Smoke, Heat, and Duct

Detectors
Application Bulletin

P/N 3101212 • REV 02 • REB 26JUL13

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Content

Under floor installations • 24

Related documentation • ii Effects of heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems • 25
Overview of smoke, heat, and duct
detectors • 1 Door release service • 26
Smoke detector locations • 26
Heat detector applications • 3
Introduction • 3 Duct smoke detector
E-HD Fixed-Temperature/Rate of Rise applications • 27
Heat Detector • 3 Introduction • 27
Spacing of heat detectors • 3 E-PDD Duct Smoke Detector
Ceiling height and construction • 7 installation guidelines • 27
Exposed solid joists • 8 Air sampling tube • 28
Exposed beams • 10 Air velocity • 29
Sloped ceilings • 12 Avoidance of false alarms • 29
Smoke detector applications • 14 Initial installation testing • 30
Introduction • 14 Duct smoke detector initial installation
E-PD Photoelectric Smoke test • 30
Detector • 14
E-PHD multi-sensor smoke Sensitivity readings • 34
detector • 14
Avoidance of false alarms • 15 Routine maintenance • 35
Spacing of smoke detectors • 17 Scheduled testing • 35
Stratification • 17 Detector cleaning procedure • 37
Partitions • 19 Recalibrate a device and record
Exposed solid joists • 19 detector sensitivity and available
Exposed beams • 21 compensation • 39
Sloped ceilings • 23
High air movement • 23

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin i

Related documentation
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
1 Batterymarch Park
R P.O. Box 9101
NFPA Quincy, MA 02269-9101
NFPA 70 National Electric Code
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code
N FPA 90A Installation of Air conditioning and Ventilating Systems

UL
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (ULI)
333 Pfingsten Road
R
Northbrook, IL 60062-2096
UL 38 Manually Actuated Signaling Boxes
UL217 Smoke Detectors, Single & Multiple Station
UL 228 Door Closers/Holders for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
UL 268 Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
UL 268A Smoke Detectors for Duct Applications
UL 346 Waterflow Indicators for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
UL 464 Audible Signaling Appliances
UL 521 Heat Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
UL 864 Standard for Control Units for Fire Protective Signaling
Systems
UL 1481 Power Supplies for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
UL 1638 Visual Signaling Appliances
UL 1971 Visual Signaling Appliances
Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC)
7 Crouse Road
R
Scarborough, Ontario M1R 3A9
ULC S527 Standard for Control Units for Fire Alarm Systems
ULC S524 Standard for the Installation of Fire Alarm Systems
ULC S529 Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems
ULC S536 Standard for the Inspection and Testing of Fire Alarm Systems
ULC S537 Standard for the Verification of Fire Alarm Systems
NEMA Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct Applications
PLUS... Requirements of state and local building codes
Requirements of the Authority Having Jurisdiction

ii Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Overview of smoke, heat, and duct detectors

Overview of smoke, heat, and duct detectors

This group of detectors comprises of a variety of detection technologies available
in various combinations to meet the needs of the fire protection community.
The smoke and heat detectors are constructed of a white, high-impact polymer
and plug into one of a variety of mounting bases that feature base locking tabs.
The duct smoke detectors are constructed of a black, high-impact polymer with a
clear plastic cover and attach directly to the HVAC system duct.
The table below lists the available detector models.

Smoke, heat, and duct detectors

Model Description

E-PD Photoelectric smoke detector

E-PHD Combination photoelectric smoke and
135°F (57°C) fixed-temperature heat
detector

E-HD Combination 135°F (57°C) fixed-

temperature and 15°F (8°C) per minute
rate-of-rise heat detector
E-PDD Duct smoke detector

The smoke and heat detectors are analog addressable devices that contain their
own microprocessors, which allow them to make alarm decisions based on the
information collected by their sensors. Depending on the detector, decisions may
be based on the information gathered by up to two independent sensing
elements.
The address of each detector is assigned using the two rotary switches located
on the detector.
These detectors provide LEDs that indicate the detector’s condition. In normal
condition, the network control panel performs background supervision indicated
by the flashing green LED. An alarm condition is indicated by the flashing red
LED.
Multiple sensing technologies are incorporated into E-PHD and E-HD detectors,
which makes them suitable for a wide range of applications.
The tables in the Heat detector applications section of this document list the
applications suitable for the E-PHD and E-HD. Tables in the Smoke detector
applications section list the applications suitable for the E-PD and E-PHD. The

