II AGR- 201 (2+1), Field Crops-I (Kharif) Crops are the cultivated plants grown for feeding, clothing or other human welfare activities and are grouped agronomically as cereals, pulses, Oilseeds, sugar crops, fibres etc Cereals are the cultivated grasses belong to the family ‘Poaceae’. The word cereal derived from the Roman word ‘ceres’ which denotes the ‘Goddess of grains’. These grains are rich source of edible starch and are called “Caryopsis’ which is composed of Endosperm and embryo. Non-grasses which produce grains are ‘Pseudocercals’ Eg. Buck wheat, grain amaranth, RICE is derived from the French word ris or the Italian word riso which The word might have been a modification of the Sanskrit work wrihi. Importance 1. It is an important food crop of the world occupying the second position in production and area under food crops next to wheat. 2. Staple food crop for more than 60% of the world population. 3. Prepare attractive ready to eat products having long shelf life Eg. popped and puffed rice, instant or rice flakes, canned rice and fermented products are produced. 4, It contains about 7% protein and all types of B vitamins 5. Rice straw is used as cattle feed, used for thatching roof and in cottage industry for preparation of hats, mats, ropes, sound absorbing straw board and used as litter material. 6. Rice husk is used for paper making, particle boards (for sound proofing or thermo insulation) or block boards, as fuel source. 7. Rice bran is used in cattle and poultry feed, defatted bran. 8. Rice bran oil is used in soap industry. Rice bran wax, a byproduct of rice bran oil is used in industries Genus Oryza, Family Poaceae/graminacea, Ithas 22 wild species (both annual and perennial) and 2 cultivated species - sativa (principally grown in Asia America and europe) glaberrima (grown in Agrica), partment oFAgrono ‘Aare? 41) ‘llege of Agroulture, Rarchar Field eropsel (Khari)Three subspecies of sativa - japonica. - Javanica ~ indica mon wild rice oryza rufipogon. ware originated by com morphological But exhibit clearly distinguishable charcaters by _conscurrent domestication in _ three Subspecies indica was originated in Ganges in India. Japonica - south western part of China. javanica - Indonesia. glaberrima - nigeria. Character _| Indica Japanica Javanica ‘Area of cultivation | India Japan, China, Korea _| Indonesia Climatic a) | Subtropical to i adoptability Subtropical to tropical | tnperate Subtropical Very tall, Dwarf, erect, Photosensitive, Photo insensitive tHe: comet. Plant characters | Lodging Non-lodging, Poor filling Poor fertilizer response | Fertilizer responsive Moderate filling High yielding Broad, light green & Broad, hard, Leaf eee Narrow, dark green | Fett green r Thin, flattened, Broad & Grain bisazaed ‘Small, rounded ena, Awn ‘Awnless Awnless “Awned Maturity Late maturing Early maturity Medium Origin: India and Burma. Rice cultivation dates back to indicates that rice was grown res cultivated crop of Asi But world Earlier, it was known by Sanskrit word more than 7000 years, as Indian and chiness history spectively by 4000 BC or 5000 BC probably it was the first ‘a. Different mythological and archaeological evidences confirm this. knows it as rice derived from French word ris after it entered Europe by 23 BC. called vrihi. Distribution: India, China, Bangla, Thailand, Indonasia, and Egypt. In_India: AP, Bihar, UP, West Bengal, Kamataka, Punjub, Haryana, TN, Maharashtra Botany: Cs Plants, Root: Fibrous, Stem: Culm, 1-1.3 m height, Flower: Panicle, Grain: Caryopsis. 7 ‘AGR.102,(2+1) TMlege of Agriculture, Rarchur Field crops-I (Khari)The plant is adopted to submerged situation because a) Anaerobic system of respiration b) Presence of tube like structure (Aerenchyma tissue) in stem, leaf & roots, ©) Profusely branched, negatively geotropic root system on soil surface. Plant growth stages: Passes through 3 major Phenophases Major stages | Substages Plant condition Remark 8 Germination Emergence of plumule & radical Seedling stage | Upto 2" leaf stage : __ | Transplanting 20-25 days et eucbeste Tillering Initiation of side shoots (tillers) start from | on, 10-15 days varieties Vegetative lag | End of basic vegetative pahase phase Panicle initiation | Be#inning of reproductive stage where the cars start emerging a ‘Auxin concentration increase & results in ‘ elongation of intemodes and panicle is | Takes elongation and y : BReproducti | prone covered in flag leaf (Last emerging leaf) | around c iB in the form of boot 30 - 35 Heading 15 days after booting, days 20-25 days afier booting, the panicle Flowering bloom followed by pollination and fertilization : 7-12 days after anthesis, grain turn milky Milky stage j in consistency Takes C. Ripening 15 days after milky, Grain tum to soft | around Dough stage dough 30 days Maturity stage Grain become hard Climatic Requirement: 8-35° N lattitude and 3000 MSL, hot & humid climate, short day plant RF: 1000-1500 mm, Temp: Vegetative 21-37°C Reproductive: 26-30°C, 20-25°C Maturity Low temperature : poor germination, slow growth, dicoloration of seedlings & grain, incomplete panicle emergence, poor pollination, abnormal grain partment of Agronomy AGR.102 2+1) eo Ture, Ratchor Field crops (Khari)High temperature: Sterility, affect pollination, increased photorespiration alluvial, red, lateritic, laterite, black, Soil requirements grows in all most all type of soils saline and alkali, peaty and marshy soils and in acid soils, But the soil is having good water retention capacity with good amount of clay and organic matter and ideal for rice cultivation. Clay and clay loam soils are most suited, It tolerates a wide range of soil reaction from 4.5 to 8.0, I grows well in soils having pH range of5.5 to 6.5. 4, RICE ECOSYSTEMS, AAs compared to other erops, rice can be grown in highly diversified eco-systems, each distinguished by unique water related practices 1. Irrigated: Bunded fields are puddled (puddling: It is a practice of ploughing, turning and finally churning the soil in standing water) Seedlings are transplanted in soft mud under impounded water (10-20 em depth) water stagnation is continued throughout the crop growth; to facilitate transplantion, raising nursery is indispensible. This system is widely followed in all the regions of assured water supply. 2. Rainfed low land: Fields are bunded to store rain water and puddled: seedlings are transplanted in soft soil below the standing water (30-90 cm depth) the field is not artificially irrigated. Like irrigated crop, raising of seedling by wet nursery is necessary Its followed in heavy rainfall hilly regions. 3. Rainfed upland: Fields are never bunded, rain water is not allowed to impounded seeds sown by seed drill or by hand in rows on a well prepared and manured soil. It is followed in assured rainfall tracts without irrigation. 4. Deep water rice: Seeds are broadcasted in unbunded fields before rain. Rain water is allowed to impound (often between 1-6 m) Then the fields are bunded (bunding done after sowing), Seedlings emerge out of stading water. Water may recede later or may maintain its level depending on the raifall. I is followed in very heavy rainfall regions. Punaji method/ dry-cum-wet-rce: It is also popular in tank irrigated areas of south India, In this system crop is raised as rainfed crop, till the tanks get filled up. Latter, it is grown as irrigated crop, by regular irrigation from tank. It i a combination of rainfed upland rice and irrigated rice. The systems of cultivation, varieties used, water management practices followed and productivity vastly differs in these ecosystems. inant oT AgTOMOTY SEIN AGR.102 (241) See roa oASYSTEMS OF CULTIVATION Rice can be cultivated in different ways irrespective of subspecies, looking to the availability and management of natural rainfall or irrigation water, ‘They are discussed in the following subsections, 1 Transplanted irrigated Rice (Wet Rice) It involves raising of nursery impounding the water in bunded plots and puddling the soil transplanting the seedlings in rows or randomly, weed control is done by hand or herbicide in random planting, hand weeding or use of cono weeder is necessary in line planted fields, pre-harvest drying of soil facilitates maturity. Tillering depends upon the number of seedlings/ hill and population density, Recently fast covering mechanical transplanters are available to facilitate line planting. ‘Advantages and disadvantages of direct seeding, transplanting, transplanting in line and random planting are presented in Table!.1 Table 1 Advantages/Disadvantages of Direct seeding, Transplanting and Random planting v/s Line planting Direct Seeding (Broadcasting) ‘Advantages Disadvantages Lower labour cost ‘exposed to birds flown when flooded Preparation for nursery and its cost avoided _| Uncontrolled weeds Crop may mature ear! Un uniform crop establishment Usually yield is less Transplanting ‘Advantages Disadvantages Known/assured plant population High labour cost/greater dependence on labour Ability to compete with weeds is better Mechanical damage of seedlings, while handling Transplanting can be adjusted based on need [Takes time to establish and recover after trans planting _ Facilitates the control of pests/diseases Harvesting is delayed as compared to direct seeding Yield is generally more ‘Transplanting in Line ‘Advantages Disadvantages Easy to control weeds by rotary weeder Costly, require more labour Uniform spacing between plants-less [Crop may suffer due to inter plant competition competition Favours better tillering ‘Un uniform tillering Yields more = Yields less Random planting ‘Advantages Disadvantages Require less labour Un uniform spacing- crop suffers due to pyammentor pono SS Clete, Re ‘AGR.102 (241) Field crops-I (Khari/)Easy to cover larger area in short time competition Un uniform tillering-Poor yields Weeding is difficult and costly. Only hand weeding/herbicides will have to be used to effectively control weeds 2 Direct seeded Irrigated Rice. It involves sowing sprouted seeds directly on puddle soils either in rows (may be by drum seedet) or randomly. All other features are similar to transplanted rice, but both tillering ability and crop duration are reduced in direct seeded rice as compared to transplanted rice, Drum seeder technique of IRRI for direct seeded rice is particularly useful for fast coverage. 3 Dry /Rainfed Rice (Upland/Drill sown rice) It involves cultivation of rice by sowing in un-puddled dry soil and depends on rainfall to meet the water requirement of crop No. impounding of water is necessary. The plant population is not uniformly maintained when sown by drill. Therefore, tillering ability is usually reduced. The extent and distribution of rainfall decides the success of the crop weed control is usually by hoeing in between the lines. 