Automobile Radiator

ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT OF AN AUTOMOBILE RADIATOR

BY USING Al2O3 NANOFLUID AS A COOLANT
A Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
T HARI KRISHNA (15K65A0338)
P C S MANIKANTA (15K65A0330)
V JAGADEESH (14K61A0398)
R RAJA SEKHAR (14K61A0380)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr.M.Vinod Kumar, M.Tech
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

SASI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY&ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada
and SBTET-Hyderabad, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade and NBA,
Ranked as "A" Grade by Govt. of A.P., Recognised by UGC 2(f) & 12(B)
Kadakatla, TADEPALLIGUDEM– 534 101
Academic Year 2017-18
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled Enhancement Of Heat

Transfer Coefficient Of An Automobile Radiator By Using Al2O3 Nanofluid
As A Coolant is being submitted by T Hari Krishna (15K65A0338), P Charan
Sai Manikanta (15K65A0330), V Jagadeesh (14K61A0398), and R Raja
Sekhar (14K61A0380) in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to
the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada during the
academic year 2017-18 is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under
our guidance and supervision .
Project Guide Head of Department

Mr.M.Vinod Kumar Mr.P.Surendra
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take immense pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved
Guide Mr. M.Vinod Kumar, Assistant Professor for his valuable suggestions and rare
insights, constant encouragement and inspiration throughout the project work.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Principal, Dr. K.Bhanu
Prasad for his valuable guidance and for permitting us to carry out this project.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. N.Venkata Rao, Dean
Academics for providing a great support in successful completion of our project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Akhilesh kumar, Professor for the
valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest shown thorough encouragement extended
throughout the period of project work.
We are grateful to my project coordinator and thanks to all teaching and non-teaching
staff members those who contributed for the successful completion of our project work.
With gratitude,
1. T Hari Krishna (15K65A0338)

2. P C S Manikanta (15K65A0330)
3. V Jagadeesh (14K61A0398)
4. R Raja Sekhar (14K61A0380)
CONTENTS
Page No.
VISION & MISSION i
POs, PSOs & PEOs ii-iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vii
NOMENCLATURE viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-4

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Methods to increase the heat transfer rate 2
1.2.1. Adding fins 2
1.2.2. Employment of coolant 3
1.3. Employment of nano fluid as coolant 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5-7
2.1. Introduction 6
CHAPTER 3 PROBLEM DEFINITION 8-9
3.1 Problem definition 9
CHAPTER 4 NANO FLUIDS 10-21
4.1 Introduction 11
4.2 Nanofluid 11
4.3 Nanoparticles and base fluids 12
4.4 Properties of Nanofluids 13
4.5 Nanofluid preparartion 16
4.5.1 Estimation of nanoparticle volume concentration 16
4.5.2 Nano fluid preparation using Al2O3 nano particles 17
4.6 Nano fluids applications: 20
4.7 Advantages and disadvantages of nano fluids over conventional fluids 21
CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY 22-23
5.1 Methodology 23
CHAPTER 6 CALCULATIONS 24-30
6.1 Calculations to determine properties of Nanofluid by changing
volume fractions 25
6.2 Material properties 25
6.2.1 Aluminium oxide 25
6.2.2 Water 25
6.2.3 Nomenclature 25
6.3 Nanofluid calculations 26
6.3.1 Density of Nanofluid 26
6.3.2 Specific Heat of Nanofluid 27
6.3.3 Viscosity of Nanofluid 28
6.3.4 Thermal conductivity of Nanofluid 30
CHAPTER 7 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 31-56
7.1 Components 32
7.1.1 Radiator 33
7.1.2 Radiator fan 33
7.1.3 Pump 34
7.1.4 Ammeter (0-5A) 36
7.1.5 Voltmeter (0-300V) 37
7.1.6 Temperature indicator 38
7.1.7 Thermocouple 38
7.1.8 Storage tank 39
7.1.9 Thermostat 40
7.1.10 Heater 41
7.1.11 Rotameter 42
7.1.12 Pipes 42
7.2 Ultra Sonicator 43
7.2.1 Principle of operation 45
7.3 Experimentation 45
7.4 Operations used for fabrication 46
7.4.1 Electric arc welding 47
7.4.2 Drilling 50
7.4.3 Carpentary work 52
7.4.4 Plumber work 55
CHAPTER 8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 57-72
8.1 Formulas used for calculating heat transfer coefficient 58
8.2 Area of radiator tube 58
8.3 Pure water 63
8.4 Pure water + Ethalyne glycol (70:30) 64
8.5 Comparision of water and water + Ethalyne glycol 64
8.6 Nanofluid 65
8.7 Comparision of Pure water,water + Ethylene glycol (70:30)
and Nanofluid 68
8.8 Graphs for Heat tranfer Rate 69-72
8.8.1 Pure water 69
8.8.2 Pure water + Ethalyne glycol (70:30) 70
8.8.3 Comparision of water and water + Ethylene glycol 70
8.8.4 Nanofluid at 0.03 vol.% 71
8.8.5 Nanofluid at 0.06 vol.% 71
8.8.5 Comparision of Pure water,water + Ethylene glycol (70:30)
and Nanofluid 72
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 73-74
CHAPTER 10 FUTURE SCOPE 75-76
REFERENCES 77
VISION AND MISSION
Institute Vision
Confect as a premier institute for professional education by creating technocrats, who can
address the society’s needs through inventions and innovations
Institute Mission
1. Part take in the national growth of technological, industrial arena with societal
responsibilities
2. Provide an environment that promotes productive research
3. Meet stakeholders’ expectations through continued and sustained quality
improvements
Department Vision
To be a recognized centre in providing mechanical engineering education, producing well-

qualified engineers to serve the society
Department Mission
To provide a conducive learning environment in which knowledge, skills and research

flourish
i
POs, PSOs and PEOs
Program Outcomes (POs)
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
ii
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
13. Thermal and Production Engineering Practice: Ability to specify, fabricate, test,
operate and document the thermal and production systems or processes
14. Use of AutoCAD, SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS: Ability to design, analyze and
develop machine components
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO1: Graduates with academic excellence, managerial skills for a successful professional
career with life-long learning
PEO2: Graduates with professional attitude, interpersonal and leadership skills
PEO3: Graduates capable to take up technical roles with professional ethics and social
commitment
iii
ABSTRACT
Cooling system plays an important role in automobile engines. An efficient cooling

system can prevent engine from overheating and assists the vehicle running at its optimal
performance. Nanofluids are expected to have a better thermal performance than
conventional heat transfer fluids due to the high thermal conductivity of suspended
nanoparticles at low particle concentrations. By using Al2O3 nanoparticles in water +
ethylene glycol can enhance the heat transfer rate of automobile radiator depend on the
amount of the nanoparticles added to the conventional fluids at a volume concentrations of
0.03 &0.06. The experiment is done at different flow rates i.e, 6 lpm,9 lpm &12 lpm and
compare the results with conventional fluids.
Expected Outcomes:
PO1. Engineering knowledge
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
PO5. Modern tool usage
PO9. Individual and team work
PO12. Lifelong learning
PSO1. Thermal and Production Engineering Practice
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Fig. 1.1 Thermal conductivity of different materials 3
Fig. 4.1 Photographic view of Al2O3 Nano particles 18
Fig. 4.2 SEM photograph of Al2O3 particles 18
Fig. 4.3 Sonication process of Al2O3, water+ ethylene glycol nanofluid 20
Fig. 5.1 layout of experimental setup 23
Fig. 7.1 Experimental setup 32
Fig. 7.2 Automobile Radiator with thermocouples 33
Fig. 7.3 Radiator fan 34
Fig. 7.4 Pump 34
Fig. 7.5 Ammeter (0-5A) 36
Fig. 7.6 Voltmeter (0-300V) 37
Fig. 7.7 Temperature Indicator 38
Fig. 7.8 Thermocouple 39
Fig. 7.9 Storage tank 40
Fig. 7.10 Thermostat 41
Fig. 7.11 Heater 42
Fig. 7.12 Rotameter 42
Fig. 7.13 Pipes 44
Fig. 7.14 Oscar ultra sonicator, Pr-1000 44
Fig. 7.15 Arc welding 48
Fig. 7.16 Drill bit 51
Fig. 7.17 Carpentary tools 54
Fig. 7.18 Plumber tool 56
Fig. 8.1 Flat tube of an automobile radiator 58
Fig. 8.2 Experimental results of pure water at different flow rates 63
Fig. 8.3 Experimental results of water + Ethylene glycol at different
flow rates 64
v
Fig. 8.4 Experimental results of pure water in comparison with
Water + Ethylene glycol 65
Fig. 8.5 Experimental results of Nanofluid at different flow rates
at 0.03 vol.% concentration 66
Fig. 8.6 Experimental results of Nanofluid at different flow rates
at 0.06 vol.% concentration 67
Fig. 8.7 Experimental results of pure water in comparison with
water+ Ethylene glycol and Nanofluid 68
Fig. 8.8 Heat transfer of Pure water at different flow rates 69
Fig. 8.9 Heat transfer of Ethylene glycol at different flow rates 70
Fig. 8.10 Heat transfer of pure water in comparison with water+
Ethylene glycol and Nanofluid 70
Fig. 8.11 Heat transfer of Nanofluid at different flow rates with 0.03 vol.% 71
Fig. 8.12 Heat transfer of Nanofluid at different flow rates with 0.06 vol.% 71
Fig. 8.13 Heat transfer comparision of pure water with water +
Ethylene glycol and Nanofluid 72
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Table: 4.1 Thermal conductivities of various oxides and liquids 14
Table: 4.2 Thermo physical properties of base fluid and nano 15