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 1

Overview of smoke, heat, and duct detectors

Duct smoke detector applications section of this document lists the applications
suitable for the E-PDD.
E-PD, E-PHD, and E-PDD detectors offer a variety of sensitivity settings. The
alarm sensitivity is the minimum obscuration level at which the detector will
initiate an alarm condition. The alarm sensitivity level may be changed to any of
five sensitivity settings using front panel programming or the configuration utility.
All smoke detectors offer alarm verification, which is used to validate an alarm
condition before it is processed by the control panel. When enabled, the alarm
verification function tries to reset a detector that has initiated an alarm condition.
If the detector cannot be reset or if it returns to its alarm condition within the
required time window, the alarm is considered valid and is processed by the
control panel.

2 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Heat detector applications

Heat detector applications

Introduction
WARNING: This detector is intended for use with ionization and/or photoelectric
smoke detectors. The heat detector by itself does not provide life safety
protection.

Heat detectors sense a change in air temperature and initiate alarms based on a
fixed-temperature point, rate of temperature rise, or amount of temperature rise
above ambient condition. Spot type heat detectors should be selected so that the
rating is at least 20°F (11°C) above maximum expected ceiling temperature.
Ceiling height, construction, and ventilation play significant roles in detector
performance and must be considered when determining detector placement.

E-HD Fixed-Temperature/Rate of Rise Heat Detector

The table below lists six standard types of fire and the suitability of the E-HD for
each. The E-HD contains a 135°F (57°C) fixed-temperature heat sensor and a
15°F (8°C) per minute rate-of-rise heat sensor, which are best suited to detect
fast, flaming fires such as open wood and liquid fires without smoke.

E-HD applications
Type of fire Suitability of E-HD

Open wood Optimal

Wood pyrolysis Unsuitable

Smoldering cotton Unsuitable

PU foam Suitable

n-Heptane Very suitable

Liquid fire without smoke Optimal

Spacing of heat detectors

Spot type heat detector spacing ratings are based on detector installation on a
flat, smooth ceiling that is 10 feet (3 m) high. The listed spacing equates detector
operation with the opening of a standard sprinkler head within 2 minutes (+/- 10
seconds) located 10 feet (3 m) from the same fire. Spot type detector spacing is

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 3

Heat detector applications

shown in the figure below. Detector coverage is typically represented as a square

because most structures have flat sidewalls. Actual detector coverage is a circle
whose radius is 0.7 times the listed spacing. Since all of the area within the
detector’s circle of coverage is suitable for detecting a fire, the shape and
dimensions of the detector coverage “square” in the figure below may be
modified. Note that, although the coverage “square” is now a “rectangle,” the
coverage area remains within the overall detector circle of coverage.

Listed Heat Detector Spacing

0.7S S/2 S/2 0.7S

S/2 S S S S/2

S/2

Item Description

Heat detector

S Listed spacing between detectors

A spot type heat detector will cover all points located within 0.7 times the listed
spacing. The listed spacing for heat detectors is S = 50 ft. (15.3 m).

4 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Heat detector applications

Detector’s Circle of Coverage

Alternate Heat Detector Coverage Configurations

Listed spacing
30 ft. X 30 ft. = 900 sq. ft.

25 ft. x 34 ft. = 850 sq. ft.

15 ft. x 39 ft. = 585 sq. ft.

10 ft. x 41 ft. = 410 sq. ft.

When installed on the ceiling, spot type heat detectors must be located a
minimum of 4 in. (10 cm) from side walls. When installed on side walls, the
detector must be between 4 in. (10 cm) and 12 in. (30 cm) from the ceiling, as
shown below.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 5

Heat detector applications

Detector Placement Near Ceiling/Wall Joints

4 in. (0.1 m) min.

4 in. (0.1 m)
min.

Smooth
ceiling 12 in. (0.3 m) max.

NEVER HERE
Top of detector
acceptable here
4 in.

Side wall

Floor

The following figure shows the required heat detector spacing for a 200 ft. (60.9
m) by 200 ft. (60.9 m) room with a 10 ft. (3m) ceiling. The figure shows 16 heat
detectors with a required listed spacing of S = 50 ft. (15.3 m).