4 Semi-Dry or Wet -Cum-Dry System of Cultivation It involves dry seeding the ploughed lands and allowing the rain water to impound in the fields. Then crop is maintained as wet land. Buesan or Busheling: The excessive plant population is reduced by eriss-eross cultivation (cutting the crop rows) (This method is called buesan or baushening in Odisha and biyas in Madhya Pradesh) done in standing water. Gap filling is done using uprooted seedlings. Depending upon the extent of water accumulated, such system of cultivation could be: 1. Rainfed shallow low land rice (< 30 cm deep water) 2, Rainfed deep low land rice (30-100 em deep water) 3, Deep water rice (> 100 em deep water) 5 System of Rice Intensification [SRI method] It is a recently developed method based on experiences in Madagascar. It involves line transplanting single seedlings on puddled soil (similar to transplanted rice), but young seedlings of 12 days are used. The water is supplied to the field not to submerge the soil, but to constantly maintain the field capacity. Weeding is achieved by cono-weeder/rotary weeder orherbicides. The tillering ability of single seedling is alarmingly high and the yields of such crop are generally higher than regular transplanted irrigated crop. The seed rate is reduced to ame OTATONONY Tage oT ETS Rar Aa 102 2+1) eal crop Khai)8-10 kg/ha. Water requirement can be reduced by at least 25-30% as compared to transplanted irrigated rice 6 Aerobic It is a method of rice cultivation; wherein pre-geminated rice seeds are dibbled in un- puddled soil in rows on ridges and furrows and irrigated by ridges and furrow method. Retention of single seedlings/spot and repeated inter cultivation to loosen the soil helps in ice. providing more aeration to the roots stimulating the crop to tiller profusely. Two-way interucultivation could be facilitated by proper spacing management (ex: 30 em x 30cm). The yields are on par with transplanted irrigated rice, but water requirement is reduced by 50 ‘% Even, the seed rate in aerobic rice is as less as 8-10 kg/ha. The yield potentiality of rice, for a given gentype/location, depends on the system of its cultivation. These systems differ vastly in terms of water used, nutrient availability, light utilization pattern and even incidence of pests and diseases. 7. VARIETIES/ HYBRIDS State Varieties Features Andhra | Marueru sannalu, Ravi, Rajendra, Somasila, Prasanna RU Pradesh ‘Abhaya, Satya Sravani, Tellahamsa, Varsha, Dhanya Lakshmi TE Kakatiya Krishna Hamsa, Narasing IME. ‘Vamvashi, Vijetha, Kavya, Hari, Early samba, Swarnamukhi IM Chaitany, Krishnaveni, Phalguna, Samba Mahsuri, Sona Mahsuri, | RLL Mahendra, Gutti, Chandana, Nagarjuna, Pinakini Kamataka_| IR 30864, IET 7564, Amrut, Rasi RU ‘Suma, Mangala, Madhu, Jyothi, Kusuma, Mahaveera, IR 20, MTU | IE/IMe 1001 Vikram, Pragathi BR-2655, Mukthi, Karna, Jaya, Mandya Vijaya | IM Kerala ‘Annapurna, Triveni, Bharathi, Jyothi, Bhagya, Kairali, Ranjani IE Sabari, Vytilla, Pavizham, Onam, Kanakam, Revathy, Panchami | IM. Kayamkuam1, Rashmi, Neeraja, nila RLL Maharastra | Ambemohar, Tuljapur-1 RU CLASSIFICATION OF RICE. Rice can be classified on the basis of: ‘© Duration of crop: Extra early (75-90 d): early (90-110 d); mid early (110-125 d); medium (125-150 d) and late (>150 d) * Location of growing the crop: Upland; low land and mid land Availability of water: Drill sown (rainfed); partially irrigated (pu flooded; deep water and irriagated ‘© Grain length: Coarse: medium; fine; superfine ‘Department oP Agronomy Feet Reel TO AGR.102 (21) Field crops-! (Kharif)* Season: Autumn (kharif); winter (rabi) and summer. Vernacular Names of Seasons of Rice in India Name of the state Kharif. Rabi ‘Summer Andhra Pradesh Sarva Daluva a Assam Ahu (before flood) Early boro (after flood) | Boro Kerala Viruppu Punja Summer Punja Tamil Nadu Kuruvai/Samba Thaldi I West Bengal Aman/Aus Boro Seed treatment: Good crop establishment depends on good seed free from weed seed, chaily seeds or other admixtures. Hence, itis always advised to use certified seeds. Under situation of use of own seeds, treat the seeds with Salt; water (1:4) solution to remove the admixtures. Soak the seeds in water overnight and drain excess water, Should not soak the seeds in running water, which removes the minerals and nutrients. Keep the soaked seeds in gunny bag in dark room and cover for 24-36 hrs for sprouting, Should not cover with thick material, Which develops heat and reduces the aeration. Water the gunny bags regularly for maintain moisture. Treat the seeds with fungicides like Carbendazim or Pyroquilon or Tricyclozole @ 2 g kg-l of seed. These seeds will be ready for sowing in nursery. Types of nurseries 1. Dry bed nursery 2, Wet bed nursery 3. Dapog nursery 4. Modified —_dapog nursery I. Dry bed nursery: This method is practiced where water is not sufficient for wet seed bed. Procedure: 1. 750 sq. m of land is required to raise seedlings for one hectare 2. Prepare the seed bed to fine tilth condition with ploughing & harrowing. Form 75 raised beds of 7.5 m long, 1.2 m width and 10 cm height with 30 cm gap between two beds. 3. Apply 25 kg FYM or compost, 90g N, 45 g P205 and 45g K20 per bed. 4, Sow the well filled seeds (selected from salt and water treatment) in rows of 10 em apart or uniformly broadcast, Seedlings will be ready for transplanting in 20-25 days. Il, Wet bed nursery: This method is widely used where water is abundant, The area required is the same as that of dry nursery. Procedure: a, Nursery area should be well puddled, levelled and kept weed free. b. Apply 1 kg N, 0.4 kg P205 and 0.5 kg K20 for every 100 sq, m area, “Deparment oP Agronomy AGR.102 (2+1) ield crops-l (Kharif)©. Sow pre-germinated seed by broadcasting 50-70 g of seeds er square meter area. 4d. Keep the beds moist for the first few days. Don’t flood the beds. © When the seedlings are about 2.5 cm height, keep the beds submerged with shallow layer of water. f. Top dress the seed beds with 0.3 to 0.6 kg N 100 m-2, six days before transplanting. Seedlings will be ready for transplanting in 20-25 days. Seed rate: 62.5 kg ha-l. TIL Dapog nursery: Seedlings raised from this method are suitable for planting using transplanters. The area required to raise the seedlings is 60-65 sq. m. Procedures 1. Select nursery site in outdoors or in partially shaded indoors. Impervious plots, hard soil or ‘cement concrete floor may be chosen. 2. Prepare dry beds of 1 m width and of convenient length with 10 cm height and level the surface 3. Spread plastic sheet over the beds and friable farm yard manure or compost and soil mixed in equal proportion to a thickness of 2.0 cm on the sheet. 4. Broadcast pre germinated seeds uniformly at the rate of 1 kg dry seeds per sq m. 5. Gently compact the seeds by hand & cover with paddy straw. Sprinkle water 2-3 times a day 7. Seedlings will be ready in 10-14 days and they may be rolled and transported to the main field IV. Modified dapog nursery: In Dapog method, the seedlings will be lanky and it is advised to spray 1% urea spray in modified Dapog method to make the seedlings sturdy. Main land preparation for wet land system: Plough the field to 20-25 cm depth to expose harmfull pests. Bund the field all around and impound water to a depth of 2.5 cm. Plough the field for 2-3 times in standing water with MB plough followed by puddler / tractor cage wheel or power tiller. Tillage under submerged soil condition is called Puddling. The optimum depth of puddling is around 10 cm. Level the land thoroughly with leveller Wet rice requires a well puddled soil. Ploughing under submerged soil condition is called puddling. The land is ploughed repeatedly 3 or 4 times with an interval of about 4 days WWopetment oT hpeoey lege oP a RT AGR 102 (2+1) Feld crops! (Chari/)between each pudding by country plough or mould board plough or tractor drawn cage wheel or by using power tiller with a standing water of 3 to $ em. Optimum depth of puddling is 10cm for clay and clay loam soils, Weed management: Critical period of crop weed weed competition is up to 20 to 30 days for short duration varieties and 30 to 40 days for long duration varieties after transplanting. Important weeds of rice ecosystem are Echinocloa erusgalli, E. colanum, Cyperus iia, C. difformis, Celosia arjenta ete. Weeds can be controlled through |: Land preparation: Summer ploughing and puddling reduce weed population. 2. Row planting: effective to operate rotary weeder or wheel hoe in between rows of crop. 3: Flooding: reduce the weeds effectively. Aquatic & broad-leaved weeds are not affected by this method, 4. Hand weeding: It is laborious and is not economical 5. Herbicides: Use Butachlor 2.5 Vha or Thiobencarb 2.5 litfha or Pendimethalin 3 litfha or Anilophos 1.25 lit / ha, pyrazosiphuron @ 250 g/ha as pre -emergence application or 2,4 D sodium salt (Femoxone 80% WP) at 1.25 kg / ha as post emergent spray dissolved in 625 lit of water. Pretilachlor (2.5 Itr) + Pyrazosulfuron (250 g) is effective against Echinicloa. 10. WATER MANAGEMENT In rainfed/aerobic/ deep water rice, every effort is made to collect as much rain water as Possible in the field itself by suitable diversion structures and strengthening the bunds or deep cultivation. In transplanted irrigated rice, it is necessary to use irrigation of around 20cm for nursery + 25 cm for puddling + 100-150 om for main crop @ 5-7 em/irrigation (depending on duration of crop) (Total WR: 150-200 cm) Maintaining 1” Standing water for initial 1 month 2” standing water at latter stages is necessary. Withdrawal of irrigation before 10 days of maturity is also necessary to achieve good maturity. Water lost by evaporation’ percolation should only be supplied as irrigation. Excessive irrigation always leads to reduced yield Critical Stages Critical stages of water management include: 1. Tillering stage (25-35 days) 2. Head emergence stage (45-65 days) 3. Grain filling stage (85-120 days) Alll these stages depend on the total duration of the crop ‘Deparment oT Agronomy 10 ~~ Calege of Rercuare, Racha AGR.102 2+1) Field erops- (Khari)SRI method Irrigation should be given on soil cracking, but never submerged. Throughout the growth, it is necessary to maintain soil in field capacity, Note: Aerobic rice needs to be irrigated, when soil is dried, in ridges and furrow method. Cropping system: Rice crop is mostly grown in sequence cropping. Under wet land / irrigated situation Rice Rice ~RiceRice~ Wheat Rice ~ Wheat — Pulse Rice ~ Potato ~ Bengal gram are the common systems Under rainfed / upland situation, chickpea, lentil, mustard, wheat, barley are taken after rice. Rice is also grown in integration with: Rice + Fish + Poultry Rice + Fish + Duckery Harvesting & Yield: Harvest the crop soon after maturity. Drain the water from the field 7 to 10 days before the expected harvest as the drainage hastens the maturity and improves harvesting conditions, The optimum stage of harvesting is when 80% of the panicles turn straw colour (or) most of the grains at base of the panicle in the selected tillers are in hard dough stage. Harvesting done with reaping and mechanically. Thresh and dry the grains to bring seed moisture to 10-12% before storage. Yield levels are largely depending on varieties. The milling process removes the glumes (called dehulling) At this stage, the outer most layer on grain called aleurone layer is intact on the caryopsis. Hence, unpolished rice looks brown (Brown rice) Polishing is a Process to remove brown aleurone layer containing many minerals and vitamins as well as germs. The brown layer removed during polishing is called bran (germ refers to growing embryo) ‘The varying level of polishing may result into varying whiteness of rice kemel. ‘The whole process is also achieved by a crude machine called huller and process called hulling, But quality of rice in huller is not so good. Parboiled rice or steamed ri them in steam for 15-30 minutes and dried for 20-30 minutes before milling. The If the paddy is soaked for 24-36 hours followed by resultant rice kernels are called parboiled rice or steamed rice instead of raw rice by normal process. Normal recovery of whole rice kernels from paddy grains varies from 60-70% (called head rice) along with 10-15% broken rice 15-25% husk and 2-4 % bran. STAG TI Tepe at pears ROT AOR 102241) eld crop! art)IMPORTANT PESTS AND DISEASES. The list of important pests and diseases attacking the rice crop symptoms and