particles
Table: 4.3 Volume concentrations (%) of Al2O3 Nano particles with 16

their corresponding weights of Al2O3 Nano particles (gms)
Table: 6.1 Nanofluid properties Al2O3 30
Table 7.1 Temperature values of Distilled water 59
Table 7.2 Temperature values of Distilled water + Ethylene glycol 60
Table 7.3 Temperature values of Nanofluid at 0.03 vol.% 61
Table 7.4 Temperature values of Nanofluid at 0.06 vol.% 62
vii
NOMENCLATURE
ρnf = Density of nano fluid (kg/m3)
ρs = Density of solid material (kg/m3)
ρw = Density of fluid material (water) (kg/m3)
ϕ = Volume fraction
Cpw = Specific heat of fluid material (water) (J/kg-K)
Cps = Specific heat of solid material (J/kg-K)
µw = Viscosity of fluid (water) (kg/m-s)
µnf = Viscosity of Nano fluid (kg/m-s)
Kw = Thermal conductivity of fluid material (water) (W/m-K)
Ks = Thermal conductivity of solid material (W/m-K)
viii
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF AN AUTOMOBILE RADIATOR
BY USING AL2O3 NANOFLUID AS A COOLANT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SITE
1.1 Introduction:
Now a days the technology development in automotive industries continuously

has increased demand for a high end efficiency engines. It is not only based on the
performance but also better fuel economy and low emission. There are a lot of systems
which influence the engine performance like fuel ignition system, emission system &
cooling system etc.,.In a automobile, due to the combustion a lot of heat is produced, only
a portion of heat is only can be use full to produce the power rest of heat is wasted in the
exhaust heat. If excess heat is placed in it ,the engine temperature become too high which
results in overheating and viscosity breakdown of the lubricating oil, wear of the engine
parts, due to the thermal stress of the engine components failure may occurs in the
engine. Due to that working pressure will increase. One of the parameters which affect
the performance of the engine is the cooling rate of radiator in engine cooling system.
A heat exchanger device is utilized in the automobile engines, named as a

radiator, based on condition to remove the heat from cooling jacket of the engine. The
radiator makes an important role on cooling system of engine. Usually, the cooling
system of the engine uses water as a heat transfer medium. For the liquid cooled system,
the unwanted heat is removed by circulating surrounding the devices or entering the
cooling channels in the devices. The coolant is send by pumps and the heat is carried
away mainly by radiator. To generate high efficiency engine required to reduce a vehicle
weight by optimizing design and size of a radiator if necessity for making the new design
model of a radiator.
1.2 Methods to increase the heat transfer rate

There are mainly 2 ways to increase the rate of heat transfer in automobile radiators. They
are:
1. Adding fins
2. Employment of coolant with high thermal conductivity material.
1.2.1. Adding fins
In automobile radiators adding fins is one of the way is to increase the rate of cooling, in
this adding fins more amount of surface heat transfer is created and convection heat
transfer of air can enhance. Anyway, by using fins has already reached to their limit
2
because of the traditional approach to increase the cooling rate. In automotive car radiator
there is a need of new and innovative heat transfer fluids for improving heat transfer rate.
1.2.2. Employment of coolant
At the earlier stage, In radiator water was commonly used as a coolant for its good
capability to transfer heat, holding heat and it can be readily obtained. Later they
introduced the mixture of water and ethylene glycol as also a coolant. With this
development of Nano technology , “Nanofluids” is also known as the new generation of
heat transfer fluids. Nanofluids have been developed and researchers found that
Nanofluids offer higher thermal conductivity compared to conventional coolants.
Fig1.1 Thermal conduct ivit y of different materials
1.3. Employment of Nanofluid as coolant
Nanofluids are formed by suspending nanoparticles of metallic or non -metallic

oxide in traditional heat transfer fluids. So these are called Nano fluids display good
thermal properties compared with fluids. Nanofluids usually used for heat transfer and
these fluids containing particles on the micrometer scale. Nano fluids are the recent
3
window which was opened new. These working fluid can enhance heat transfer
performance high and It was confirmed by several authors.
In the car radiators, the flat tubes are used as a media to pump the coolant, while
the air is passed over the fins with forced convection, there by heat transfer between the
hot circulating fluid and air. There are lot of potential benefits of this application of Nano
fluids in these finned tube radiators and which including increased heating output for
equal liquid flow. These act shows, total necessary reduction is translated by heat transfer
area. Nano fluids are also resulted by because of higher heat transfer properties. The
decrease in the liquid is held in the heat transfer because of lower liquid flow rate are
passed and the power consumed compared to the base fluid.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1. Introduction
Different kinds of studies on nanofluids from the past onwards they were carried out
many researchers. This chapter reviews the earlier period of published literatures, which
will have foundation and basis for further work in this investigation. By these
presentation will understand clearly about this fluids. It shows as a principle for this
thesis. The main focus about the study on the nanofluids. This segment deals with author
review on nanofluids and its preparation and characterization and thermo physical
properties of nanofluids.
V.Salamon, D.Senthil Kumar, S.Thirumalini [1]

They discussed on the TiO2 – water/propylene glycol (70:30) nanofluid coolant as used in
automobile radiator and analysis them experimentally at different flow rates. And they give
conclusion as TiO2 nanofluid with temperatre range of 50-80 degree celsius at 0.3volume %
it gives 8.5 % more heat transfer rate than base fluids.
S.M.Peyghambarzadesh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M. Seifi Jamnani, S.M. Hoseini [2]

Conduct experimental test on automobile radiator by using Al2O3 /water (20nm) nanofluid
as coolant at different concentrations from 0.1 to 1% at different flow rates 2-5 l/min. And
they conclude as that system gives 45% more heat transfer than water with in the
temperature range of 37-49 degree Celsius.
Jaafar Albadr, Satinder Tayal, Mushtaq Alasadi [3]

In this paper they discussed on heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 of 30 nm
size nanofluid at different volume concentrations from 0.3 to 2% with counter flow under
turbulent flow conditions and also shows the increasing rate of heat transfer co-efficient in
graph.
N.A. Usri,W.H. Azmi, Rizalman Mamat, K. Abdul Hamid, G.Najafi [4]

Discussed on thermal conductivity enhancement by using Al2O3 of 13 nm size nanofluid in
ethylene glycol and water mixture at different concentration ratios from 40:60, 50:50, 60:40
at 30-70 degree Celsius temperature range and by using 0.5 to 2% concentrations of Al2O3
6
nanofluid and they says if particle concentration increases the thermal conductivity also
increases.
D.Tirupathi Rao, S.Ravibabu [5]

Perform a experimental investigation on cooling performance of an automobile
radiator using Al2O3 (30-50nm) water + ethylene glycol nanofluid at different
concentrations range of 0.01 to 0.08% and at different flow rates from 3 to 15 lpm and they
conclude as at 0.08% the heat transfer performance 48% more than water at the temperature
range of 30-70 degree Celsius.
Laxman P. Dhale, Pravin B. Wadhave, Dnyaneshwar V. Kanade, Y.S.Sable [6]

Effectiveness of radiator is increased by using nanofluid Al2O3 (20-30nm) + water at 1.2
vol % with a constant mass flow rate of 0.167 Kg/s. It was observed that performance of
about 24% has been increased by experimentally when compared with water.
MinSheng Liu, Mark ChingCheng Lin and ChiChuan Wang [7]

They discussed on enhancement of thermal conductivities of Cu, Cuo (30-50) and carbon
nano tubes and also they investigated MWCNT + water (20-30nm) nanofluid in air
conditioner of 10 T.R capacity at 60-140 lpm at 0.1 vol% and found there increases the
cooling capacity up to 4.2 % and the COP is increased up to 5.15% .
Sandesh S. Chougule, S. K. Sahu [8]

By using Al2O3+water and CNT (carbon Nano tubes) + water are used in automobile
radiator as a coolant under forced convection at a concentrations ranging from 0.15-1 vol.%
at a flow rate of 2-5 lpm with in the temperature range of 60-90 degree Celsius. The CNT-
water gives more heat transfer (90.76% at 5 lpm) then Al2O3+water (52.03% at 5lpm).
7
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM DEFINITION
8
3.1 Problem definition
 The experiment conducted by the water, water + ethylene glycol and Nano fluids.
 Nano fluids were prepared by the different volume concentration of Nano

particles.
 The heat transfer coefficients calculate by the water and both water, ethylene
glycol and Nano fluids.
 Heat transfer coefficient values for nanofluids comparison were 0.03% and 0.06%
volume concentrations. And the percentage calculate by the increment of heat
transfer rate.
9
CHAPTER 4
NANO FLUIDS
10
4.1. Introduction
By the existed of thermal management and needed for high performance cooling
many industrial and new technologies development were limited. Many applications were
needed to the industrial ultrahigh- cooled systems performance to miniaturize the system
of thermal. a new nanofluids as, heat transfer innovative class representation of fluids a
rapidly field of emerging where thermal engineering and nano science coexist by two
means This requirement was addressed by the above concept i.e., first one is by used
geometry, and the another one is by used fluids. The literature revealed latest by the using
thermal systems of nanofluids.
4.2. Nanofluid
The nano particles suspensions in base fluids were nano fluids, a new challenge
provides by thermal science nanotechnology. Few futures of unic had by the Nano fluids.
Nanofluids different from the conventional solid-liquid mixture in which mm particles
size of non-metals and metals were dispersed. According to their excellent characteristics,
fluids of nano find wide enhancing heat transfer applications.
Nano-particle fluid suspensions (Nano-fluids) were the term coined by Choi