6 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Heat detector applications

Spacing Heat Detectors

200 ft. (60.9 m)

35 ft. (10.7 m) 25 ft. (7.6 m)

25 ft. (7.6 m)
50 ft. (15.2 m) 50 ft. (15.2 m) 50 ft. (15.2 m)

50 ft. (15.2 m)

50 ft. (15.2 m)

50 ft. (15.2 m)

25 ft. (7.6 m)

Item Description
Heat detector

S Listed spacing between detectors

Ceiling height and construction

When heat detectors are installed on other than flat, smooth ceilings or at ceiling
heights greater than 10 ft. (3 m), spacing adjustments must be made. The table
below lists the reduction in listed spacing that must be applied when detectors
are mounted on ceilings higher than 10 ft. (3 m). This reduced spacing yields the
equivalent response of detectors located on a 10 ft. (3 m) ceiling.

Spot type detector ceiling height reduction percentages

Ceiling height Percent of Heat detector
listed spacing listed spacing

0 to 10 ft. (0 to 3 m) 100 50 ft. (15 m)

10 to 12 ft. (3 to 3.7 m) 91 46 ft. (14 m)

12 to 14 ft. (3.7 to 4.3 m) 84 42 ft. (13 m)

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 7

Heat detector applications

Ceiling height Percent of Heat detector

listed spacing listed spacing

14 to 16 ft. (4.3 to 4.9 m) 77 39 ft. (12 m)

16 to 18 ft. (4.9 to 5.5 m) 71 36 ft. (11 m)

18 to 20 ft. (5.5 to 6.0 m) 64 32 ft. (10 m)

20 to 22 ft. (6.0 to 6.7 m) 58 29 ft. (9 m)

22 to 24 ft. (6.7 to 7.3 m) 52 26 ft. (8 m)

24 to 26 ft. (7.3 to 7.9 m) 46 23 ft. (7 m)

26 to 28 ft. (7.9 to 8.5 m) 40 20 ft. (6 m)

28 to 30 ft. (8.5 to 9.1 m) 34 17 ft. (5 m)

Exposed solid joists

Exposed solid ceiling joists may impede the flow of heat to the detectors. When
spacing spot type heat detectors, a joist is defined as any solid member
extending 4 in. (10 cm) or more down from the ceiling and spaced less than 3 ft.
(1 m) apart. The spacing of heat detectors must be reduced by 50% in the
direction perpendicular to the joist. The detectors must be mounted on the
bottom of the joists.

8 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Heat detector applications

Heat detector spacing — solid joist construction

Ceiling section

W
Less than Less than 3 ft. (1 m)
4 in. (10 cm) D
Solid
joist
Heat
detector Side view

1/4 S = 1/2 S= 1/2 S= 1/4 S =

13 ft. (4 m) 25 ft. (8 m) 25 ft. (8 m) 13 ft. (4 m)

1/2 S =
25 ft. (8 m)

S=
50 ft. (15 m)

1/2 S =
25 ft. (8 m)

Solid joist Plan view

Item Description

Heat detector

S Listed spacing between detectors

W Joist spacing

Notes
• Joists less than 4 in. (10 cm) deep are considered flat ceilings. Heat detectors
must be mounted on the bottom of joists.
• Spacing perpendicular to joists deeper than 4 in. (10 cm) must be reduced by
50% of the listed spacing.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 9

Heat detector applications

Exposed beams
Exposed beams may impede the flow of heat to the detectors. Beams are
defined as members extending 4 in. (10 cm) or more down from the ceiling and
spaced more than 3 ft. (1 m) apart. The spacing of heat detectors must be
reduced by 33% in the direction perpendicular to the beam. Detectors can be
mounted on the bottom of the beams which are less than 12 in. (30.4 cm) in
depth and less than 8 ft. (2.4 m) on center. If beams are greater than 12 in. (30.4
cm) in depth and beam spacing exceeds 8 ft. (2.4 m) on center, then each bay
created by the beams must have at least one detector mounted on the ceiling.
Heat detectors should be mounted on the ceiling in each bay if the ratio of beam
depth (D) to ceiling height (H), D/H, is greater than 0.1 and the ratio of beam
spacing (W) to ceiling height (H), W/H, is greater than 0.4.
Heat detectors should be mounted on the bottom of each beam if either the ratio
of beam depth (D) to ceiling height (H), D/H, is less than 0.1 or the ratio of beam
spacing (W) to ceiling height (H), W/H, is less than 0.4.