control measure are shown in Table. Name of pests Symptoms Control measures and diseases Blast Boatleye-shaped spots on leaf/sheath. Spots coalesce; base of panicle may get black/brown spots and it may break- resulting into chaffiness. High N dose. More RH , Low night temperatures may favour the spread ‘Seed treatment -5 g Emisan + 1 g streptocycline in 101 water spray 0.1% Hinosan orCarben- dizim Use of resisant varieties. Flase Smut Kerells transformed into large velvety, orange-green mass-larger than normal grains. They consist of powdery spores: heavy rainfall, high N dose inceases Use certified seeds; spray 0.2% Blitox before flower emergences in severe cases Sheath Blight severity 2-3 em long greenish-grey lesions on leaf! sheath, on growing they girdle stem; grayish black sclerotic formed on lesions. It may fall wiwth small jerk Use treated seeds; standing water from time to time; avoid high N dose; 3-4 sprays of 75 g Agrimycin-50 with 500 g Bilitox — 50 in 750 1 for hectare. Stem Borer White head (chaffy, undeveloped grains) by larvae feeding inside stem. Shoos can be easily pulled. In early stages, drying of shoot tip (dead heart) may not allow the crop to grow normally Carbofuran 30-33 kg/ha in standing water at 25 and 65 DAT; grow resistant varieties Plant Hopper Both white (WPH) and brown (BPH) hoppers suck sap from leaves and reduce growth’ yellowing drying of plans; most hoppers found in basal portion, BPH acts as vector to transmit grassy stunt disease (narrow erect leaves) Carbofuran 30-33 kg/ha or phosphomidon @ 0.5 ml/1 or Dimethoate 2 mi/l; grow resistant varieties RICE QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS Rice cooking qualities include; Time taken for cookng kernel expansion ratio, and aroma during cooking, taste, and keeping quality, colour and stickiness propertiess. Generally, grains stored for 1-2 years, when milled result into good quality rice with better expansion ratio and less stickiness, while fresh grains result into rice kernels with sticking characters, when cooked. Red rice: The red colour of kernel is a varietal character. The red colour of kernel, even after removal of alecurone layer (bran). It is popular in coastal regions and suitable for ‘Department of Agronomy Tr Coleg oF AgricuTare, Racha AGR.102 (241) Field erops-I (Khari)Preparation of rice porridge. It is different from brown rice referring to brownish colour of kernel due to no/less polishing during milling. Golden Rice: It is a variety of rice, produced engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of through genetic rice. Biotechnological approach to enrich the rice grains with vitamin A. Basmati rice : is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally from the Indian subcontinent .It is a highly priced export product from India its production is limited to North- Western states like punjab, Haryana, and Westen Uttar pradesh, and parts of Himachal pradesh, The pleasant aroma long slender kernel (> 6.5 mm) and extreme expansion characters (more than 2 times of original length ) have made basmati rice a highly desirable variety. HYBRID RICE. Table 3 List of Important Rice Hybrids Released in India. Hybrids | Duration | Yield potential | Released for states of Released | (days) _ | (t/ha) KRH1 | 120-125 [6.02 Karnataka KRH2 | 130-135 [7.40 ‘Andhra pradesh, Kamataka, Tripura, Haryana, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan. Most hybrids have high yield potential (up to 7.5 t/ha) medium durtation, coarse grainsand poor in resisting the pests and diseases. However, some hybrids like CRHR 7, sahyadri 2, Rajyalaxmi Nitrogen management in paddy with leaf colour chart (LCC) ‘The LCC had been jointly developed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and Philippines Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) from a Japanese prototype, for the purpose in Rice field and thereby to get a of measuring the required quantity of nitrogen to be appli maximum productivity Use of leaf colour chart Select fully opened disease-free new leaf i.e, third leaf from the top as index leaf in paddy plant for assessing the leaf colour and ten leaves to be selected from ten plants in the field. Match the colour of the selected leaves by keeping the middle of the leaves on the colour strips of leaf colour chart and assess the colour intensity (LCC value) during morning hours (8-10 am). Assess the intensity of leaf colour each time at a particular time by a particular individual. Take average of two if the leaf colour matches between two colour strips of the chart. Deparmentat Agronomy Slept Field eropel Khari AGR.102 (241)Commence the assessment of the leaf colour with LCC at 14 DAT in transplanted rice tion / heading at an interval of or 21 DAS in direct seeded rice and continue up to flowe 7-10 days. Critical LCC value varies with the type of paddy genotypes. LCC critical value is 3.0 in low N response cultures. In Kamataka for drill sown paddy (Intan variety) the critical LCC value is 3 and for Abhilash variety the LCC value is 4. Assess the average LCC values of 10 leaf samples. When the average LCC value of ten leaves or when the LCC values of five or more leaves found below the critical LCC limit fixed for that genotype, then top dress nitrogen depending on the crop growth and stage as indicated in the following table. Table 4. Quantity of nitrogen to be top dressed to paddy crop when assessed average LCC value is below the eritieal LCC value (Karnataka Monitoring Rice Nitrogen Status with a Chlorophyll Meter/SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) meter 1. A handheld chlorophyll meter / SPAD can be used to assess the nitrogen status of rice from maximum tillering to panicle initiation stage of growth. 2. The meter measures the amount of light absorbed by the green pigments, mainly chlorophyll, in rice leaves. Because the amount of chlorophyll is closely related to leat N content, the meter provides information similar to that provided by conventional leaf sampling and laboratory determination of leaf N content. 3, This information can be useful in deciding whether or not to topdress with N fertilizer. How to use LCC in Paddy? 1. At 14 days after transplanting (DAT) or 21 days after direct wet seeding (DAS), randomly select 10 healthy plants in your field where plant distribution is uniform. 2. Compare the topmost, fully expanded, and healthy leaf of each of the 10 plants with the LCC. Place the middle part of the leaf on top of the LCC’s color strips for comparison. Do not detach the leaf, Take readings at same time of the day (8-10 AM). Do not expose the LCC to direct sunlight during reading s. The same person should take the first up to the last LCC reading 3, Ifsix (6) or more of the 10 leaves have readings below the critical LCC value, apply N as given below. > For wet season (Kharif) non-basmati rice, use LCC critical value 4, and apply 28 kg N/ha or 1.25 bag urea per hectare. > For wet season (Kharif) basmati rice, use LCC critical value 3, and apply 23 kg N/ha or 1 bag urea per hectare, > For direct-seeded rice, apply 23 kg Nha as basal, then use LCC critical value 3, and apply 23 kg N/ha or 1 bag urea per hectare. Doman agony Calg of Agra, arco AGR.102 (2+1) Field erops-I (Kharif)» For Boro rice, apply 23 kg N/ha as basal, then use LCC critical value 4 and apply 35 kg N/ha or 1.5 bags of urea per hectare, Application of Bio-fertilizers to rice Seed treatment: 1000 g of. Azospirillum culture is to be mixed with water to prepare a solution and the seeds required for one hectare are soaked in the solution over night before sowing in the nursery bed. Seedling treatment: Prepare slurry by mixing Azospirillum @ 1 kg in 40 liters of water and dip the root portion of rice seedlings in this bacterial suspension for 15-30 minutes and then transplant the seedlings in the field. Soil application * Azospirillum and phosphobacteria each at 2 kg/ha are to be mixed with 50 kg of well powdered decomposed FYM/compost. * Apply the mixture of biofertilizers to the rice before transplanting. Blue Green Algae (BGA) * Type of biofertilizer which fixes N and provides to the crop plants. + Itrequires pH of 6.5 to 7.5 for better growth and development. + Itimproves physical and chemical condition soil. +k Itexcretes organic acids that render phosphorus solubilization. * It reduces 25 percent of the recommended dose of nitrogen. + Method of application in Paddy crop + Prepare beds of size 10 x 10 m in a ploughed land bund on all sides and let water into the field to a height of 10 em & maintaine 2-5 cm depth, + Sprinkle 10 kg of dried algal inoculum for one hectare field, *+ At the time of application, a thin film of water is to be maintained. Azolla Azolla fixes atmospheric N in symbiotic association with the blue-green algae, Anabaena azollae, Of seven species of Azolla, A. pinnata is commonly found in India. It usually floats on the surface of idle water bodies such as ponds, canals, ditches and channels. Its occurrence is mostly during winter to early part of summer. Azolla can be multiplied by constructing nurseries with 10 cm deep standing water and adding superphosphate (@ 8 kg P2Os/ha) in smal] plots. Inoculation with Azolla @ 8 kg/sq.m. Azolla to be used immediately. after harvest, It can be applied as green manure Prior to rice planting or can be grown as dual crop with rice. Incorporation of fresh Azolla at 5 vha just before planting or its inoculation at 1 ha jepartment of Agronomy 1S vollege of Agriculture, Ratchur AGR.102 (2#1) Field crops-1 (Khari)at planting and its incorporation after one month gave yields identical with application of 30 ke Nha. Uses: Azolla excretes organic nitrogen in water during its growth and also immediately upon trampling. Fern fronds are soft and rapidly decomposed. + Itabsorbs traces of potassium from irrigation water. + Azolla provides nitrogen, potassium and organic carbon ete. + Itprevents weed growth in rice field water. Khaira Disease: It is caused by Zn deficiency. Lower leaves show chlorosis along with brown spots- leaf dries withers away Management: spray 5-10kg ZnSo¢+ 2.5 Kg lime in 1000 litre water oF Agron 1e AGR 102 2+!) ‘oF Agriculture, Rarchur Field crops-I (Kharif)MAIZE (Zea mays ~ Poaceae) Maize is one of the important cereal crops in the world's agricultural economy both as food for men and feed for animals, yield potential is higher than other cereal, hence itis called as “Queen of Cereals’ Economic Importance and its uses: % Maize is one of the important cereal crop in the worlds agricultural economy. About 65% is consumed as poultry & cattle feed Developing countries more than 50 % as human food Used both as food and feed Got very high yield potential as compared to other crops Because ofits higher yield potential compared to other cereal, itis called as “Queen of Cereals” Its a C4 Plant Nutritional value 10 % Protein, 2% Oil, 70 % CHO and 2-3 % Crude fibres and 10.4% Albuminoides Ithas Vit-A and E, nicotinic acid and riboflavin But, Protein Zein is deficit in tryptophan and lysine and also calcium Green cobs are roasted and eaten table purpose Pop com is used for popped form ‘Com has low fibre content, more CHO and most palatable Widely used in the preparation of cattle feed, poulty feed, piggery and other animals It can be used as green fodder. It has no HCN content, Itcan be preserved as silage as itis rch in CHO The food products prepared from maize are com meal and com flakes Used in canning Industry, production of polymer, making paper, paper boards and synthesis of Alcohol, Starch (Dextrose), Glucose, Com oil , Com syrup Maize protein “Zein” is deficient in two essential amino acids viz., Lysine and Tryptophane. Maize grain has significant quantity of vitamin A, nicotinic acd, riboflavin and vitamin E. Maize is low in Calcium, but fail high in ‘P. ‘Area and Distribution: Maize growing Countries are USA, China, Brazil, Mexico, India. USA ranks first in area, production and productivity. India occupies 5¢ place in area and 11® place in production. In India, U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Kamataka, Bihar are the major maize growing states. Kamataka recorded the highest average yield and UP stands frst in production. Poe be e oe ° eee ee ee * Botany and Classification: It is a monocious plant having male and female flower separately at different position in the same plant. The female flower develops into ‘ear (cob)’ located in the central node & are 1-3 in number. Male flower bome in cluster on the top of the stem known as ‘tassel’. Based on the kemels character, maize is classified into eight groups. 