(1995) for described the nano technology new class based up on fluids heat transfer that it
exhibited the thermal properties. It was superior to those of their fluids hosted were
convention fluid particle suspension of nano particle colloidal suspensions were stable in
nano fibres , nano-fluids, nano composites in common based fluids. Nano particles were
so small nano metre-sized dimensions particle commonly less than 100 nm. A few
nanometers have smallest nano particles only in diameter. It contained thousand atoms
few only. Those possess properties were nano particles those were different from their
parent materials substantially similarly. Properties might had by the nanofluids that were
different from their based fluids substantially. It was like highest conductivity of thermal.
The nanofluids goal were to achieved the possible thermal properties more higher
compare to other properties but at the smallest concentrations possible (preferably < 0.1
% by volume) dispersion uniformed and suspension stabled of host nano particles.
11
Three methods for generating nanofluids available in nature. By the chemical

precipitation nanofluids created, in the powder form nano particles purchasing and with
the base fluid mixed them, and for prepared nanofluids direct purchased.
Characterization of nanofluids were included in colloidal stability, distribution

sized, elemental composition and concentration. Nanofluids Quality controlled for heat
transferred testing to be used. It was critical and an exact knowledge of the fluid
constituents. It was a key to uncover responsible mechanism for enhancement heat
transport.
4.3. Nanoparticles and base fluids
Sized between nanoparticles were 1 and 100 nanometers exhibited nanoparticles

might or might not be the size-related properties that significantly differ from those
observed in bulk material or fine particles at least one dimension. Nanoclusters had it was
between 1 and 10 nanometers and a distribution narrow size were of ultrafine particles
and nanoparticles or nano-clusters agglomerate small bulk material nanopowders. By the
Nanometer-sized single crystal nano crystal was referred or ultrafine single-domain
particles. Nanoparticles were Great scientific interesting particles. It were effectively
bridged between atomic or molecule, structure and bulk materials.
By the bulk material constant physical properties should be had and regardless of
its size, but at the nanoscale position properties of size-dependent were observed often.
Then, the changed of size in a materials properties approached their size so the percentage
of atoms and nanoscale at the material surface became significant. Why because of
materials of bulk had more larger than one micrometer (or micron), the percentage of
atoms was at surface in relation it was insignificant to the number of atoms in the bulk of
material. Some nanoparticles unexpected properties were sometimes largely according to
the large surface material area, in the small bulk material contributions were dominated.
Suspensions of nanoparticles were possible by the interaction of the surface particle by
the solvent enough to overcome density differences nanoparticles were strong, in a liquid
result of material usually either floating or sinking. Unexpected often Nanoparticles
possess properties optical because of they were confined small enough to their electrons
and effects of produced quantum. For a example, nanoparticles of gold appeared deep red
12
to black in solution. a very high surface had by nanoparticles because of area to volume
ratio, which was provided a tremendous driving force for diffusion, mainly at elevated
temperatures and Sintering can take the place at lower temperatures, shorter time scales
more than for larger particles.
1. Materials used in nanoparticles
 Ceramics of Oxides – Al2O3, CuO
 Carbides of Metal – SiC
 Nitrides – AlN, SiN
 Metal alloys – Al, Cu
 Non-metals alloys – Graphite, carbon nanotubes
 Layered – Al + Al2O3, Cu + C
for Functionalized nanoparticles Above materials used
2. Base fluids include:

 Water
 Ethylene- or tri-ethylene-glycols and other coolants
 Oil and other lubricants
 Bio-fluids
 Polymer solutions
 Other common fluids
 Organic liquids
4.4. Properties of Nanofluids
Nanofluid was found the higher thermo-physical properties such as thermal

conductivity, thermal diffusivity and viscosity than those of base fluids. In a solid and
fluid heat transfer enhancement had two-phases by the many years flow was investigated.
Gas particle researched on flow were showed by the adding particles, small particles
mainly in gas, the convection of heat transfer coefficient was greatly increased. The
enhancement heat transfer was, to the possible increased in addition effected the thermal
conductivity, thickness was mainly reduced by the thermal boundary layer. In the
processes involved in liquid and vapor phase change involved in the process, thickness
also reduced by these particles of the gas layer near to the wall. The previous particles
were used and it is used to studied on the scale of a micrometer or larger. In the fluid
13
Nanoparticles motion was very much liked as heat transfer. The nanoparticles Enhanced
by the fluid also so the on heat transfer more studies were needed. Enhancement of
nanoparticle – mixtures of fluid. Nanoparticle, Thermal conductivities – reported by
Masuda the mixtures of fluid at all a small volume adding by Artus and Eastman. At all
the increased fluids by the metal fraction or powders of metal oxide and the conductivities
of thermal the mixtures of fluid particle over of the base fluids.
Table: 4.1 Thermal conductivities of various oxides and liquids
Thermal conductivity
Material
Type of metal (W/mK)
Copper 401
Metallic solids (pure)
Aluminum 237
Silicon 148
Nonmetallic solids Alumina (Al2O3) 40
Water 0.613
Nonmetallic liquids
Ethylene glycol (EG) 0.253
Engine oil (EO) 0.145
The convective study of heat transfer nanofluids performance the

nanofluid properties definitely be known accurately. Before by assuming dispersed in the
fluid nanoparticles well dispersed, the concentration nanoparticles may be considered
uniform throughout by the tube. Then also in real systems was might true this assumption
why because physical phenomena some such as particle migration, it will be a useful tool
for evaluating the a nanofluid physical properties by the migration of particles it was
evaluated.
Nanofluid density was calculated by the mixing theory as    p  1    bf
14
Nanofluid specific heat capacity can be calculated by the thermal equilibrium model as
follows
 p c p  1    bf
c

 p = nanoparticles density
 bf = base fluid density
 =% nanoparticles volume concentration
 k p  2k bf  2k p  k bf 1   3  
Nanofluid Thermal conductivity is k    k bf
 k p  2k bf  k p  k bf 1     
3
 = thickness of nano layer
k p = nanoparticles thermal conductivity
k bf = base fluid thermal conductivity
Table.4.2. Thermo physical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles
Mixture Of Water
S.No Properties Al2O3
+ Ethylene glycol
1 Density(Kg/m3) 3970 1064
2 Specific Heat (J/kg K) 873.336 3370
Thermal
3 Conductivity(W/mK) 31.992 0.363
4.5 Nanofluids preparation
15
4.5.1 Estimation of Nanoparticle volume concentration:
In this experiment, we are considering Al2 O3 nanofluid. The weight of

nanoparticles for a particular volume concentration can be measured by using the
formulae:
 w Al2O3 
 
  Al2O3 
% volume concentration = x 100
 w Al2O3 wbf 
  

 Al2O3  bf 
w Al2O3 = weight of Al2O3 nanoparticles
 Al2O3 = density of Al2O3 nanoparticles. = 3970kg/m3

wbf = weight of base fluid
 bf = density of base fluid. = 1064kg/m3
Table. 4.3 volume concentrations (%) of Al2 O3 Nano particles with their corresponding
weights of Al2O3 Nano particles (gms)
S. No. Volume concentration Weight

(%) concentration/10liters
(gms)
1. 0.01 3.73157
2. 0.02 7.46389
3. 0.03 11.19696
4. 0.05 18.66534
5. 0.06 22.40065
16
6. 0.08 29.87352
7. 0.1 37.34937
Specifications of nanoparticles :-
Chemical name of nanoparticles: - Aluminium oxide
Purity of nanoparticles: - 99.9 percentage
Appearance of nanoparticles: - white
SSA of nanoparticles: - 130-140 meter2/ gram.
Average particle size of nanoparticles: - 30-50 nanometer
Density of nanoparticles: -3.97 gram/centimeter3.
Morphology of nanoparticles: - spherical
4.5.2 Nano fluid preparation using Al2O3 nano particles
The first step in applying nanofluid for heat transfer experiments is preparation of
nanoparticles suspension. In this present work two step method is Al2 O3, water and
ethylene glycol nanofluid is prepared. The NANO RESEARCH LAB will provide the
Al2O3 nanoparticles with an average size of 30 to 50 nm. It had a hydrophobic surface,
they agglomerated and precipitated. When dispersed in water in the absence of a
dispersant if the addition of any agent may change the fluid properties. In two step
method initially will take 7L of distilled water and 3L of ethylene glycol mix with each
other. It is used as base fluid. The photographic view of the nanoparticles as shown in
below.
17
Fig. 4.1 Photographic view of Al 2 O 3 Nano particles
The allotment of Al2O3 Nano particles at Nano scale can be practical under a Scanning
electron microscope (SEM).The Scanning electron microscope images of Al2O3 Nano
particles at 1μm magnifications is shown in 4.2
Fig. 4.2 SEM photograph of Al 2 O 3 part icles.
A) By mixing of nano powder in the base fluid:

In this method, the nanoparticles are directly mixed in the base liquid and
thoroughly stirred. Nanofluids prepared in this method give poor suspension stability,
because the nanoparticles settle down due to the gravity, after a few minutes of nanofluid
preparation. The time of particle settlement depends on the type of nanoparticles used,
density and viscosity properties of the host fluids.
18
B) By acid treatment of base fluids:

But acid may cause rust on the pipe wall on a nanofluids and the material with
prolonged nanofluids are used. In the nanofluids will not preferred for preparation of acid
treated base fluids. Although with such base fluids can be able to formation of stable
nanofluids.
C) Adding surfactants to the base fluid:

