
Idiogram
Euchromatin is
Lightly Stained and Genetically Active
Heterochromatin is
Darkly Stained and Genetically Inactive
Folded fiber model proposed by
DuPraw (1965)
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
Nucleosome Solenoid Model was proposed by
Kornberg and Thomas (1974)
The chromosomes which differ from normal chromosomes in
terms of either morphology or function are referred as
Special chromosomes
Lamp Brush Chromosomes were first observed by
W. Flemming (1882) in oocytes of sharks
Loops of Lampbrush Chromosomes are involved in
RNA Synthesis
Giant Chromosomes were discovered by
E. G. Balbiani (1881) in Dipteran Salivary Glands
Giant chromosomes are also known as
Salivary Gland Chromosomes or Polytene Chromosomes
Puffs of Giant chromosomes are the sites of
Active RNA Synthesis.
In many species some chromosomes are found in addition to
normal somatic chromosomes. These extra chromosomes are
called as
Accessory Chromosomes or B-Chromosomes or Supernumerary
Chromosomes.
A chromosome in which two arms are identical with each other
in gene content and morphology.
Isochromosomes
Chromosomes differing in morphology and number in male
and female are called as
Allosomes / Sex Chromosomes
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P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep
Mitosis occurs in somatic organs like root tip, stem tip and leaf
base etc. Hence it is also known as
Somatic Cell Division
Meiosis I is also known as
Reductional Division
Meiosis II is called as
Equational Division
The chiasma terminalisation occurs during
Diplotene
The segregation of alleles of a gene occurs during
Anaphase – II
The chromosomal orientation present during Metaphase-II of
meiosis
Auto-Orientation
The paired homologouschromosomes are joined by a protein
containing frame work known as
Synaptonemal Complex.
Stage of meiosis characterized by pairing of homologous
chromosomes (Synapsis)
Zygotene or Zygonema
Exchange of segments between nonsister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes known as
Crossing Over
The centromeres of the bivalents are arranged on either side of
the equatorial plate and this type of orientation is called
Co-Orientation
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Plant Sciences A Treatise
The division of cytoplasm takes place by cell plate method in
plants and in animals by
Furrow Method
About 0.3% of the DNA is not replicated during S phase and it
occurs during
Zygotene
Cell division takes place between two stages of
G2 & G1
Auto-orientation of centromeres is present during
Metaphase – II
In eukaryotic cell division, the process of cytoplasmic division
is called
Cytokinesis
DNA replication occurs in which phase of the cell cycle
Interphase
DNA synthesis takes place during
S Phase of Interphase
The maximum percent of recombination between two genes
will be
50 per cent
Crossing over occur during
Pachytene Stage of Prophase I.
Crossing over takes place between
Non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
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P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep
The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by
Sutton and Boveri
This tendency of genes to remain together in their original
combination during inheritance is called
Linkage
The phenomenon of linkage was first reported by
Bateson and Punnet in 1906
The plants with the character combination as in the original
parents are known as
Parental Forms or Parental Combinations
Plants possessing one character from one parent and another
character from the second parent are known as
Recombined types or recombinations or new combinations or
cross-overs
The theory of linkage was put forth by
T H Morgan
When there is complete absence of recombinant types can be
due to absence of
Crossing Over
If some frequency of crossing over also occurs between the
linked genes, it is known as
Incomplete / Partial Linkage
If all dominant alleles are present on the same chromosome or
all recessive alleles are present on same chromosome they are
said to be in
Coupling Phase
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