1. Flint Com - Zea mays indurata: Flint means hard crystaline mineral quartz. The endosperm of these are similar to fit quartz hence itis called as Flint Com. v 17 ‘oT Agra AGR201 Field Crops-l (Khariwhite or yellow kemel having endosperm with soft starch in the centre enclosed with hard outer layer Hence during grain drying no possibilty exist to have dents. They have rounded short and multicoloured grains.The yellow colour of grain is due to the pigment Zeaxanthin which occurs in varying proportions in fnt causing different coloured grains. These are called decorative com because of their colours . These are also called Indian com because these are grown by native American who were called as Indians. 2. Dent Corn - Z. mays indentata: White or yellow kemel, These have characterized by depression or dent on the crown. Dent occur due to soft tissue of the endosperm extends upto the top of grain and hard starch extends on the sides making it prone to formation of various forms of dents during drying. This is most widely cultivated com type throughtout the world.These are called as field coms. 3. Pop Com -: Z. mays everta: Its called as Pop Com because its hard endosperm facitatesits expansion and puffing when heated. These are basically fit coms.Teir kemels are relatively small and have hard endosperm. These are spread throughout the world. These expands and puffs because when heated endosperm attempts fo lose moisture in grain, but falls due to impervious hard cover on the outer surfaces and when pressure mount further the hard layer suddenly opens up covering gelatinous starch and protein into foam.The foam readily aus (on exposure to relatively low temperature outside and converted into crispy and tasty stuff 4. Sweet Com - Z. mays saccharata: The sugar and starch make the major component of the endosperm that results in sweet taste of kernels than other types. The cobs are harvested when grains are immature up,itis used as vegetable.. 5. Flour Corn - Z. mays amylacea: It resembles to the fit con in appearance. The grains are composed of soft starch and mealy in nature. They can be easily ground into fiour.They have litle or rno dent are called as “Soft Com’. 6. Pod Corn - Z. mays tunicate: Each kernel is enclosed in a pod or husk in an ear. These are primitive type and has no commercial value. 7. Waxy Corn - Z. mays ceratina: The kemel looks to have waxy appearance and gummy starch in them, because of amylopectin, Commercialy used for manufacture of adhesives 8. Baby corn ~ Z. mays: Grown for babies (cobs), where the young cobs (45-50 DAS) are harvested before polination & fertlization, used as vegetable, soup, salad. Origin : - Mexico and Central America. Growth stages: 1. Seedling phase: 1-14 days from sprouting to 2to 4 leaves. 2. Vegetative phase / grand growth stage: 15-39 days, (30-35 days is knee high stage) 3, Flowering phase: includes Tasseling and iking stage (40-85 day). Tasseling isthe ination of fowering wich develop in to male flower. Siking stage is the cob ination stage. 4, Maturity stage: 66-95 days. Includes soft (milky stage) and hard dough stage. 5, Ripening: 96-105 days. Drying and ready for harvesting Climatic requirement: It is essentially a tropical, short day, Cy plant prefers warm climate for its growth, is grown in wide range of cimatic conditions up to SS°N to 45%S and 2500 m above MSL. This crop is not suitable when night temperature drops below 15.6%, Maize requites moist and warm weather from germination to flowering. Most suitable temperature for germination is 219C and for reat oFAgronomy TS ToTlege of Agriculture Ratchur AGR.201 Field Crops- (Khari)growth is 32°C. Extremely high temperature and low RH at flowering desiccate the pollen resulting in poor pollen grain formation. Well dstbuted rainfall of §00 to 750 mm is requied fr its normal growth Soil: Maize is best adapted to well drain sandy loam to sil loam sol Salinity and water stagnation is extremely harmful to the crop. Continuous water logging 3 days reduce the yield by 40 to 45%, The ideal pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.5. Varieties: Hybrids : Deccan-103, Ganga-4, 5, 7, 9. Composites: Prasanth etc, 6.0 to 5.5 ha. UAS (Bangalore): Hybrid - NAH-2049 (Nithyashree - 110-120 days). Composites - NAC-6002 (90 days), ‘NAC-600d (120 days). These are sutable fr al he seasons, tolerant lea blight, stem borer. NAH-2049 i @ stay green types, where the leaves maintain greenness even at harvest & suitable for fodder. Varies: Ganga-t1 (110-125 days), Deccan-103 (110-115 days), Vay composite (115-120 days) Time of sowing: In India, it is grown in 3 seasons, a) Khaif (une ~ July) (b) Rabi (Oct - Nov), () Spring (Jan ~ Feb). Yield of maize is more during Rabi and Spring season. Field preparation: Similar to other dry land crops. Ridges and furrow system is more ef of better drainage & good anchorage Method of sowing: Mostly direct seeding, plough sole placement ‘Seed rate: 15-20 kg/ha Spacing: 60 X 30 cm and 5 om depth. fective because Fertilizer management: Itis an exhaustive crop and requires 10 t FYM + 150:75:40 kg NPK ha under ifgated condition and 7.5 t FYM + 100:50:25 kg NPK ha under rainfed condition. 33% N + 100% PK should be applied as basal and remaining N may be in 1 or 2 spits at 3-4 weeks after sowing. Apply fertilizer Som below the soll and 10cm away from the root zone. Seed treatment with Azospirilum or sol application of Azospiilum (2 kgfha) with FYM saves extemal N application. In areas with Zn deficiency, 10 kg 2nSO4 may be applied or spray of 0.5% ZnSOx a crtical stages is recommended Water management: Maize is both water responsive and drought tolerant crop, requires 600 to 600 mmm of water & demand 8-10 iigations. Seeding, knee high, taseling,siking & grain filing are rica stages for irigation. Peak consumption of water occurs during taseling and siking period. Water shortage for 2 days at this stage, reduce the yield by 20% Weed management: Maize crop should be kept weed free condition up to 45 days. Among the hetbicdes, pre emergence herbicide, Simazine and atrazine are more selective. Integrated weed management includes pre-emergence application of Atrazine 1.25 kg ai ha, followed by one hand hoeing and weeding on 30 to 35 DAS is effecve, For maize + pulse intercropping system, pre- emergence application of pendimethalin 10 kg aha. Spraying should be done within 3 days, There should be adequate soil moisture, Should not disturb the soil immediately after application, Use high volume sprayer fited with deflected type or flat fan nozzle can be used for effective suppression of weeds if pre-emergence herbicide is not applied, post emergence application of 2,4 D Na salt (Fermoxone 80 WP) at 1.0 kghha on 2 or 3rd leaf stage for sole maize, alachlor at .0 kg aiha (Lasso 60% EC) for legume intercropped + one hand weeding i effective Interculture / earthing up: one or two earthing up during knee high stage to make ridges and furrows will provide anchorage and acts as drainage lines. rent of Agronomy 19 rllege of Agriculture Rarchur AGR.201 ield Cropsel (Khari)Cropping system; Maize is grown in double / tiple cropping with Potato, Chickpea, Safflower and other pulses. Rainfed maize is successfully intercropped with Greengram, Groundnut, Soybean, Cowpea, Redgram etc Harvesting and Yield: The cob is harvested when cob sheath tums brownish, grains become hard and kemel moisture is less than 20% and then dried in the sun for 5 or 6 days. The dried cobs are either manually driven or tractor drawn or electricity operated thresher and are further dried to reduce the moisture to 10 to 12% before storage. It yields about 7-8 tha’. Recent advances in Maize: Baby com: Unfertlized, young & immature cobs harvested for vegetable purpose during siking stage is referred as Baby corn. itis emerging recently & atracting peoples specialy for soups, salad, manchurian, canning purpose etc. The agronomic practices are similar to maize except for Variety: Golden baby, PAC-792, PAC-793, Pro agro -4642, shekt ete Spacing: 45 X 20 cm & 2 seedlings per hil. Detasseling: Removal of male flower (tassel) to discourage tassels daily ater tassel initiation before AM. Harvesting: Immediately after sik emergence (45 DAS) & every altemate days, cobs are removed and marketed. Each crop yields about §-6 harvest. ‘Advantage: Dual use (Cob - vegetable, Straw - Succulent & good fodder as it is harvested before 60 DAS) Disadvantage: Detaseling is labour intensive & marketing should be done immediately Speer Calg Fare Rar AGR201 Field Crops-I (Khari)Jowar- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor - Poaceae) BePeEeEEEe Importance 4. Sorghum isthe fourth major food grain ofthe word, patcularly Atica and Asia used in various forms, similar orice as cooked food, malted, four for Dosa and making Chapathi or Rot, and also aa good source of dry & green fodder, cattle and poultry feed. 2. Raw material for starch Industries. 3. Used in production of alcohol (bio-fuel) similar to com, sorghum syrup, 4. Grain contain 12.3% protein, 3.6% fat & 75.8% starch I carbohydrate. 