In this process a little quantity of base fluid and suitable surfactant are added and
stirred continuously for few hours by added one tenth of nanoparticles. To prepared
nanofluids with the help of surfactants will give a steady suspension and the same particle
dispersal in the host fluid. For a long time without settled down at the bottom of the
container the nanoparticles remain in suspension stage.
They are varied in the base fluid of water Ethylene glycol mixture after estimating
the amount of nanoparticles. In this present investigation, neither surfactants nor acid are
added in the Al2O3. With the addition of surfactants the thermo physical properties of
nanofluids are affected because of nanofluids.
D) Sonication process:
Sonication is a process where the nanoparticles are subjected to ultrasonic
vibrations to stabilize the nanoparticles up to months of period. The base fluid is
subjected to magnetic stirring for few hours before dumping the mixture into sonicator.
After magnetic stirring now the mixture is taken into sonicator and kept for about 4 hours.
19
Fig. 4.3Sonicat ion process of Al 2 O 3 , water+ ethylene glycol nanofluid.
4.6 Nanofluids applications:
 Heat-transfer Nano fluids (ANL & NIU)

 Tribological Nano fluids (NIU)
 Surfactant and Coating Nano fluids
 Chemical Nano fluids
 Process/Extraction Nano fluids
 Environmental (pollution cleaning) Nano fluids
 Bio- and Pharmaceutical-Nano fluids
 Medical Nano fluids (drug delivery and functional tissue-cell interaction).
4.7Advantages and disadvantages of nanofluids over conventional fluids
Advantages:
 Enhances heat transfer rate greater than the conventional fluid.
 Possess thermal conductivity of greater magnitudes than base fluids like water,
glycol etc.,
 Though the method is economic, the problem of storage, drying and transportation
exists.
20
Disadvantages:
 Sonication must be done at regular intervals in order to avoid settling down of
nanoparticles.
 Costly when compared to conventional fluids.
 Copper compounds may be irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory tract
21
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
22
5.1 Methodology
Fig. 5.1 layout of experimental setup
Experiments have been conducted to enhance the Heat Transfer Rate of the coolant by
adding nanofluids.
The various steps involved in this experiment procedure are:
 Al2O3 nanofluid is taken in a plastic container.

 A centrifugal pump is used for flow of fluid into the radiator.
 The flow can be regulated by using bypass valve.
 Thermocouples are placed in different positions to indicate the flow temperature.
 The temperature inside the container is maintained at 700c by using heating coil
equipped with a thermostat.
 A fan is placed parallel to the radiator for cooling purpose.
 The flow will be recycled to the container as shown in the figure.
23
CHAPTER-6
CALCULATIONS
24
6.1. CALCULATIONS TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF

NANOFLUID BY CHANGING VOLUME FRACTIONS
Volume fraction= 0.4 & 0.5(taken from journal paper)
6.2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
6.2.1. Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3):
Density = 3880 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity =40 W/m-k
Specific heat = 910J/kg-k
6.2.2. Water:
Density = 998.2 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity = 0.6 W/m-k
Specific heat = 4182 J/kg-k
Viscosity = 0.001003kg/m-s
6.2.3. Nomenclature
ρnf = Density of nano fluid (kg/m3)
ρs = Density of solid material (kg/m3)
ρw = Density of fluid material (water) (kg/m3)
ϕ = Volume fraction
Cpw = Specific heat of fluid material (water) (J/kg-K)
Cps = Specific heat of solid material (J/kg-K)
µw = Viscosity of fluid (water) (kg/m-s)
µnf = Viscosity of Nano fluid (kg/m-s)
25
Kw = Thermal conductivity of fluid material (water) (W/m-K)
Ks = Thermal conductivity of solid material (W/m-K)
6.3. NANO FLUID CALCULATIONS: (Al2O3)
6.3.1. Density of Nanofluid:
ρnf = ϕ×ρs + [(1-ϕ) × ρw]
VOLUME FRACTION 0.01
ρnf =1027.018 kg/m3
ρnf = 1055.835 kg/m3
ρnf = 1089.1 kg/m3
ρnf = 1148.58 kg/m3
ρnf = 1178.218 kg/m3
ρnf = 1228.744 kg/m3
VOLUME FRACTION 0.1
ρnf = 1286.38 kg/m3
26
6.3.2. Specific Heat of Nanofluid:
ϕ×ρs×Cps+(1−ϕ)(ρw×Cpw)
Cp nf = ϕ×ρs+(1−ϕ)×ρw
At ϕ =0.01
Cp nf = 4058.137 J/kg-K
At ϕ =0.02
Cp nf = 3944.64 J/kg-K
At ϕ =0.03
Cp nf = 3822.4 J/kg-K
At ϕ =0.05
Cp nf = 3626.30 J/kg-K
At ϕ =0.06
Cp nf = 3518.89 J/kg-K
At ϕ =0.08
Cp nf = 3355.44 J/kg-K
At ϕ =0.1
Cp nf = 2946.33 J/kg-K
6.3.3. Viscosity of Nanofluid:
µnf =µw (1+2.5ϕ)
At ϕ =0.01
µnf = 1.028×10-3 kg/m-s
27
At ϕ =0.02
µnf = 1.05315×10-3 kg/m-s
At ϕ =0.03
µnf = 1.07811×10-3 kg/m-s
At ϕ =0.05
µnf = 1.12837×10-3 kg/m-s
At ϕ =0.06
µnf = 1.1533×10-3 kg/m-s
At ϕ =0.08
µnf = 1.2036×10-3 kg/m-s
At ϕ =0.1
µnf = 1.2537×10-3 kg/m-s
6.3.4. Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid:
Ks+2Kw+2(Ks−Kw)(1+β)³×ϕ
Knf = × kw
𝐾𝑠+2𝐾𝑤−(𝐾𝑠−𝐾𝑤)(1+𝛽)³×𝜙
β=0.1 taken from journal
At ϕ =0.01
Knf = 0.6312 W/m-K
At ϕ =0.02
Knf = 0.66435 W/m-K
28
At ϕ =0.03
Knf = 0.69865 W/m-K
At ϕ =0.05
Knf = 0.77494 W/m-K
At ϕ =0.06
Knf = 0.82435W/m-K
At ϕ =0.08
Knf = 0.90668W/m-K
At ϕ =0.1
Knf = 1.00979 W/m-K
29
Table: 8.1 Nanofluid properties Al2 O3
Volume Thermal Specific Density Viscosity

FLUID Fraction conductivity heat (kg/m3) (kg/m-s)
(W/m-K) (J/kg-K)
0.01 0.6312 4058.137 1027.018 1.028×10-3
0.02 0.66435 3944.64 1055.835 1.05315×10-3
ALUMINUM 0.03 0.69865 3822.4 1089.1 1.07811×10-3

OXIDE
0.05 0.77494 3626.30 1148.218 1.12837×10-3
0.06 0.82435 3518.89 1178.22 1.1533×10-3
0.08 0.90668 3355.44 1228.744 1.2036×10-3
0.1 1.00979 2946.33 1286.38 1.2537×10-3
30
CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
31
SETUP:
Fig.7.1 Experimental setup
7.1 Components:
 Radiator
 Radiator Fan(1500rpm)
 Water pump (0.25 hp and 4m head)
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 Temperature Indicator
 Thermocouples
 Storage tank
 Water pump
32
 Thermometer
 Heater(1500w)
 Rotameter
 Pipes(0.75inch)
7.1.1 Radiator:
The function of the radiators are heat exchangers and cooling and heating the products.
Radiator can be used to transfer energy one form to another form. The most of the radiators
are created to utility in automobiles, buildings and electronics.
Fig.7.2 Automobile Radiator with thermocouples
The radiator is forever a foundation of heat transfer to its atmosphere, although this
may use for heating this atmosphere and for cooling the coolant supplied to it for engine
cooling. This radiators basically the bulk of heat via convection.
7.1.2 Radiator Fan:
A radiator fan exchanges heat in the engine. When an engine is running, it produces
heat, and that heat dissipates so that the engine does not become too hot and overheat.
The cooling fans are part of the cooling system and their design helps to keep a cooler
temperature in the engine.
33
Fig.7.3 Radiator fan
7.1.3 WaterPump:
Fig. 7.4 Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the
method they use to move the fluid direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
34
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and

consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via
many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power,
come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial
pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water

from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-
cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for
operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical
processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for
body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
Single stage pump – When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is
called a single stage pump.
Double/multi-stage pump – When a casing contains two or more revolving

impellers, it is called a double or multi-stage pump.
In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps

have evolved, and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical
pumps.
A Pump is a machine which passes fluids like liquids and gases, by using mechanical
action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups:
 Direct lift
 Displacement
 Gravity pumps
According to the process they utilize to shift the fluid.
Pumps works with the assist of reciprocate or rotary mechanism and with the assist
of moving the fluid utilize energy to execute mechanical work. Pumps works in several
energy sources they are,
 Manual operation
 Electricity
35
Engines or wind power, come in several sizes, from microscopic for utilize in
medical applications to large industrial pump.
7.1.4 Ammeter (0-5A)
Fig. 7.5 Ammeter
An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure

the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name.
Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the mill ampere or microampere range, are
designated as milliammeters or micro ammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory
instruments which relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th
century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and
allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems. It is generally represented by
letter 'A' in a circle.
7.1.5 Voltmeter (0-300V):
36
Fig. 7.6 Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference

between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in
proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of
voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. A voltmeter in a circuit diagram is
represented by the letter V in a circle.
Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in

a panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus. Portable instruments,
usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of a multi meter are
standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement that can
be converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for
example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant.
7.1.6 Temperature indicator:
37
Fig. 7.7 Temperature Indicator
A time temperature indicator (TTI) is a device or smart label that shows the
accumulated time-temperature history of a product. Time temperature indicators are
commonly used on food, pharmaceutical, and medical products to indicate exposure to
excessive temperature (and time at temperature). In contrast, a Temperature data
logger measures and records the temperatures for a specified time period. The digital data
can be downloaded and analyzed.
7.1.7 Thermocouples:
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical

conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple
produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this
voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type
of temperature sensor.
Commercial thermocouples are inexpensive, interchangeable, are supplied with

standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. In contrast to most
other methods of temperature measurement, thermocouples are self-powered and require
no external form of excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is accuracy;
system errors of less than one degree Celsius (°C) can be difficult to achieve.
Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry. Applications include

temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other
industrial processes. Thermocouples are also used in homes, offices and businesses as the
38
temperature sensors in thermostats, and also as flame sensors in safety devices for gas-
powered major appliances.
Fig. 7.8 Thermocouple
7.1.8 Storage tank:
Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases (gas tank; or in
U.S.A "pressure vessel", which is not typically labeled or regulated as a storage tank) or
mediums used for the short- or long-term storage of heat or cold. The term can be used
for reservoirs (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers.
In the USA, storage tanks operate under no (or very little) pressure, distinguishing
them from pressure vessels. Storage tanks are often cylindrical in shape, perpendicular to
the ground with flat bottoms, and a fixed flangible or floating roof. There are usually
many environmental regulations applied to the design and operation of storage tanks,
often depending on the nature of the fluid contained within. Above-ground storage
tanks (ASTs) differ from underground storage tanks(USTs) in the kinds of regulations
that are applied.
Reservoirs can be covered, in which case they may be called covered or

underground storage tanks or reservoirs. Covered water tanks are common in urban areas.
39
Storage tanks are available in many shapes: vertical and horizontal cylindrical;
open top and closed top, flat bottom, cone bottom, slope bottom and dish bottom. Large
tanks tend to be vertical cylindrical, or to have rounded corners transition from vertical
side wall to bottom profile, to easier withstand hydraulic hydrostatically induced pressure
of contained liquid. Most container tanks for handling liquids during transportation are
designed to handle varying degrees of pressure.
A large storage tank is sometimes mounted on a lorry (truck) or on an articulated

lorry trailer which is then called a tanker.
Fig. 7.9 Storage tank
7.1.9 Thermostat:
A thermostat is a component which senses the temperature of a system so that the

system's temperature is maintained near a desired set point. Thermostats are used in any
device or system that heats or cools to a set point temperature, examples include
building heating, central heating, air conditioners, HVAC systems, water heaters, as well
as kitchen equipment including ovens and refrigerators and medical and
40
scientific incubators. In scientific literature, these devices are often broadly classified as
thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs).
A thermostat operates as a "closed loop" control device, as it seeks to reduce the

error between the desired and measured temperatures. Sometimes a thermostat combines
both the sensing and control action elements of a controlled system, such as in an
automotive thermostat.
Fig. 7.10 Thermostat
7.1.10 Heater:
A storage water heater is a domestic water heating appliance that uses a hot water
storage tank to maximize heating capacity and provide instantaneous delivery of hot
water. Conventional storage water heaters use a variety of fuels, including natural
gas, propane, fuel oil, and electricity. Less conventional water heating technologies, such
as heat pump water heaters and solar water heaters, can also be categorized as storage
water heaters.
41
Fig.7.11 Heater
7.1.11 Rotameter:
A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate of fluid in a closed
tube. It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters, which measure flow rate
by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing a
measurable effect.
Fig. 7.12 Rotameter
42
7.1.12 Pipes:
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily

of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and
gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used for
structural applications, hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.
In common usage the words pipe and tube are usually interchangeable, but in
industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable
standard to which it is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter
with a constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is
most often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of
OD, inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of
several international and national industrial standards. While similar standards exist for
specific industry application tubing, tube is often made to custom sizes and a broader
range of diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the
production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-
cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more
common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United
States.
Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas
a hose (or hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always
constructed with the use of fittings such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be
formed or bent into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be
formed, or where construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also
constructed with the use of tube fittings.
43
Fig. 7.13 Pipe
7.2. Ultra sonicator:
The help of AC line power the ultrasonic electronic generator renovates high
frequency electrical energy. The generator features are provide keypad or remote buttons to
control the sonication parameters.
High voltage pulses of energy at that make a piezoelectric converter at a frequency

of 20 KHz that a generator provides. It is connected to the generator by a high voltage cable
and it is a cylindrical device. The converter converts mechanical vibration with the assist of
transforms electrical owed to the individuality of the interior piezoelectric crystals.
Fig. 7.14 Oscar ultrasonicator, Pr -1000
44
7.2.1 Principles of Operation :
The ultrasonic electronic generator transforms AC line power to a 20 KHZ signal

that drives a piezoelectric converter / transducer. This electrical signals converted by the
transducer to a mechanical vibration due to the characteristics of the internal piezoelectric
crystal.
The deformations is amplified and transmitted down the length of the horn / probe.
Where the tip longitudinally stretch and contracts. Distance the tip travels is dependent on
the amplitude selected by the user through the touch screen pad as you increase the
amplitude setting the syndication intensity will increase within your sample.
In liquid, the rapid deformation of the tip causes cavitation, the formation and
violent collapse of microscopic bubbles. The collapse of thousands of cavitation bubbles
releases tram endows energy in the cavitation field. The erosion and shock effect of the
collapse of the cavitation bubble is the primary mechanism of fluid processing.
The probe tip diameter dictates the amount of sample that can be effectively
programmed smaller tip diameters (micro tip probes) deliver high intensity syndication but
the energy is focused within a small, concentrated area long tip diameters can be process
long volumes but lower intensity.
The choices of a generator and horn/ probes are matched to the volume, viscosity
and other principles of particular application horns are available for both direct and indirect
syndication. The accessories section has more information on this matter.
7.3. Experimentation:
Assumptions for test conduction:-
 Velocity and temperature at the entrance of the radiator core ( on ) both air &
coolant sides are same .
 There are no phase changes (condensation (or) boiling) in all fluid streams.
 Fluid flow rate is equally distributed through the core in each pass on each fluid
side.
 The flow condition is characterized by the bulk speed any cross - section..
 The temperature of each fluid is uniform over every flow cross section, so that a
45
single bulk temperature applies to each stream at a given cross section. Heat transfer
area is distributed uniformly on each side both the inner dimension and the outer
dimension of the tube are assumed constant.
 The thermal conductivity is in the axial direction of the tube material at constant.
 Room temperature is 25°c.
As shown in the above figure , the experimental system used in this study it includes
flow lines , storage tank, a heater , centrifugal pump, a flow meter a forced draft fan and
across flow heat exchanger (an auto mobile radiator ). The pump gives variable flow rate of
6 - 12 l/min. the flow rate to the text section is regulated by appropriate adjusting of a globe
value on the recycle line. The base fluid fills 29% of the storage tank whose total volume is
35 liters. The total volume of the circulating liquid is constant in all the experiment. The
circuit includes insulated tubes (isopipe 0.75 inch diameter) have been used as connecting
lines.
For heating the working fluid an electric heater of capacity 2000 watt and controller
were used to maintain the temperature 70 degrees celsius. Two thermocouples were
implemented on the flow line to record the radiator inlet and out let temperature & four
thermocouples is installed on the radiator to measure the wall temperature of the radiator.
When the experiment started the location of the thermocouple presented the average
value of the readings was selected as a point of average wall temperature. Due to very small
thickness and very large thermal conductivity of the tubes, it is reasonable to equate the
inside temperature off the tube with the outside one. The temperature were noted through
the temperature indicator error details was measured from calibration of each
thermocouples by comparing the temperature which was measured by thermometer.
The configuration of the automobile radiator used in this experiment is off the
louvered fin - and tube type, with 33 vertical tubes with stadium - shaped cross section. The
fins and tubes are made with aluminum. for cooling the liquid, a forced fan was installed
close and face to face to the radiator and consequently air and water have in direct cross
flow contact and there is heat exchange between hot water flowing in the tube- side and air
cross the tube bundle.
46
7.4. Operations used for Fabrication:
The operations performed for fabrication are
1. Electric Arc Welding
2. Drilling
7.4.1 Electric arc welding:
Welding is the most economical and efficient way to join metals permanently. It is
the only way of joining two or more pieces of metal to make them act as a single piece.
Welding is vital to our economy. It is often said that over 50% of the gross national
product of the U.S.A. is related to welding in one way or another. Welding ranks high
among industrial processes and involves more sciences and variables than those involved
in any other industrial process. There are many ways to make a weld and many different
kinds of welds. Some processes cause sparks and others do not even require extra heat.
Nearly everything we use in our daily life is welded or made by equipment that is
welded. Welders help build metal products from coffeepots to skyscrapers. They help
build space vehicles and millions of other products ranging from oil drilling rigs to
automobiles. In construction, welders are virtually rebuilding the world, extending
subways, building bridges, and helping to improve the environment by building pollution
control devices. The use of welding is practically unlimited. There is no lack of variety of
the type of work that is done. Welders are employed in many industry groups. Machinery
manufacturers are responsible for agricultural, construction, and mining machinery. They
are also involved in bulldozers, cranes, material handling equipment, food-processing
machinery, papermaking and printing equipment, textiles, and office machinery.
Meaning of Electric Arc Welding:
The arc welding is a fusion welding process in which the heat required to fuse the
metal is obtained from an electric arc between the base metal and an electrode.
The electric arc is produced when two conductors are touches together and then
separated by a small gap of 2 to 4 mm, such that the current continues to flow, through
the air. The temperature produced by the electric arc is about 4000°C to 6000°C.
47
Fig. 7.14Arc Welding
A metal electrode is used which supplies the filler metal. The electrode may be
flux coated or bare. In case of bare electrode, extra flux material is supplied. Both direct
current (D.C.) and alternating current (A.C.) are used for arc welding.
The alternating current for arc is obtained from a step down transformer. The
transformer receives current from the main supply at 220 to 440 volts and step down to
required voltage i.e., 80 to 100 volts. The direct current for arc is usually obtained from a
generator driven by either an electric motor, or patrol or diesel engine.
An open circuit voltage (for striking of arc) in case of D.C. welding is 60 to 80