Calculation
D/H > 0.1 AND W/H > 0.4 then mount the detector on the ceiling
D/H < 0.1 OR W/H < 0.4 then mount the detector on the bottom of the joist

10 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Heat detector applications

Heat detector spacing — beam construction

Ceiling section

W
D Heat
detector
Beam
Heat
Side view
detector [1]

1/3 S = 2/3 S = 2/3 S = 2/3 S = 1/3 S =

17 ft. (5 m) 33 ft. (10 m) 33 ft. (10 m) 33 ft. (10 m) 17 ft. (5 m)

1/2 S =
25 ft. (8 m)

S=
50 ft. (15 m)

1/2 S =
25 ft. (8 m)

Beam Deep beams Plan view

1/2 S =
25 ft. (8 m)

S=
50 ft. (15 m)

1/2 S =
25 ft. (8 m)

Beam Deep beams Plan view

and wide spacing

Item Description
Heat detector

D Depth of beam
W Beam spacing

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 11

Heat detector applications

Notes
• Detectors can be located on the bottom of beams if the beams are less than
12 in. (30 cm) deep and beam spacing is less than 8 ft. (2.4 m).
• Beams less than 8 in. (20 cm) deep are considered flat ceilings. Heat
detectors must be mounted on the bottom of the beams.
• Spacing perpendicular to beams deeper than 8 in. (20 cm) must be reduced
by 1/3 of the listed spacing.
• If beam depth exceeds 18 in. (46 cm) and beam spacing exceeds 8.0 ft. (2.4
m) detectors must be installed on the ceiling in each bay.

Sloped ceilings
Rooms with peaked ceilings must have the first row of detectors placed within 3
ft. (1 m) (measured horizontally) of the ceiling peak. Additional detectors must be
spaced based upon the horizontal projection of the ceiling and ceiling
construction.
Rooms with shed ceilings having a slope greater than 1 ft. in 8 ft. (1 m in 8 m)
must have the first row of detectors within 3-ft. (1 m) of the high end of the
ceiling. Additional detectors, if required, shall be spaced based upon the
horizontal projection of the ceiling and ceiling construction. For roofs having a
slope less than 30 degrees, horizontal spacing must be adjusted according to the
height of the peak. For roofs having a slope greater than 30 degrees, horizontal
spacing shall be adjusted according to the average sloped ceiling height.

Heat detector spacing — peaked ceiling

= Heat detector

Anywhere
in this area
3 ft. (1 m) 3 ft. (1 m)

1/2 S = S = 50 ft. S = 50 ft. 1/2 S =

25 ft. (8 m) (15 m) (15 m) 25 ft. (8 m)

12 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Heat detector applications

Heat detector spacing — sloped ceiling

= Heat detector

1/2 S = S = 50 ft. S = 50 ft. S = 50 ft. S = 50 ft. 3 ft. (1 m)

25 ft. (8m) (15m) (15m) (15m) (15 m) max.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 13

Smoke detector applications

Smoke detector applications

Introduction
Smoke detectors sense the presence of smoke particles. In order for a smoke
detector to sense these particles, smoke must travel from the point of origin to
the detector. When evaluating a particular building or location for detector layout,
likely fire locations should first be determined, and paths of smoke travel from
each of these fire locations should be determined. Wherever practical, actual
field tests should be conducted. The most desired location for smoke detectors
would be the common points of intersection of smoke travel from fire locations
throughout the building. Ceiling height, construction, and ventilation play
significant roles in smoke detector performance.

E-PD Photoelectric Smoke Detector

The table below lists six standard types of fire and the suitability of the E-PD for
each. Photoelectric smoke detectors have a wide range of fire sensing
capabilities and are best suited to detect slow, smoldering fires such as wood
pyrolysis and smoldering cotton.

E-PD applications
Type of fire Suitability of E-PD

Open wood Unsuitable

Wood pyrolysis Optimal

Smoldering cotton Optimal

PU foam Very suitable
n-Heptane Very suitable

Liquid fire without smoke Unsuitable

E-P HD multi-sensor smoke detector

The table below lists six standard types of fire and the suitability of the E-PHD for
each. The E-PHD is a multi-sensor device with a wider range of fire sensing
capabilities than single-sensor detectors. The E-PHD contains a photoelectric
smoke sensor as well as a 135°F (57°C) fixed-temperature heat sensor. The E-
PHD is best suited for detecting slow, smoldering fires such as wood pyrolysis,

14 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Smoke detector applications

smoldering cotton, and n-Heptane. The supplemental information provided by the

integral fixed-temperature heat sensor also makes the E-PHD very suitable for
detecting the other types of fire.