5. Drought & heat resistant Cs Plant, Itis a drought resistant because a) Endodermis is having a layer of silica b) Waxy coating on the leaf surface ©) Leaf movement: Leaf folds upon reduced soil moisture and reduce the transpiring area. Bad qualities of sorghum: 4. Sorghum Poisoning: Young sorghum plants when fed to animals causes death. It is due to the presence of cynogenic glucoside called ‘Dhurrin’. Its content is higher specially if the plants are subjected to drought & pian utilize larger amount of nitrogen. When 4-5 kg of such plant fed to cattle, the Dhurrin is hydrolysed in the stomach of animal and releases HCN, which is poisonous. This is referred as ‘Sorghum Poisoning’. Dhurrin content is maximum at 30 DAS & leaves contain higher hurtin (48 mg / 100 g fresh weight) than stem (6.5 mg) & roots (0.05 mg) Sorghum poisoning can be managed through Sorghum shouldn't be harvested fil it attain 60 cm height, 45-50 DAS, flowering Apply P, K, S & Ca under drought condition which reduces the Dhurrin content Irrigation under stress If unavoidable to use, dry the plant & use which make Dhurrin to volatilize Give molasses to animal Intravenous injection of Sodium thio sulphate will restore oxygen supply & prevent death of animal 2. Sorghum injury: Sorghum stubble / rots have high C:N ratio (50:1), ie, it contain tow amount of 'N'. Hence microbes take the soil ‘N’ for decomposition than from the decomposed ‘stubble, which causes temporary immobilization of soll'N’ Hence succeeding crop after sorghum is affected due to N deficiency in the early stage called sorghum injury. Succeeding crops need higher N. 3, Pellagara: nuitional disorder due to presence of high amount of Leucine : isoleucine rato (3.4, This disease is common in Africa. Classification: 1. Based on use a) Grain sorghum b) Forage sorghum: Called as sorgos, have sweet, tal, thin stem c) Sweet sorghum: Has more sugar, brix, used for extraction of molasses, used for extraction of ethanol. jariment OF Agronomy, 21 lege of Agniculture,Raichur AGR201 Field Cropsel (Khari)2. Based on spikelet type a. Basic races : 1. bicolor (cultivated sorghum), 2. guinea 3. caudatum 4. kafir 5. durra. b. Hybrid races : Guinea bicolor, Caudatum bicolor ete Origin : Africa & Abyssinia Distribution: Major countries are India, USA, Brazil, Argentina, China, Nigeria, Sudan. In India, its staple food crop of North Karnataka, Maharashtra, AP, Gujarat, MP and Rajasthan. Soil & Climate: Can be grown on wide range of sol, but prefers clay loam rich in humus I tolerates mild acidity & salinity also, Withstand waterlogging to some extent but prefers well drained sols. itis sub-tropical to topical, short day plant prefers moderate temperature. Minimum temperature of 7 10°C is essential & opt temp of 26-300 is ideal. Drought resistant & require a rainfall of 400-1000 mm. Varieties: Hybrids: CSH-5,9, 1, 2,6, 10 (Rabi), 14 Composities / HYV: CSV-1, 3, 4, 5, DSV-1, 2,3 Season: Kharif (June-July), Rabi (Sep-Feb), Summer (Jan-Feb), Sowing in Apr-May results in poisoning Inputs: Seeds — Grain purpose: 8- 12 kg ha’, Fodder: 30-35 kg ha’. Depth of sowing: 3-4 om FYM / Compost: 7.5 tha Bio-ertlizer: Azospirullum - 400 g (seed treatment) NPK (kg ha"); 0-100 40-60: 40 50% N Basal & remaining 30-35 DAS Sowing: Broadcasting, Line sowing (Plough sole & Seed dil at 45 X 10-15 cm Land preparation; Similar to other dry crops Water management: Drought tolerant crop, Critical stages are Knee high, flowering & grain filing Weed management: Keep the field weed fee for fist 36 DAS. Hand weeding, nteculture operation, pre-emergent application of Atrazin J simazin @ 2.5 ltr hat and Post-emergent application of 2-4 D. Striga ; Stiga asiatica, S.utea, S. hemonthica (Wich weed), is a semi-root parasite in sorghum, maize, sugarcane and reduces the yield markedly. Stiga can be controlled by 4) Post emergence application of 24- D Na salt at 2.0 kglha at 25 to 30 DAS 2) Crop rotation with trap crops like cotton, ‘sunflower, groundnut, cowpea, etc., which induce germination of weed seeds, bu they are not parasitsed 3) Using germination stimulants ike Stigol and Ethylene gas as pre-pant incorporation 4) Higher Nand FYM application, Spraying Urea 10% solution 25-30 DAS 5) Flooding the field Gropping system: Intrcropped wih legumes such 26 Redgram, field beans, cowpea, saflower, sunfwer eto, and Sequenced with wheat, potato, groundnut, cotton, chick pea, et. Harvesting: Harvest when grain become hard by removing ear heads / entre plant, thresh trough beating / passing roller / mechanically and dry Yield: Irigated: 40-50qgrain + 10-12. tfodder ha Rainfed: -20-25qgrain + © 5-7 fodder har Recent advances atoning: Harvest the main crop leaving 15 cm stubble, Irigate immediately ater cuting the main crop with in 24 hrs and apply basal nitrogen Sweet sorghum: Harvest grains at physiological maturly and green stalk / cane should be harvested ‘within 12 hours after harvest of earhead and crushed immediately to extract juice for syrup or jaggery or ethanol production. Tor Agronomy 22 Sollege of Agnulture, Ral AGR201 Field CropsREDGRAM - Arhar igeon Pea (Cajanus cajan - Fabaceae) 4, Second most important pulse crop after bengalyram b. Backbone of nutritional security (Protein), Primarily used as dhal, tender green seeds as vegetable, crushed dried seeds & seed coat as animal feed and green leaves as fodder. . Serves as wind break & live fence, Stems used as fuel wood and to make huts and baskets, paper mill. 4. Contain 22.3% protein, 1.7% fat, 1.5% fibre, 57.6% CHO, 3.5% minerals ¢. Principle protein is Cajanin & con-cajanin, Rich in Ca, Fe, P, [ and amino acids like lysine, arginine, Origin: India Distribution: India (>90%), Africa, West Indies, Ceylon, Australia and Malaya, Indo China In India: Maharastra, UP, Karnataka, MP, Gujarat, AP are major states Botany: Annual & perennial C3 plant, woody stem, branches from 6-10" node, fruits are called pods, have 2 sub species Slno | G.cajan var bicolour Geajan var. flavous 1 “Athar Tur 2 Branches spread laterally Upright branching 3 Branches at 60-70° angle ‘branches at 30-40 angle 4 Shallow, spreading root, Deep roots 5 Late flowering early flowering 6 | Tall bushy plants ‘Smaller plants 7 __ | Flowers yellow, purple streaked Yellow flowers 8 Pods dark coloured each with 4 or S seeds _| Plain pods with 2-3 seeds Soil & Climate: Grown wide range of soil from sandy loam to clay loams. Best soils are fertile and well drained loamy soils, Saline, alkaline & water logged soils are not suitable. Grows 1500 m and well distributed rainfall 500 to 600 mm in tropics and subtropics, ‘Temperature ranges 10 to 40°C and the optimum is 20 to 28°C. Varieties: TTB-7 (160-210 days), Hyd-3C (150-200 days), ICPL-87 (110-12 days), BRG-1 (170-190 days) BRG-2 (150-170 days). ICRISAT released one hybrid, ICPH-8 which yields about 4 tha'!. Seed treatment: Seeds are treated with 2 @ CaClz solution for 1 hour and then dried for 7 hours under shade. It will induce drought resistance to crops (Seed hardening). Then seeds are treated with Rhizobium @ 500 g/ha that saves about 50% of the recommended N fertilizer, jent oF Agronomy lege of Agrreulture, Ratchur ‘AGR.102 (241) Field crops-I (Khari)‘Then the seeds are treated with PSB @ 500 gha. The P solubilizing bacterias are ergillus awamori and Pseudomonos striata and Bacillus polymyxa and the fungi are Aspe Aspergillus niger. These will help in solubilizing the insoluble form of P into soluble Form Seeds are treated with Trichoderma harzlanum (fungus) @ 4 g/kg seeds. This will control the soil borne diseases Inputs: Seeds ~ Pure crop: 15 kg ha", Inter-crop: 7.5 kg ha". FYM/ Compost: 7.5 tha! —_Bio-fertilizer: Rhizobium — 400 (seed treatment) NPK (kg ha!); 25:50:25 + 20 kg ZnSOu. Spacing: On the basis of maturity, there are 3 distinct groups Early maturing | 100-150 days 45x 20cm T-21, Pt-221, Pusa Amethi, Pragathi Medium 150-180 days 75 x 30 cm for heavy soil maturing HY-3C, HY-3A, Hy-4 and C-28 60x30 em for light soil Late maturing | 180-300 days, 120 x 30 em/ 90x45 cm for SA-1, Asha (ICPI-87119), BSMR-736 | heavy soil 90 x30 cm for light soil Other varieties; TTB-7 (160-210 days), Hyd-3C (150-200 days), BRG-1 (170-190 days), BRG- 2.(150-170 days). + ICRISAT released one hybrid, ICPH-8 which yields about 4 tha’!. Sowing: May end —June 15 is ideal, Line sowing at 90 X 22.5 em, Delayed (July): 60-75X22.5 em, Land preparation; Similar to other dry crops, 30 DAS. Water management: Drought tolerant crop, irrigation may be given only at flowering (Critical sta requires proper drainage Form dead furrow between two rows after 25- doesn’t require any irrigation. Need based ge). Can't withstand water logging & ‘Weed management: Keep the field weed free for first 45-60 DAS owing to slow initial growth Two hand weeding one at 25-30 DAS and second at 45-60 DAS provides excellent control. ‘At 15-20 days interval carryout 2-3 intercultivation operations. Preemergent application of Pendimethalin @ 3.3 mUliter of water or Alachlor @ 2.2 mi/liter of water ‘After 25 days after sowing spraying of post emergent herbicide imazathapyr @ 1.0 mlfliter of water + There should be enough moisture and avoid clods during spraying. ToT RGN oT Rg Fa AGRI 2*1) aa se ld sropel (Khor)Removing of extra plants from thickly populated crop stand with an idea of maintaining optimum plant population, Nipping: Removal of terminal portion of the plant about 5-6 cm at 50 DAS helps to increases the number of branches and pods per plant and test weight. Cropping system: Intercropped with maize, groundnut, ragi, millets, sorghum, Potato, Niger, cotton ete. Harvesting: Indeterminate type & growth continues with reproductive phase, Harvest when 75% pods turn brown either to ground level with sickle or pick the pods, thresh through beating / mechanically and dry. : Pure crop: 20-25 q ha". Intererop: 5-6 q ha". Recent techniques in redgram: In recent years, kharif rains (monsoon) are generally becoming irregular due to which sowing in first week of June is delayed and many times happens in July, because of this optimum yield is not obtained and due to the late sowing, the crop encompass many disease and pest problems. To overcome this problem transplanting Of Pigeonpea Is an Option For transplanting variety: BSMR-736 Seed rate: Ikg/acre + To prepare red gram plants for one acre land, approximately one kg seeds are required. + To prepare plants, ploythene bags of 6" x 4" (1 bag) with 200 1 guage should be used. + Mix soil, sand and compost in equal proportions and fill the poly bag. + At lower side of bags three-four holes are to be opened for draining of excess water Spacing: 5 x3 feet (2904 plants /Acre) 6 x3 feet (2420 plants / Acre) Seed treatment and seed placement + Seed hardening will help red gram to tolerate drought. Method + Calcium chloride 20 g / litre is to be prepared. + One kg seeds / liter should be immersed for one hour. + Dry the seeds under shade for seven hours. + Treat the seeds with 100 g rhizobium, 100 g PSB and 4 g trichoderma / kg seed by sprinkling jaggery solution then microbial powder on the seeds. + Then place two seeds per bag at 1 cm depth and keep the bags under semi shade and watering should be done using Jar at regular intervals. Daily watering with rose can Plants will be ready for transplanting in 30-40 days. Plant hardening is essential before transplanting, Remove the weeds @ 20DAS vo 7 poe oTfege of Agriculture, Rarchur AGR201 2+1) Field crops-l (Khar)Plant protection measures: Leaf eating catterpillar feed the leaves and form holes. > So, where ever incidence is there take immediate control by spraying of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 mI/it. of water ‘Transplanting to main field: «After deep ploughing and tilling, the pits of 0.5 sqft siz should be opened at «5x3 A (150 X 90 em) in medium deep soils 2904 plants / acre) for sole cr0P under irrigated condition or + 6x3 ft (180 X 90 cm) in deep soils (2420 plants / acre) for inter crop under irrigated condition. «and 5 x 3 ft (150 X 90 em) in in deep soil (2904 plants per acre) for sole croP under rainfed condition. + Fill the pits with soil and compost in equal proportion before 15 days of transplanting. + Transplant one seedling per each pit. + In intererops, prior to transplanting sow the intercrops first (black gram/green gram/soybean) then red gram plants have to be transplanted into pits (as said above). + By opening ridges and furrows with $ and 6 ft interval in sole and intercrop, respectively. + Separate the bag before transplanting. Give light irrigation once immediately after transplanting. Agronomic practices «Based on the soil moisture status protective irrigation 3-4 times in eropping season is needed. + Barthing up and weed cleaning should be done. + Apply fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, zine and sulphur as recomended. «Give all these nutrient fertilizers in rings around the plant at 45 days before earthing up. + By providing this, better quality and yield can be obtained. + When crop is at full loom or at flowering stage, spray NAA (planofix) @ 0.5 ml /L. Recommended dose of fertilizers* (g/plant) Spacing (ft) Plants/ acre N P K ZnSOs 5x3 2904 3.1 7d 43.0 3.4 6x3 2420 3.7 9.5 517 4.0 10: 20: 50 