volts while a closed circuit voltage (for maintaining the arc) is 15 to 25 volts.
Procedure of Electric Arc Welding:
First of all, metal pieces to be weld are thoroughly cleaned to remove the dust,
dirt, grease, oil, etc. Then the work piece should be firmly held in suitable fixtures. Insert
a suitable electrode in the electrode holder at an angle of 60 to 80° with the work piece.
Select the proper current and polarity. The spot are marked by the arc at the places
where welding is to be done. The welding is done by making contact of the electrode with
the work and then separating the electrode to a proper distance to produce an arc.
When the arc is obtained, intense heat so produced, melts the work below the arc,
and forming a molten metal pool. A small depression is formed in the work and the
molten metal is deposited around the edge of this depression. It is called arc crator. The
slag is brushed off easily after the joint has cooled. After welding is over, the electrode
48
holder should be taken out quickly to break the arc and the supply of current is switched
off.
Equipment Required for Electric Arc Welding:
The various equipment required for electric arc welding are:
1. Welding Machine:
The welding machine used can be A.C. or D.C. welding machine. The A.C. welding
machine has a step-down transformer to reduce the input voltage of 220- 440V to 80-
100V. The D.C. welding machine consists of an A.C. motor-generator set or diesel/petrol
engine-generator set or a transformer-rectifier welding set.
A.C. machine usually works with 50 hertz or 60 hertz power supply. The efficiency of
A.C. welding transformer varies from 80% to 85%. The energy consumed per Kg. of
deposited metal is 3 to 4 kWh for A.C. welding while 6 to 10 kWh for D.C. welding. A.C.
welding machine usually work with low power factor of 0.3 to 0.4, while motor in D.C.
welding has a power factor of 0.6 to 0.7. The following table 7.9 shows the voltage and
current used for welding machine.
2. Electrode Holders:
The function of electrode holder is to hold the electrode at desired angle. These
are available in different sizes, according to the ampere rating from 50 to 500 amperes.
3. Cables or Leads:
The function of cables or leads is to carry the current from machine to the work.
These are flexible and made of copper or aluminum. The cables are made of 900 to 2000
very fine wires twisted together so as to provide flexibility and greater strength.
The wires are insulated by a rubber covering, a reinforced fiber covering and
further with a heavy rubber coating.
4. Cable Connectors and Lugs:

The functions of cable connectors are to make a connection between machine
switches and welding electrode holder. Mechanical type connectors are used; as they can
he assembled and removed very easily. Connectors are designed according to the current
capacity of the cables used.
49
5. Chipping Hammer:
The function of chipping hammer is to remove the slag after the weld metal has
solidified. It has chisel shape and is pointed at one end.
6. Wire Brush, Power Wire Wheel:

The function of wire brush is to remove the slag particles after chipping by
chipping hammer. Sometimes, if available a power wire wheel is used in place manual
wire brush.
7. Protective Clothing:
The functions of protective clothing used are to protect the hands and clothes of
the welder from the heat, spark, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Protective clothing used are
leather apron, cap, leather hand gloves, leather sleeves, etc. The high ankle leather shoes
must be wear by the welder.
9. Screen or Face Shield:

The function of screen and face shield is to protect the eyes and face of the welder
from the harmful ultraviolet and infrared radiations produced during welding. The
shielding may be achieved from head helmet or hand helmet.
7.4.2 Drilling:
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-
section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands
of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting
off chips from the hole as it is drilled.
In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion,
though the bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill
bit into the hole with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be
performed from outside of the hole or within the hole. Drills used for horizontal drilling
are called drifter drills.
In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross-
section; a square cross-section is possible.
50
Fig. 7.15 Drill bit
Process:
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the work piece by creating
low residual stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and
disturbed material on the newly formed surface. This causes the work piece to become
more susceptible to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish
operation may be done to avoid these detrimental conditions.
For fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may form long
spirals or small flakes, depending on the material, and process parameters. The type of
chips formed can be an indicator of the machinability of the material, with long chips
suggesting poor material machinability.
When possible drilled holes should be located perpendicular to the work piece
surface. This minimizes the drill bit's tendency to "walk", that is, to be deflected from the
intended center-line of the bore, causing the hole to be misplaced. The higher the length-
to-diameter ratio of the drill bit, the greater the tendency to walk. The tendency to walk is
also preempted in various other ways, which include:
 Establishing a centering mark or feature before drilling, such as by:

 Casting, molding, or forging a mark into the work piece
 Center punching
 Spot drilling (i.e., center drilling)
51
 Spot facing, which is machining a certain area on a casting or forging to establish

an accurately located face on an otherwise rough surface.
 Constraining the position of the drill bit using a drill jig with drill bushings
Cutting fluid is commonly used to cool the drill bit, increase tool life,
increase speeds and feeds, increase the surface finish, and aid in ejecting chips.
Application of these fluids is usually done by flooding the work piece with coolant and
lubricant or by applying a spray mist.
In deciding which drill(s) to use it is important to consider the task at hand and
evaluate which drill would best accomplish the task. There are a variety of drill styles that
each serve a different purpose. The sub land drill is capable of drilling more than one
diameter. The spade drill is used to drill larger hole sizes. The index able drill is useful in
managing chips.
7.4.3 Carpentry work:
Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting,
shaping and installation of building materials during the construction
of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.,. Carpenters traditionally
worked with natural wood and did the rougher work such as framing, but today many other
materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture
building are considered carpentry. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and
the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the
19th century; now this old fashioned carpentry is called timber framing.
Types and Occupation:
1. A finish carpenter (North America), also called a joiner (a traditional name now
rare in North America), is one who does finish carpentry, that is, cabinetry,
furniture making, fine wood working, model building, instrument
making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal
margins of error are important. Some large-scale construction may be of an
exactitude and artistry that it is classed as finish carpentry.
2. A carpenter and joiner is one who has a much broader skill ranging from joinery,
finishing carpentry, building construction and form work.
52
3. A cabinet maker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the
making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and
other furniture designed for storage.
4. A ship's carpenter specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance, repair techniques and

carpentry specific to nautical needs in addition to many other on-board tasks;
usually the term refers to a carpenter who has a post on a specific ship. Steel
warships as well as wooden ones need ship's carpenters, especially for making
emergency repairs in the case of battle or storm damage.
5. A shipwright builds wooden ships on land.
6. A cooper is someone who makes barrels: wooden staved vessels of a conical form,
of greater length than breadth.
7. A scenic carpenter builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets in film-
making, television, and the theater.
8. A framer is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of

buildings, most often in the platform framing method. A carpenter who specializes
in building with timbers rather than studs is known as a timber framer and does
traditional timber framing with wooden joints, including mortise-and-
tenon joinery, post and beam work with metal connectors, or pole building
framing.
9. A luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier
comes from the French word for lute, "luth".
10. A log builder builds structures of stacked, horizontal logs

including houses, barns, churches, fortifications, and more.
11. A formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and falsework used

in concrete construction.
12. A restoration carpenter is a carpenter who works in historic building restoration,

someone who restores a structure to a former state.
13. A conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation, known in the U.S.

as a "preservation carpenter" who works in historic preservation, someone who
keeps structures from changing.
53
14. Green carpentry is the specialization in the use of environmentally friendly,

energy-efficient and sustainable sources of building materials for use in
construction projects. They also practice building methods that require using less
material and material that has the same structural soundness.
15. Recycled (reclaimed, repurposed) carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and
parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products.
Fig. 7.16 Carpentry tools
54
7.4.4 Plumber work:
A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining

systems used for potable (drinking) water, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems. The
term dates from ancient times and is related to the Latin word for lead, “plumbum".
Plumbing Activities:
 Reading drawings, and specifications to determine layout of water supply, waste, and
venting systems
 Detecting faults in plumbing appliances and systems, and correctly diagnosing their
causes
 Installing, repairing and maintaining domestic, commercial, and industrial plumbing
fixtures and systems
 Locating and marking positions for pipe connections, passage holes, and fixtures in
walls and floors
 Measuring, cutting, bending, and threading pipes using hand and power tools or
machines
 Joining pipes and fittings together using soldering techniques, compression fittings,
threaded fittings, and push-on fittings.
 Testing pipes for leaks using air and water pressure gauges
 Awareness of legal regulations and safety issues
 Ensuring safety standards and building regulations are met.
 Copper Piping
 ADA Compliance
 Potable Water Systems
 Sanitary Waste & Vent
 Code Compliance
 Acid Waste
 Grease trap interceptors (install)
 Heating Hot Water
 Chill Water
 Backflow Preventers
55
 Natural Gas
 Storm Drains
 Seismic
 New Construction
 Urinals (waterless and standard)
 Flush Valves
 Toilet Chair Carriers
 Floor Drains
 Floor Clean Outs
 Combination waste & Vent
 Floor Sinks
Fig. 7.17 Plumber Tools
56
CHAPTER 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
57
8.1 Formulas used for calculating heat transfer coefficient:
To obtain heat transfer coefficient, the performed following procedure has been
according to newton's cooling law:
Q = h*A*ΔT = h*A*(Tᵇ -Tw)
Heat transfer rate can be calculated as follows:
Q = m*Cp*ΔT = m*Cp*(Tin-Tout)
Where
m = flow rate of Mass (Density * Volume flow rate)
Cp = Specific heat capacity
A = Peripheral area of radiator tubes
Tin = inlet temperature
Tout = outlet temperature
Tb = Average value of inlet and outlet temperatures
Tw = Tube wall temperature which is the mean value of surface thermocouples
8.2 Area of radiator tube:
Fig. 8.1 Flat tube of an automobile radiator
Surface Area of the Tubes (At) = N*[(2*l*b)+ π*r*l+ π*r*l]
58
Where,
N= No. of tubes=33
l = Tube length =395mm
b = Tube width=15mm
r = Tube radius=1mm
At = 33*[(2*395*15)+2*π*1*395]
= 47.295*104mm2
At = 0.472 m2
Tb = [Tin + Tout]/2
Tin = T1
Tout = T6
Tw = [T2+T3+T4 +T5]/4
7.6. Heat transfer coefficient sample calculations:
Heat transfer coefficient (h): (using water)
Lpm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
6 70 54 52 50 47 58
9 70 53 52 49 45 57
12 70 51 49 45 40 56
Table 7.1 Temperature values of Distilled water
At 6 lpm
m*Cp*( Tin -Tout) = h*At*(Tb-Tw)
6/60*4180*(12) = h*0.472*(13.25)
Hence, the heat transfer coefficient is
h = 802.04 W/m2 K
59
Where,
Tb = Average of inlet and outlet temperatures.