kg NPK + DAP~one bag per acre * MOP- 85 kg per acre (in red soil only) * 10kg ZnSOs per acre en oF Rona =o a ran AGR.201 (241), 6 eae “i Field crops- (Kharif)Note: DAP and MOP application should be made at 20-30 DAT in ring method & Soil application of ZnSOyshould be made at the time of transplanting Inter cultivation- Efforts should be made to keep the field clean during the early growth Period at 30-45 days stage. Nipping of terminal portion of | Pigeonpea plant (5-6 cm) at 20-30 DAT helps in getting more number of branches, higher pod number and ultimately yield. Advantages of Transplanting in pigeon pea over normal sowing » Sowing can be taken during May even in the absence of timely rains. > Prevention of incidence of pod borer due to early sowing. Crop has got drought resistance capacity due to deep root system. Spraying of pesticides is easy because of wider spacing. Suitable for small and medium farmers. Use of lower seed rate, Higher yield vvvvyv OILSEEDS Importance of oil seed crops in Indian economy + India is the third largest producer of oilseeds in the world next to China, USA + ICMR recommendation of consumption of fats and oils is 14 kg per annum against consumption of 10.4 kg, world average is 11 kg. Europe and USA 22 kg. + Hence efforts were made to increase production & achieved 21.42 mt (7.5 mt vegetable oil) during 1994-95, this is popularly known as yellow revolution. The oil seed production in India contributed about 12-13% to the vegetable oil production + About 15 million people are engaged in oil seed production and processing Oil seeds have a number of industrial uses in plastic film, metallic foils, soaps, detergents, condiments, cosmetics, plastics, polymers, organic coatings, printing ink, oiled cloth, rubber additives as substitutes to dehydrated and brake oil and chemical industries As they are biodegradable and ecofriendly, they are used as bio-diesel, Oil crops can serve as pasture, cover and green manure crops, fodder and silage Used as cakes which has 40-60% protein and used as animal feed and organic manures India has earned the foreign exchange to the tone of Rs.2,200 crore by direct export of cakes. Milestones in Indian Oilseed research + AICRPO was set up in 1967- local specific technologies for increasing yield and profitability. 1 DOR, Hyderabad — 9 mandate oil seed crops groundnut, rapeseed, mustard, sunflower, safflower, sesamum, Niger, linseed and castor. + Tech mission on oil seeds (TMO) established in 1986 Constraints/limitations in oil seed production Department of Agronomy 335 Calege at Aeneas Racha Field erops-l (Khari) AGR.201 (2+1)1. Agronomic factors: grown in marginal soils under imbalanced nutrition & poor management 2. Abiotic / Environmental factors: Rainfed situations are frequently exposed aberrant conditions 3. Biotic factors: low nutrient & water use efficiency, C3 plants, low light saturation, photorespiration etc, lege of Agriculture, Ratchar roc ee a Field crops- (Khar/) AGR.201 (2+1)GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypozaea L. Fabaceae) —_—_— Groundnut is also called by different names as peanut or earth nut or monkey nut, Groundnut is considered as unpredictable legume attributing to its erratic behaviour for different climatic and management conditions. Importance + Groundnut oil is primarily used as vegetable oil and also called as vanasapathy ghee, fodder for animals + Groundnut seeds contain about 45% oil and about 25% protein, vitamins Rich source of thiamine and haemoglobin, minerals like P,Ca and Fe + One-gram supplies 5.8 calories of energy as compared to 4.0 calories for sugar, 3.5 calories for whole wheat, 2.6 calories for bread The biological value of groundnut protein is among the highest of the vegetable proteins and equals that of casein + Groundnut is a good source of all B vitamins except B12. Also contains vitamin E + They are rich source of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, minerals like P, Ca and A, E and B, s used in making soaps, shaving creams, cold creams, plasters and ointments. The residue left after oil extraction from groundnut kernel is known as cake, which is used as animal feed and manure as it contains 7-8% N, 1.5% P20s and 1.2% K20 Groundnut kernels are consumed either roasted or fried and salted. il fertility by fixing It fits well in crop rotation because it builds up th atmospheric nitrogen through roots. + Itis also an efficient cover crop for lands exposed to soil erosion. Origin: Brezil in South America Distribution: India, china, USA, west Africa and America In India Gujarath, AP, Karnataka 1. Erect type or bunch type & 2. Spreading type Classification: Bunch type Spreading type ‘Small to medium size seeds Medium to large seeds ‘Moderately dormant types ‘Non dormant types Height upto 60em Height upto 30cm ‘Shorter duration (110-120 days) ‘Longer duration (130-150 days) Light green leaves, leaflets are bigger Dark green and smaller leaflets Pointed leaflets Rounded leaflets leaflets are bigger TR gay B24 Mage of Recor, Rarchar Field eros- (Khari) AGR201 (2+1)Thick stem Stem is thinner Oblique branches to main axis Primary laterals - horizontal It cannot adjust to variation of soil and climate, grown in assured rainfall area ‘Adjust to growth and flowering to soil moisture and climate changes. Very well adopted to these variations in lower rainfall areas Not tolerant to Tikka Relatively tolerant to Tikka and Cercospora Leaf; spot No vigourous root growth, fewer and smaller root| nodules Better root growth with more number of nodules One cycle — flowers produced continuously Flowers produced in different cycles of] Cessation (stop) Flowering starts 20-25 days after Sowing (early) Flowering starts late 24-30 days Flowering lasts for 3-8 weeks 6-10 weeks Fewer number of flowers ‘More number of flowers Per cent of fertilization (22-68% higher) Lower (5-59%) il content is 37-46% 45-50% Bota Flowering period 3-8 weeks in bunch type and 6-10 weeks in spre yy the elongation of the basal portion of ovary and bend down such as gynophores, is formed b} angle to the stem as to reach the soil in the shortest distance. Pegs parts pods having 1-4 kernals. Climate: drought, cold weather are extremely detrimental to 30°C & 500-1250 mm RF. Soils: Well drained light coloured, loose fragile amount of organic manure is suitable for acidity of because soil becomes very hard during drought. It re {tis a tropical crop, which requires a warm growing season, || description: Flowering starts from 24-30 days & little earlier in bunch type. ading type. Peg / grown to the economical while high rainfall, the crop growth. Normally it requires 27- sandy loam with calcium and moderate groundnut production. Soils with poor drainage, high alkalinity must be avoided, The soil pH of 6-7.5 is good. Heavy clay not preferred stricts peg penetration, pod formation and development and ultimately harvesting becomes very difficult. Land preparation: Prepare good seed bed with harrowing to get better aeration and in tum better weeks before sowing. Season: Kharif: June 15 July 15 srment oF Agronomy AGR.201 (2+1) help of 1-2 ploughing followed by 1-2 germination. Apply organic manure 2-3 wollege of Agrreature, Rarchur Field crops (KhariRabi: Sep to Dec to utilize the moisture efficiently after paddy harvest Summer: Dec 15" to Feb 1" week Varieties: Bunch type of Groundnut Varieties Condition’ [Sowing Duration |Special characters Season time (days) GPBD-4 Rainfed [Start off105-110 | i. High yielding, higher oil June content month ii, Resistant to leaf spot and rust diseases iii, For seed production- Rabi and summer seasons R - 8808 Rainfed/ —_ |-do- 110-115 Khariff summer Mutant-3 |Rainfed __|-do- 110-120 | i. Bold seeds suitable for export purposes ii, _ Resistant to leaf spot TGLPS-3 Rainfed —__|-do- 105-110 _ |Bold seeds and long suitable for export JL-24 Rainfed _|-do- 95-105 | Bold seeds, susceptible to leaf spot and pests S- 206 Rainfed __|-do- 105-110 _ [Resistant to leaf spot diseases TMV-2 Rainfed _|-do- 105-110 [Susceptible to leaf spot, Pests, seed size and shape is attractive DH-3-30 Rainfed —_|-do- 105-110 _ | Even in summer season also good yields can be obtained R-2001-3 Rainfed __|-do- 105-110 _ [Resistant to leaf spot and rust Spreading type of Ground nut DSG-1 Rainfed] stag) 130- a 135 July -230 Rainfed _|-do- 130-135 3. GSP-39 Rainfed [End of 115-125 July Seed Rate: 150 kg/ha for JL-24 110 kg/ha for other varieties Spacing: 30 X10 cmor 30X15 em rent oF Agronomy 2 31 Tollege of A AGR201 241) Field crops (Khari)Seed treatment: chloropyriphos @ 15 ml/ kg seed to contro! Giecases Thiram or monocrotophos 3g/kg seed or carbondiziam 2e/kg seed Treat Rhizobium @ 375g/ha, Manures and fertilizers: leguminous oilseed crop, requires sulphur, 75% calcium and sulphur absorbed through eynophores and developing pods. Apply 10vha FYM or compost 2-3 weeks before sowing and incorporate it into soil. 25:75:38 ke NPK ha - irrigated conditions 25:50:25 kg NPK ha - Rainfed conditions phosphorus and calcium. Instead of urea, use ammonium sulphate which supplies S, To supply P ve ssp (12%S and 19.5 % ca and 16 %), Apply 500 kg/ha gypsum - supply 19.5 S and 25 % Ca. Lime may be applied in acidic soils. Gypsum application in Groundnut Calcium is an important nutrient needed for the development deficiency leads to poor development of pods,poor filling and low yields. Concealed damage and b) n and development stage in groundnut. Caleium Deficiency of Ca results in manifested symptoms like a) Hollow heart are noticed following drought during pod formatio «The term concealed damage includes poor embryo on plumule development + Chlorosis | Ifsevere deficiency of Ca occurs formation of pods is very poor-Empty pods. Sulfur is also very crucial for the formation of sulfur containing amino acids and oil synthesis and it also improves the both yield and quality of crops. 'As eysppsum is the cheapest source of calcium and sulfur application of calcium as finely ground powdered gypsum @ S00kg/ha after one month of sowing is ideal to satisfy the calcium needs of the crop in sandy loam soils Gypsum may be applied as basal dose or 30 days after sowing + Cais applied to fruiting zone at the time of pod development placed at 10 em radius and 3-5 em deep in soil in ease of bunch types. + In spreading type, fruiting zone is not limited 0 10 em radius. So broadcast gypsum at 30 to 45 DAS and mix in soil with intercultivation. Micronutrients: Fe FeSOs @ 10 kg/ha or 15 % FeSO« B as Borax 5-20 kg/ha Zn - ZnSO4 15-20/ha or 0.5 % ZnSOs and 0.5 % lime Irrigation: Generally, groundnut is grown as rainfed crop under irrigated condition. Based on soil type at 7-12 days interval it should irrigated 9-10 irrigation, critical stages- branching, flowering, peg penetration and pod formation stage. Induce stress after 10-15 days after sowing for another 20 days for synchronization of flowering. Intercultivation and weed control: ‘Two intercultivation at 15 and 30 days after sowing. Interculture should not be done after 45 DAS. Spray 2.5 litha alchlor (SEC) or metalachlor 2 lita (45 EC) as pre emergent spray on the day of sowing reat oF Agronomy 3e Tllege of Agu ‘AGR201 2+) oo Hear ‘eld crops-l (Kharif)G.nut + Sunflower and G.nut + Redgram (8:2) in black soil G.nut + Redgram (8:2) and G.nut + Cowpea (8:1) in Red soil Harvesting: Harvesting indices are Leaves tum yellow colour Spots on the leaves Intereroppi Shedding of old leaves Pods become hard and light Black colour inside the shell Seeds become hard and wrinckled Depending on condition. either plucked from the hand or harvested by ploughing. Yield: 15-20 q/’ha - irrigated conditions 8-10 q/ha - Rainfed conditions Aflotoxin ~ due to Asperzillu flavous at storage and export, play an important role 6 ppb is permissible Dormancy in G.nut Desirable in certain species. Warring (1965) “Instances of the seeds where the seeds of given species fails to germinate under favorable conditions of moisture, oxygen and temperature supply”. No dormancy in bunch types- so dormancy is needed * In spreading types, dormancy is noticed (Undesirable)- where seed production for breeding and seed testing is to be done Induce dormancy in bunch types and break dormancy in spreading types is the necessity. * Bunch types are grown in kharif season, the harvesting of this coincides with rainfall, 20% loss in yield because of insitue germination + Dormancy is a function of storage temperature i.e., dormancy period is reduced as storage temperature is increased from 30 to 40 °C (Inverse relationship). + Dormancy is also influenced by the position of kemel in pod, basal seed have greater dormancy. Induction of dormancy. Malic Hydrazide — to reduce sprouting losses. Foliar spray of MH at 15 and 25 days prior to harvest @ 200 ppm induces dormancy Breaking of dormancy & improving germination in spreading varieties + Chemicals + Growth regulators Ethylene: Ethepon @ 0.1% for 16 hrs to treat seeds GA3 @ 0.1 ppm IAA + NAA @ 5-10 ppm + Thiourea @ 3% at 35 °C when seed moisture is 36% (75% germination) or @ 1.3% at 35 °C when seed moisture is 8% (95% Germination) Groundnut is_an “unpredictable legume” because of differential response for fertilizers i.e., inconsistency of response to applied fertilizers and Erratic behavior for different climate and management practices ‘“Deparinent ofAgronomy ap 33 Colege of gncalres atcha” ‘AGR.201 (241) Field erops-l (Khari)Soybean Glycine max Leguminaceae) —$—<————_—— Oil seed cum pulse crop, contains 20% oil & 40% protein, Sprouted grains contain considerable amount of vitamin C. Wheat flour fortified with soybean flour makes good quality & nutritious chapattis. It is used for preparation of soy milk, bread, sweets, cakes, biscuits, infant foods, etc. Oil is used for manufacture of vanspathy / ghee. Fix atmospheric nitrogen though nodulation. It can be used as fodder, hay, silage, etc. It is forage and cake is excellent source of food for livestock and poultry. Soybean is not consumed as such because it creates some giddiness. It is called as “Wonder crop” or “Miracle crop of 21st century” or Golden bean, Yellow Jewel, Vegetable Meat/ Boneless Meat, Poorman’s Meat, efc. Origin: Eastem Asia or China Major countries: USA, China, Brazil, and Mexico. In India: MP, UP, MR and Rajasthan in small area in AP, KRK and Gujarat. Botany: nodulation by Rhizobium japanicum Stem: Pubescent. Classification of Soybean Depending on the form, colour of pods, size, shape, colour of pods and maturity duration, soybean has been classified as follows, 1) Manchurian Classification: This classification is based on colour of the seed-coat and embryo. a) Yellow group ~ i) Yellow seeds with light hilum. Ii) Yellow seeds with golden hilum. Iii) Yellow seeds with brown hilum. ») Black group ~ i) Large black seeds ii) Flat black seeds and iii) small black seeds. ©) Green group — i) Epidermis of seed is green but embryo is yellow. ii) Epidermis as well as embryo is green. Il) Martin’s Classification: This classification is based on shape of soybean seed, Martin’s classified soybean in to three groups, namely Soya eliptica (Seed is egg type). Soya spherica (Seed is round). Soya compress (Pressed seed). III Hertz classification (Based on shape of pod.) i, Soja platycarpa, (Flat Seed). ii, Soja tumida. (Thick Seed). IV. American classification (Based on maturity period)/ U. S classification is based on maturity period. If different varieties are planted at the recommended places and time they will mature as follows. Group Maturity (days) Varieties 117 Flambeau 126 Merit f 126 Black Hark | 130 ‘Amsoy IE I BL Ford I 136 Scott AGR.201 21) Field crops! (Khari)Bragg [improved pelican __] (Himachal | (Punjab,Haryan | Pradesh, Pradesh, | a,DelhiNorth | Bundelkhand region | Tamilnadu,And | Meghalaya, Hills of | East plains of | of Uttar Zone [North Hill [North Plain | Central zone (Madya | Southern Zone | North Eastern Zone (Karnataka, | (Assam, —_ Bengal, Pradesh, | hra Nagaland, Eastern Uttarakhand) | Uttar Pradesh, | Rajasthan, Gujarat, | Pradesh,Kerala, | Bihar, Orissa, West Bihar) | West Maharashtra) | Suth Chattisgarh) Maharashtra) Recommended | VLS63, PS 1347, PS 1S 93-05, JS 335, JS | Pratap Soya 2,| Pratap Soya 2, variety VLSS59, 1241, PS 1225,| 95-60, JS 90-41,| TAMS 98-21, | Pratap Soya 1, JS VLs47, PS 1092, PS| Ahilya 4 (NRC 37),|TAMS 38, | 97-52, JS 80-21, VLS21, 1042, PS 1024, | Ahilya 3 (NRC 7), | Phule Kalyani | MAUS 71, Indira Palam Soya,|PS 1029, PK| Indira Soya 9, | MAUS 61, | Soya 9, Bragg. Harit Soya, | 472, PK 416,|MAUS 81, MAUS|MAUS — 32, Bragg. SLS 688, SLS] 61-2, Pusa 9712, | MAUS 2; 525, Pusa 9814, | Bragg. MAUS 450, Pusa 9712, MACS 124, Bragg. LSb-l, PS 1029, Brage. Climate: grows well in warm and moist climate. 60-65 cm of annual rainfall, Opt. temperature 26.5 to 30°C. Temperate less than 10°C affects growth & delays flowering, Short day plant and sensitive to photoperiods. Drought during flowering and before flowering leads to flower and fruit drop. While rain during maturity reduces the quality of seeds. Soil: Well drained and fertile loamy soils with pH 6 - 7.5 is most ideal. Sodic and saline soils inhibit germination. Season: Kharif: June-July before 2 of August. Under irrigated condition throughout year Seed Treatment: Fungal diseases thiram or bavistin @ 3g/kg seed. + Rhizobium japanicum @ 300g/ha. Varieties Duration | Season Hardee 100-110 | All the three seasons KHSB-2_| 110-120 _| Up to Aug 2" week ‘Monett | 80-85 _| Inter cropping in sugarcane KB-79 85-90 __| Inter cropping in sugarcane Seed rate: 62.5 kg/ha Spacing: Manures and Fertilizers: FYM: 6.25 vha Irrigated 30:80:38 kg Rainfed 25:60:25 kg NPK/ha ZnSOs 12.5 kg/ha 12.5 kg/ba nen OTAGO Bas Tee Ree ator Field rps Khari) ‘AGR.201 (241)Water management: Need based 5-6 irrigations, Germination, flowering, pod initiation and development are eri | for moisture, During excessive rain provide drainage. Weed control: Keep weed free up to 30-40 days, Interculture at 20 and 40 DAS and hand weeding. But in rainy season flucthoralin @ 1kg a.i./ha as pre plant, metribuzin @\kgaisha in 750 | water as pre emergence, alachlor (1asso) ~ 2kg/ha . Cropping system: Redgram, Cotton, quenced with wheat, Potato, Sunflower and intercropped with Maize, rghum, Groundnut, Sesamum, S.cane and Ragi. Harvesting and threshing: When leaves start yellowing and dropping their leaves. Harvest manually or with sickle, Threshing by beating with sticks or mechanical thresher and brings down the moisture to 10% at storage. Yield: Irrigated 20-25 q/ha Rainfed 10-15 q/ha High yielding varieties 30-35q/ha ToT Reon Wag oegeof Rarer, Racor ‘AGR.201 (241) cropsel (Kharif)Sesamum / Til (Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae) B belongs ‘0 family Pedaliaceae. It is one of the most ancient oilseed crops in India. Sesamum teluge, Ben fs Sesame, Til, Gingelly in Hindi, Tal in Gujarati, Tili in Punjabi, Nuvullu in clugu, Ellu in Kannada, tamil and Malayalam, Rasi in oriya Origin: South western Africa The crop was introduced to India by Europeans Economic importance sath oe Presene® OF high-quality poly unsaturated stable fatty acids (PUPA) which resists oxidative rancidity in these seeds has conferred a poetic label “Queen of oilseeds” on Sesamum. The generic name Sesamum seems to be derived from the Arabic word Semsin or Semsen. The word tailam in Sanskrit for oil is derived from tila which is the sesame seed. Sesame is rich in oil (50%) and protein (18-20%). Almost 78% of the produce is crushed t0 derive oil, while the oil has the distinction of being the “poor man’s substitute for ghee”. 2.5% for planting purpose and the rest is used in confections and in religious Hindu ceremonies, Nearly 73% of the oil is used for edible purposes, 8.3% for hydrogenation, 4.2% for industrial Purposes in the manufacture of paints, pharmaceuticals and insecticides. Seeds are eaten, fried and mixed with sugar and in several forms in sweet meals. 100 grams of seeds provide 592 calories. Sesamum oil is important cooking oil in South India. Its also used as perfumed oil as it does not possess any storage odour, especially after it is kept for some time and is able to absorb the fragrant essence of sweet-scented flowers. Lower grades of oil are used in soap making industries. It finds a number of medicinal uses such as for the treatment of Constipation due to hard stool, Dizziness, Piles, Skin disorders, Poor vision, Dysentery, Diarrhea, Kidney and urine disorders evc., The oil cake is an edible which is mixed with sugar and eaten by poor people. It is also used as cattle feed especially for milch animals. Cake contains 6-6.2% Nitrogen, 2-2.2% Phosphorus and 1-1.2% Potash used as an excellent manure. Area, production and productivity Sesame is extensively cultivated in India, China, Myanmar Sudan, Nigeria, Mexico, Turkey, and Pakistan. India is the major producers accounting for nearly 24 % of the world’s sesame area and 17 % of production The productivity level in India is very low (421 kg/ha) as compared to Egypt (1,322 kg/ha), China (1,306 kg/ha). The major obstacles to its expansion are its Low yields and Absence of non-shattering cultivars suitable for machine harvest. Consequently, it requires much manual labour at the harvest season. The major constraints responsible for low yields of sesame in India are Cultivation on marginal and sub-marginal lands, Poor plant stand, Poor crop husbandry, large number of diseases and insect pests, Limited yield potential and narrow adaptability of varieties, Limited use of improved seed by farmers and Slow transfer of production technology to farmers. Area and distribution ‘Area:2.07 m. ha Production:0.88 m. t. Productivity:421 kg/ha STE OT RETO Bay TGe oT AEE RAIS AGR201,2+1) Field eope (Khari)India: Rajasthan, WB, MP, Gujarat, UP, Karnataka, TN, AP, Orissa and Assam are the major producers of sesame, In Karnataka: Gulbarga, Koppal, Bidar, Raichur, Bellary and Gadag in N Karnataka. Mysore, Mandya, Hassan, Chitradurga, Davanagere, Bangalore rural and Tumkur where sesame is grown during early kharif season, Soil requirement Sesamum can be grown on a wide range of soils but best suited to well drained sandy loam soils with adequate soil moisture. Optimum pH range is 5.5 to 8.0. Highly Acid and alkaline soils are not suitable clim: requirement Sesamum is basically a crop of warm regions of the tropics and sub tropics. For maximum yields, Sesame requires fairly high temperature and evenly distributed rainfall during its growth period. It cannot withstand Frost, Prolonged drought, wet weather or water-logged condition especially at flowering and pod development stages. Low temperature at flowering may lead to pre mature flower drop or production of sterile pollens. A temperature of 25-27°C encourages rapid germination, initial growth and flower formation. Classification: Various varietal classification have been made based on 1. Maturity period, 2. Seed colour, 3. Number of carpels in the capsules and 4, Chromosome number 1, Based on maturity period a. Early: Varieties having less number of flowers and branches b. Late: Varieties having more number of flowers and branches. 