Tw= Average wall temperature of radiator.
At 9 lpm
m*Cp*( Tin -Tout) = h*At*(Tb-Tw)
9/60*4180*(13) = h*0.472*(13.75)
h = 1255.9 W/m2 K
At 12 lpm
12/60*4180*(14) = h*0.472*(16.75)
h = 1480.39 W/m2 K
Heat transfer coefficient (h): (using water +ethylene glycol (70:30))
Lpm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
6 70 54 52 50 46 55
9 70 53 49 47 44 53
12 70 51 48 45 43 52
Table 7.2 Temperature values of Distilled water + Ethylene glycol
At 6 lpm
m*Cp**( Tin -Tout) = h*At*(Tb-Tw)
6/60*3370*(15) = h*0.472*(12)
h = 892.47 W/m2 K
60
At 9 lpm
9/60*3370*(17) = h*0.472*(13.25)
h = 1374.08 W/m2 K
At 12 lpm
12/60*3370*(18) = h*0.472*(14.25)
h = 1803.74 W/m2 K
Heat transfer coefficient (h): (for 0.03% volume concentration of Nanofluid)
lpm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
6 70 50 48 45 42 50
9 70 49 48 45 41 48
12 70 48 45 43 40 47
Table 7.3 Temperature values of Nanofluid at 0.03 vol.%
At 6lpm
6/60*3822.4*(20) = h*0.472*(13.75)
h = 1177.93 W/m2 K
At 9 lpm
9/60*3822.4*(22) = h*0.472*(13.25)
61
h = 2016.78 W/m2 K
At 12 lpm
12/60*3822.4*(23) = h*0.472*(13.5)
h = 2569.11 W/m2 K
Heat transfer coefficient (h): (for 0.06% volume concentration of Nanofluid)
lpm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
6 70 49 46 44 41 45
9 70 48 47 45 40 44
12 70 46 44 42 39 43
Table 7.4 Temperature values of Nanofluid at 0.06 vol.%
At 6 lpm
6/60*3518.89*(25) = h*0.472*(12.5)
h =1491.05 W/m2 K
At 9 lpm
9/60*3518.89*(26) = h*0.472*(12)
h = 2422.96 W/m2 K
62
At 12 lpm
12/60*3518.89*(27) = h*0.472*(11.75)
h = 2927.88 W/m2 K
8.3 Pure water (Distilled water)
1600
1400
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
1200
1000
800
Heat transfer coefficient
(for distilled water)
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.2 Experimental results of pure water at different flow rates
63
8.4 Distilled Water + Ethylene glycol (70:30)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Heat transfer coefficient (for
distilled water + Ethylene
800 glycol)
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.3 Experimental results of water + Ethylene glycol at different flow rates
8.5Comparison of water and water + Ethylene glycol(70:30)

Before conducting systematic experiments on the application of nanofluids in the
radiator, some experimental runs with pure water were done in order to check the
reliability and accuracy of the experimental setup. The following graphs shows
experimental results for constant inlet temperature of 70°c and also done experiment with
water + ethylene glycol.
64
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000 distilled water)
800 Heat transfer coefficient (for

glycol))
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.4 Experimental results of pure water in comparison with Water + Ethylene glycol
Fig8.2 shows experimental results for the pure water and 8.3 shows water +
ethylene glycol. And the fig. 8.4 shows the Comparison the results with each other then
find out the water possess poor heat transfer performance compared to water + Ethylene
glycol mixture because of lower thermal conductivity.
8.6 Nanofluid
The nanofluid is implemented in different Al2O3concentrations, i.e. 0.03 and 0.06
vol. % and at different flow rates of 6,9,12 l/min were implemented as the base fluid. It is
important to mention that from a practical viewpoint for every cooling system, at equal
mass flow rate the more reduction in base fluid temperature indicates a better thermal
performance of the cooling system. Thermal performance of the automobile radiator at
constant air Reynolds number and constant flow rate have been carried out. With increase
of the volume concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid viscosity of nanofluid has
been increased.
65
3000
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) 2500
2000
1500
Heat transfer coefficient
(for Nanofluid at 0.03
vol.%)
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.5 Experimental results of Nanofluid at different flow rates at 0.03 vol.%
concentration
Fig8.5 shows that experimental values of forced convective heat transfer

coefficient at the 0.03 volume concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The value is in the
range between 1177.93 W/m2 K to 2569.11 W/m2 K the results compare with the
conventional coolant i.e. distilled water enhanced up to 46% to 73% and the experiment is
carried out at 6-12 lpm.
66
3500
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) 3000
2500
2000

1500 Nanofluid at 0.06 vol.%)
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.6 Experimental results of Nanofluid at different flow rates at 0.06 vol.%
concentration
The concentration of nanoparticle plays an important role in the heat transfer
efficiency. Fig8.5 and 8.6 shows the heat transfer coefficient values for different volume
concentrations at 6,9 and 12 lpm of nanofluid passing through radiator. The enhancement
of heat transfer coefficient is in the range of 85% to 97% when compared to distilled
water.
And also the heat transfer coefficient gradually increasing for increasing the
nanoparticle concentration and the physical properties of nanofluids are slightly different
than the base fluid. Density and thermal conductivity increased and specific heat
decreased slightly in compare to base fluid. Viscosity increases more rapidly, which is
unfavorable in heat transfer.
67
8.7 Comparison of Pure water,water + Ethylene glycol (70:30)

and Nanofluid
3500
3000
2500
distilled water)
2000
glycol))
Nanofluid at 0.03 vol.%)

500
0
6 9 12
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.7 Experimental results of pure water in comparison with water+ Ethylene glycol
and Nanofluid
It can be shown that whenever the concentration becomes greater, heat transfer
coefficient becomes larger. By the addition of only 0.03 vol. % of Al2O3 nanoparticle into
the pure water + Ethylene glycol, an increase of about 46% to 73% in comparison with
the pure water heat transfer coefficient and when compared to Ethylene glycol + pure
water coolant the increasing rate is about 31.98% to 42%. When the volume
concentration increasing to 0.06% the heat transfer rate increases but is in the range of
85% to 97% when compare with pure water and when compared to pure water + Ethylene
glycol the increasing rate about 62% to 76%. The cost of the working fluid is increases
but increasing of heat transfer rate is more. The average heat transfer coefficient of
nanofluids as a function of volume flow rate for different nanoparticle concentrations is
presented in Fig. 8.7. It is observed that the heat transfer coefficient of all nanofluids is
significantly higher than that of the base fluid.
68
These higher heat transfer coefficients obtained by using nanofluid instead of

water allow the working fluid in the automobile radiator to be cooler. The addition of
nanoparticles to the water has the potential to improve automotive and heavy-duty engine
cooling rates or equally causes to remove the engine heat with a reduced-size coolant
system. Smaller coolant systems result in smaller and lighter radiators, which in turn
benefit almost every aspect of car and truck performance and lead to increased fuel
economy.
8.8 Graphs for heat transfer rate
8.8.1 Pure water
14000
12000
10000
Heat transfer rate (W)
8000
Heat transfer rate (for

6000 distilled water)
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.8 Heat transfer of Pure water at different flow rates
69
8.8.2 Pure water + Ethylene glycol (70:30)
14000
12000
10000
8000

6000 distilled water + Ethylene
glycol)
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.9 Heat transfer of Ethylene glycol at different flow rates
8.8.3 Comparison of water and water + Ethylene glycol

14000
12000
10000
8000 Heat transfer rate (for

distilled water)
6000
4000 glycol)
2000
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.10 Heat transfer of pure water in comparison with water+ Ethylene glycol and
Nanofluid
70
8.8.4 Nanofluid
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.11 Heat transfer of Nanofluid at different flow rates with 0.03 vol.%
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.12 Heat transfer of Nanofluid at different flow rates with 0.06 vol.%
71
8.8.5 Comparison of Pure water,water + Ethylene glycol (70:30)

and Nanofluid
20000
18000
16000
14000
distilled water)
12000

10000 distilled water + Ethylene
glycol)
6000 Heat transfer rate (for

4000
2000
0
6 9 12
Flow rate (lpm)
Fig. 8.13 Heat transfer comparison of pure water with water + Ethylene glycol and
Nanofluid
72
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
73
CONCLUSION
The presence of Al2O3 Nano particles in pure water + ethylene glycol mixture can
enhance the heat transfer rate of automobile radiator. The degree of heat transfer
coefficient enhancement depends on the amount of the Nano particle added to pure water
+ ethylene glycol. Ultimately, at the concentration of 0.03 vol. % the heat transfer
enhancement around 46% to 73% when compared to pure water and 31.98% to 46%
when compared to the pure water + ethylene glycol. When the volume concentration
increasing to 0.06 vol. % the heat transfer coefficient increases is in the range of 85% to
97% when compared to pure water and when compared to pure water + Ethylene glycol it
is between 62% to 76%. The cost of the working fluid is increases but increasing heat
transfer rate is also increases.
Increasing the flow rate (6 lpm- 12 lpm) of working fluid enhance the heat transfer
coefficient for both water + ethylene glycol and Nano fluid considerably. It seems that the
increasing in the effective thermal conductivity and the variation of the other physical
properties are not responsible for the large heat transfer enhancement. Brownian motion
of Nano particles may be one of the factors in the enhancement of the heat transfer.
By observing the experimental and analytical results the heat transfer coefficient value of
aluminum oxide nanofluid is increasing at the volume fraction of 0.06%.
74
CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE
75
FUTURE SCOPE
In future they create a impact on automotive industry. Because their enhanced thermo
physical properties over the base fluids like water, oil etc., the nanofluids used in
automobile for various applications such as coolant, fuel additives, lubricant, shock
absorber and refrigerant. Nanofluids possess immense potential applications to improve
heat transfer and energy efficient in several areas including automobile, microelectronics,
nuclear, space and power generation.
76
REFERENCES
[1]. V. Salamon, D. Senthil Kumar, S. Thirumalini “Experimental Investigation Of