2. Based on Seed colour ‘a. White seeded: Varieties having white seeds and recent types b. Black seeded: Varieties having Black seeds and are old ones 3. Based on number of carpels in the capsule a. Bicarpellatum: Having 2 carpels in the capsules b. Quadricarpellatum: Having 4 carpels in the capsules 4. Bases on chromosome number Group ‘Chromosome number | Species = ‘Sesamum indicum, 2n=26 , ce S ‘Sesamum altum Group om32 ‘Sesamum prostratum, Sesamum laciniatum Sesamum radiatum, aig 2n=64 . a Sesamum accidentale Season: Time of sowing - Location specific Sesamum is cultivated as kharif crop in North India (June- July), But in S. India itis cultivated both in kharif'as well as rabi season. rent oF Agronomy = ae Ollege of Agnecuture, Ratchur AGR.201 (21) Field erops-l (Khari)Inputs Seed rate: Drill sown: 2.5 kg/ha and Bi i - Soe ea ees ‘g/ha and Broadcasting: 4.0-5.0 kg/ha Varieties: oe Sowin, D pvarictics eee oat Special characters fa a H EB Tune end 100-105 | White seeded & high yielding 5 b oDsa fone end oe Resistant to viral diseases, - White seeded and high yielding B.__DSS-9_| June end 90 White seeded & high yielding | 6-8 Note: Sowing in June —July month in kharif season is best Sowing in November — December in rabi season after the harvest of paddy in TBP and UKP under residual moisture is also found best Treat the seeds with Thiram / Capton / Carbendazim @ 3 g/kg of seeds. Soak the seeds for 30 minutes in Agromycin @ 0.025% solution to control bacterial leaf spot disease. Mix the seeds with either sand or FYM in 1:3 proportion and then sow the seeds, sow the seeds up to 2- 3.cm depth Land preparation: Seeds of sesame are very small in size, therefore the field must be prepared very well for good germination. The seed bed should be fine, firm and compact. Usually one ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing followed by planking bring the field in good condition for sowing, ‘Manures and fertilizers: FYM: 5 t/ha, RDF: 40-50:25:25 NPK kg/ha Generally full dose of NPK is applied at the time of sowing. In sandy soils, apply N in 3 splits, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at 30 DAS and 1/3 at 50 DAS (at flowering). In heavy soils, 2 splits, 2/3 at sowing and 1/3 at flowering. Incorporate FYM at 2-3 weeks before sowing of crop. ‘Water management: Sesame is generally grown as rain fed crop usually there is no need to irrigate the crop, but this crop is very susceptible to drought in various physiological growth stages.Crop requires about 500 mm of water during growth period. Irrigation Facility: 1. Give first irrigation at 25-30 DAS, 2. 2% at 45-50 DAS (Flowering) and 3. 3" at 65-70 DAS (pod development stage) 4. Give light irrigation on a calm and windless evening to avoid lodging. Critical stages: Just after maximum flowering and Pod development stage Weed management: Initial growth of sesame is slow hence it is necessary to control weeds in the initial stages therefore maintain weed free condition at early stages Two hand weeding 1* at 20-25 DAS and 2 at 40-45 DAS. Fluchloralin @ 1 kg a.i/ha as pre plant incorporation or Alachlor @ 1.5 kg ai/ha as pre emergent application. Cropping systems: Kharif sesame is grown both as pure and mixed crop Daneel agony SCSC~C*CS CSS algae, AGR201 (2+1) Field erops-l (Khari)Redgram + Sesame (1:1), (2:2) Sesame + G nut (1:2) Sesame + Cowpea (5:1) G nut + Sesame (2:3) Sesame + Finger millet (2:3) In rabi season a pure crop of sesame followed by acrop of linseed, gram, barley, lentil and rabi sorghum. Harvesting and threshing: The best time of harvesting is when the leaves turn yellow and starts defoliation. ¥ The capsules at the base of the plant mature first and then start maturing upwards. Plants should be harvested at the base after seed ripe in the field, otherwise there should be considerable loss due to shattering, ¥ After harvest stock the bunches on threshing yard for 5-7 days for drying and thresh by beating with sticks or machinery. Y Dry the seeds to reduce the moisture to 8% Yield: 5-8 q/ha. Note: Points with due importance 1. Use recommended varieties, FYM and RDF. Fine, firm and compact seed bed should be prepared and avoid clod formation during field preparation. 3. Adopt recommended spacing — row to row and plant to plant. Thin out the excess plants by maintaining optimum plant population at 15-20 DAS. Weed control is essential within 20-30 DAS. Timely management of pests and diseases is essential. Avoid spraying of pesticides during flowering period as it affects the pollinators (Honey bee). 6. Harvest when leaf, stem and capsules turn yellow. Care should be taken to prevent shattering during harvesting and dry the plants in sunlight. ye er OL a AGR201 (2+1) Field crops (Khari)Castor (Ricinus communis L. ee tis an important oil seed crop especially used as lubricant in industries. Because of the deep root system, drought tolerant and quick growth it find a place in cropping system as intercrop. In dry land areas under rainfed condition. It is the most commercial non edible oil seed crop of the country. Containing 45%-58% oil wide variety of uses including industrial, lubricants, human and veterinary medicines and domestic uses. Castor oil contains a very high percentage of (about 85%) of hydroxyl fatty acid known as ‘recinoleic acid’. Castor oil is used 45 a lubricant in all moving parts of machinery and for internal combustion engines especially used in aeroplanes. It is also used as illuminants giving a bright and steady flame and burning much longer than any other vegetable oil, Hydrogenated castor oil is used in polishes, ointments, waxes, printing inks, cosmetics, hair dressing soaps and disinfectants, Castor oil cake is a valuable manure but unfit for cattle feed because of the presence of poison ‘ricin’ it contains 5.5:1.8:1.1 percent NPK, Origin: Itis originated in the tropical belt of both India and Africa. Distribution: In the world: * Southern region of Canada, Central Russia and Korea in the Norther hemisphere to Chile, South Africa and Australia in the Southern hemisphere. In Taig it Mozambique and Brazil are the other important countries producing castor. in Ini * Gujarat, Rajasthan and AP, are the most important states producing castor. + Itis also grown to some extent in KA, Odisha, TN, and MH. Area production and productivity World v Area: 1.51 m. ha. ¥ Production: 1.48 mt. Y Productivity:1,002 kg/ha ¥ India occupies number one position and accounts for nearly 57 % of world’s area and 74 % of world’s castor production, In India: Gujarat accounts for 73 % of India’s castor production with about 56% of castor area and has the highest productivity of 1,978 kg/ha Y Area: 8.85 lakh ha Y Production:1.3 mt Y Productivity: 1,512 kg/ha + InKA: Koppal, Raichur, Bellary, Bijapur and Haveri Botany: Family Euphobiaceae but, no latex. It is tall annual or perennial shrub or small tree growing to a height of 3-4 mts, well developed deep tap root system. Stem is erect, partially hallow, smooth with either red or green or shades of both, It has well developed nodes on the stem from which the leaves arise. The leaves are glassy green with prominent veins on the under surface. Leaves with long petioles that are hallow. Lobes on the leaves, Inflorescence is terminal receme- flower is monocious. The fruit is capsule with projected sides. It has three locules each with one seed covering with rough spines. The seed has hard seed coat with varying colour and mottling jen oT Agronomy ai ‘oMlege of Agremure, Rarchur AGR201 (2+1) Field crops-I (Khari/)Classification: Popova (1926) divided the species in to 6 su Groupings. Ricinus communis sub species. 1. Persicu Sanguineus, 5. Africanus and 6, Maxicanus, pecies based on eco-geographical . Chinensis, 3. Zanzibarinus, 4, Soil requirement: Well drained loamy soils are best suited. Very heavy clays and marshy Conditions are unfavorable for proper growth. Highly susceptible to Water logged conditions se confine the cultivation to upland areas. Crop cannot tolerate alkalinity of sol but can withstand slight to moderate acidity, Climatic requirement: Castor crop requires a moderately high temperature of 20-270C with low humidity throughout the growing season, It grows best in areas with clean warm sunny days, Prolonged cloudy weather with high temperature at flowering results in poor seed set. High temperature > 41 o€ at flowering for short Period also results in blasting of flowers and poor seed set. It is very resistant to drought and can be grown with 80-100 mm evenly distributed rainfall. Heavy rains at flowering reduces the yield and very sensitive to frost. Varieties: Varieties Sowing time | Duration (Days) | Special characters 1. GCH-4 (Hybrid) | June — July | 150-180 High yielding, spiny capsules, sky end red coloured stem B. 48-1 -do- [750-180 Drought resistant B.__Anuna (NPH-1) =do- [125-130 4. Syothi -do- [140-150 [5. Rosy =do- [180-240 For rainfed (6. Kranthi =do- [140-150 (7. Bhagya =do- [120-150 '8._Soubhagya -do- [180-240 9. Gouch-1 =do- [125-140 Sowing time: II FN of June to end of July. However early planting is advisible because late planting gives lower yield. Itis also grown in rabi season in Gujarat Seed rate: 8-10 kg/ha (Rainfed) and 5-7.5 kg/ha (Irrigated) Spacing: 90 cm x 45 cm or 90 cm x 60 cm Land preparation: As castor is having well developed root system therefore it requires deep ploughing. It helps to break up any compact layers in the soil so that roots can penetrate deep in the soil to obtain moisture from deeper layer during drought period, Disk harrowing should be followed by ploughing to break the clods, to level the seed bed and to destroy weeds. The seed bed should be moist to a depth of 15-20 cm Manures and Fertilizer applications FYM: 5 tha RDF: 40:40:20 NPK kg/ha (Rainfed) and 75:50:20 NPK ke/ha (Irrigated) Apply 50% of N and full dose of P and K as basal and 50% N at 40-45 DAS Nipping of Auxillary buds: All the auxillary buds on the main shoot are nipped soon after the emergence of the primary spike and thus a single main spike is allowed to develop. “Deparment of Agronomy 4, Callege of greater, Rarcnar™ Field crops (Khari/) AGR.201 (2+1)Advantages of Nipping: 1. Duration of the crop is reduced 2. Yields are increased Water management: Castor is usually grown under rainfed conditions. However, it responds very well to imigation, 3 or 4 heavy irrigations enough at 20 days interval. Provide drainage in heavy rainfall areas, Critical stage: Flowering Weed management: Because of wide spacing, weeds grow luxuriantly during early stages of growth. Two hand weedings first at 30 DAS and second at 60 DAS. Intercultural operations at 30 and 60 DAS controls weeds and earthing up (Moisture conservation and safe removal of excess water (Drainage). Fluchloralin 45 EC @ 1.3 g or Alachlor @ 1.7 g per litre of water. About 750 ml of spraying solution is required per ha. Moisture should be there at the time of spraying. Cropping systems: Castor is grown either as a pure crop or in rotation with wheat, linseed etc., or mixed with cotton, Groundnut, Pigeonpea, Greengram, Sorghum, Bajra and Cowpea Harvesting: Depending on the variety, the crop matures between 145-280 days after planting. Harvesting is done when the capsules tum yellow. Avoid picking of un matured and green capsules. All the spikes do not mature at the same time, the main axis mature first and next spikes on the side branches. Harvest when 3-10 capsules matured. Usually, 2-3 pickings may be needed for harvesting the entire crop. The spikes should be dried in the sun for 4-5 days and then threshed, It is essential to dry the seeds completely before storage. Vie ld: GCH-4 (Hybrid): 20-25 q/ha (Rainfed) and 25-30 q/ha (Irrigated) 48-1: 15-20 q/ha (Rainfed) and 15-20 q/ha (Irrigated) Dae S er Themes Bg OMT RS