Heat Transfer Characteristics Of Automobile Radiator Using TiO2 - Nanofluid
Coolant”, Material Science And Engineering 225(2017), ICMAEM-2017.
[2]. S.M. Peyghambarzadesh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M. Seifi Jamnani, S.M. Hoseini,
“Improving the Cooling Performance of Automobile Radiator With Al2O3/Water
Nanofluid”, Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 1833-1838, 2 March 2011.
[3]. Jaafar Albadr, Satinder Tayal, Mushtaq Alasadi, “Heat Transfer Through Heat
Exchanger using Al2O3 Nanofluid At Different Concentrations”, Case Studies In
Thermal Engineering 1 (2013) 38-44,30 August 2013.
[4]. N.A. Usri, W.H. Azmi, Rizalman Mamat, K. Abdul Hamid, G. Najafi, “Thermal
Conductivity Enhancement Of Al2O3 Nanofluid In Ethylene Glycol And Water
Mixture”,Energy Procedia 79 (2015)397-402.
[5]. D. Tirupathi Rao, S. Ravibabu, “Experimental Investigation Of Cooling
Performance of an Automobile Radiator using Al2O3-water+ethylene Glycol
Nanofluid”, IJERD, volume 11,Issue 07 (July 2015),PP.28-35.
[6]. Laxman P. Dhale, Pravin B. Wadhave, Dnyaneshwar V. Kanade, Y.S. Sable
,“Effect of Nanofluid on Cooling System of Engine” International Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-2, Issue-
10, October 2015.
[7]. MinSheng Liu, Mark ChingCheng Lin and ChiChuan Wang “Enhancements of
thermal conductivities with Cu, CuO, and carbon nanotube nanofluids and
application of MWNT/water nanofluid on a water chiller system”, Nanoscale
Research Letters 2011, 6:297, and
[8]. Sandesh S. Chougule, S. K. Sahu “Comparative Study of Cooling Performance of
Automobile Radiator Using Al2 O3+Water and Carbon Nanotube-Water
Nanofluid” Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine,
FEBRUARY 2014, Vol. 5 / 010901-1.
77
Appendix A
Project Associates (MEK6171824)

Durat Expected
S.No. Topic 15K65 15K65 14K61 14K61
ion time
A0338 A0330 A0398 A0380
30th Nov
2 2017 to
1 Literature survey √ √ √ √
weeks 14th Dec
2017
15th Dec to
1
2 22nd Problem Formation √ √ √ √
week
Dec 2017
a)Selection
√
of material
Selection
rd of material,
23 Dec b) Selection
machining
3
2 2017 to
parameters of input √ √
weeks 12th Jan parameter
and
2018
machining
process c) Selection
of
√
machining
process
13th Jan to
3
4 2nd Feb Fabrication of test rig. √ √ √ √
weeks
2018
3rd Feb to
1
5 10th Feb Ultra-Sonication √ √
week
2018
11th Feb to
2
6 22nd Feb Experimentation √ √ √ √
weeks
2018
23rd Feb to
1
7 28th Feb Documentation √ √ √ √
week
2018
Appendix B
PO's and PSO's relevance with Project Work
Program Outcomes Relevance
Solve the experimentation
Engineering knowledge: Apply knowledge of
results by applying
mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals
PO1. mathematics and the
and an engineering specialization to the solution
engineering knowledge (Page
of complex engineering problems.
no.16 & 25 to 29 & 58 )
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research
Recent research literature was
literature and analyze complex engineering
collected for selecting
PO2. problems reaching substantiated conclusions
Nanoparicles. (Page no.6&7)
using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design
solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet
PO3. ----------------
specified needs with appropriate consideration for
public health and safety, cultural, societal and
environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems:
Conduct experimental
Research based knowledge and research methods
investigation on radiator by
PO4. including design of experiments, analysis and
using Nano particles. (page
interpretation of data and synthesis of information
no.63 to 69)
to provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply
Using Nanoparticles to increase
appropriate techniques, resources and modern
the heat transfer coefficient of
PO5. engineering and IT tools including prediction and
an automobile radiator. (Page
modeling to complex engineering activities with
no.18)
an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning
informed by contextual knowledge to assess
PO6. societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues ----------------
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the
impact of professional engineering solutions in
PO7. societal and environmental contexts and ----------------
demonstrate knowledge of and need for
sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to
PO8. professional ethics and responsibilities and norms -----------------
of engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively Function effectively as an
PO9. as an individual, and as a member or leader in individual and same as team
diverse teams and in multidisciplinary settings. work.
Communication: Communicate effectively on
complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large,
PO10. such as being able to comprehend and write ----------------
effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations and give and receive clear
instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s
PO11. ----------------
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
Learning is a continuous
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and
process in which we need to get
have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12. updated along with the time and
independent and lifelong learning in the broadest
the system which are getting
context of technological change.
updated continuously.
Thermal and Production Engineering Practice: Learned practical skills of
Ability to specify, fabricate, test, operate and welding, drilling, fitting, and
PSO1
document the thermal and production systems or assembling.
processes.
Use of AutoCAD, SOLIDWORKS and
PSO2 ANSYS: Ability to design, analyze and develop ----------------
machine components.
To develop student’s knowledge for solving
technical problems through structured project
CO1 PO1
research study in order to produce competent and
sound engineers.
To provide the students with the opportunity to
CO2 design undertake or conduct research or study ----------------
related to their degree course as a team.
To identify and describe the problem and scope of
CO3 project clearly, collect, analyze and present data ----------------
into meaningful information using relevant tools.
To select, plan and execute a proper methodology
in problem solving, work independently and
CO4 ethically, present the results in written and oral ----------------
format effectively and identify basic
entrepreneurship skills in project management.
To allow students to develop, synthesis and ----------------
CO5
evaluation skills.
To encourage multidisciplinary research through
CO6 the integration of material learned in a number of ----------------
courses.

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ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT OF AN AUTOMOBILE RADIATOR

Under the esteemed guidance of

Department of Mechanical Engineering

This is to certify that the project work entitled Enhancement Of Heat

Project Guide Head of Department

1. T Hari Krishna (15K65A0338)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-4

To be a recognized centre in providing mechanical engineering education, producing well-

To provide a conducive learning environment in which knowledge, skills and research

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO2: Graduates with professional attitude, interpersonal and leadership skills

Cooling system plays an important role in automobile engines. An efficient cooling

PO1. Engineering knowledge

PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems

PO5. Modern tool usage

PO9. Individual and team work

PO12. Lifelong learning

PSO1. Thermal and Production Engineering Practice

Table: 4.1 Thermal conductivities of various oxides and liquids 14

Table: 4.2 Thermo physical properties of base fluid and nano 15

Table: 4.3 Volume concentrations (%) of Al2O3 Nano particles with 16

Table: 6.1 Nanofluid properties Al2O3 30

Table 7.1 Temperature values of Distilled water 59

Table 7.2 Temperature values of Distilled water + Ethylene glycol 60

Table 7.3 Temperature values of Nanofluid at 0.03 vol.% 61

Table 7.4 Temperature values of Nanofluid at 0.06 vol.% 62

ρnf = Density of nano fluid (kg/m3)

ρs = Density of solid material (kg/m3)

ρw = Density of fluid material (water) (kg/m3)

Cpw = Specific heat of fluid material (water) (J/kg-K)

Cps = Specific heat of solid material (J/kg-K)

µw = Viscosity of fluid (water) (kg/m-s)

µnf = Viscosity of Nano fluid (kg/m-s)

Kw = Thermal conductivity of fluid material (water) (W/m-K)

Ks = Thermal conductivity of solid material (W/m-K)

Now a days the technology development in automotive industries continuously

A heat exchanger device is utilized in the automobile engines, named as a

1.2 Methods to increase the heat transfer rate

1.2.1. Adding fins

1.2.2. Employment of coolant

Fig1.1 Thermal conduct ivit y of different materials

1.3. Employment of Nanofluid as coolant

Nanofluids are formed by suspending nanoparticles of metallic or non -metallic

V.Salamon, D.Senthil Kumar, S.Thirumalini [1]

S.M.Peyghambarzadesh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M. Seifi Jamnani, S.M. Hoseini [2]

Jaafar Albadr, Satinder Tayal, Mushtaq Alasadi [3]

N.A. Usri,W.H. Azmi, Rizalman Mamat, K. Abdul Hamid, G.Najafi [4]

D.Tirupathi Rao, S.Ravibabu [5]