E-PHD applications
Type of Fire Suitability of E-PHD

Open wood Very suitable

Wood pyrolysis Optimal

Smoldering cotton Optimal

PU foam Very suitable

n-Heptane Optimal
Liquid fire without smoke Very suitable

Avoidance of false alarms

Smoke detectors are sensitive to a number of environmental factors (other than
smoke) which may inadvertently activate the detectors. Careful consideration of
the environment in which a detector is installed will minimize unwanted detector
activation (nuisance alarms). Listed below are some common sources of false
alarms to be considered when locating smoke detectors.
• Cooking equipment
• Welding, cutting, and industrial processes
• Chemical fumes
• Dust
• Engine exhaust
• Vibration
• Excessive airflow
• Lightning and power outages
• Radio frequency transmissions
• Steam and moisture
These smoke detectors provide automatic environmental compensation, which
reduces the occurrence of false alarms by allowing sensing elements to adapt to
long-term environmental changes, caused by dirt, smoke, temperature, and
humidity.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 15

Smoke detector applications

These smoke detectors issue a dirty sensor warning when they reach the preset
limit. The dirty sensor warning indicates a sensor is operating within its specified
limits, but is in need of servicing. When the detector's ability to compensate for
environmental changes has reached its limit, the smoke detector signals a
trouble condition to the control panel.

16 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Smoke detector applications

Spacing of smoke detectors

The spot type smoke detector spacing recommendation of 30 ft. (9.1 m) is based
upon the detector installation on a smooth ceiling that is 10 ft. (3 m) high.
Detector coverage is typically represented as a square, because most structures
have flat sidewalls. Like spot type heat detectors, smoke detector coverage is a
circle whose radius is 0.7 times the listed spacing. Since all of the area within the
detector’s circle of coverage is suitable for detecting smoke from fire, the shape
and dimensions of the detector coverage “square” may be modified. Note that,
although the coverage “square” is a “rectangle,” the coverage area is within the
overall detector circle coverage.
Note: Unlike heat detectors, smoke detectors are not given a listed spacing. It is
recommended that smoke detectors be installed on S = 30 ft. (9.1 m) centers, on
smooth ceilings. NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code contains additional
information regarding spacing adjustments.
When installed on the ceiling, spot type detectors must be located a minimum of
4 in. (10cm) from sidewalls. When installed on sidewalls, the detector must be
located between 4 in. (10cm) and 12 in. (30cm) from the ceiling, unless detectors
are specifically positioned to counter the effects of ceiling construction or
stratification.

Stratification
Stratified air within a room may impede smoke from reaching the detector. To
improve detection system response in situations where stratification exists,
additional detectors may be installed on sidewalls at elevations below the ceiling
level as shown in the illustration.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 17

Smoke detector applications

Smoke detector compensation for stratification

Ceiling section

Side view
3 ft. (1 m) min.
Smoke Smoke
detector detector

Smoke
detector

Plan view

Item Description

Smoke detector, below ceiling

Smoke detector, at ceiling

18 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Smoke detector applications

Partitions
Partitions extending from the floor to within 18 in. (46 cm) of the ceiling do not
influence smoke detector spacing. Partitions closer than 18 in. (46 cm) to the
ceiling may require modification of smoke detector spacing.

Exposed solid joists

Exposed solid ceiling joists may impede the flow of smoke to detectors. When
spacing spot type smoke detectors, a joist is defined as any solid member
extending 8 in. (20 cm) or more down from the ceiling and spaced less than 3 ft.
(1 m) apart. Note that this definition differs from the one used in locating spot
type heat detectors. The spacing of smoke detectors must be reduced by 33% in
the direction perpendicular to the joist. The detectors must be mounted on the
bottom of the joists.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 19

Smoke detector applications

Smoke detector spacing — solid joist construction

Ceiling section

W
Less than 3 ft. (1 m)
D
Solid
joist
Smoke Side view
detector
1/3 S = 1/3 S =
10 ft. (3 m) 2/3 S = 2/3 S = 2/3 S = 10 ft. (3 m)
20 ft. (6 m) 20 ft. (6 m) 20 ft. (6 m)

1/2 S =
15 ft. (5 m)

S=
30 ft. (9 m)

1/2 S =
15 ft. (5 m)

Solid joist Plan view

Item Description

Smoke detector

D Depth of joist

S Recommended detector spacing

W Joist spacing

Note
• Joists less than 8 in. (20 cm) deep are considered flat ceilings. Smoke
detectors must be mounted on the bottom of joists.
• Spacing perpendicular to joists deeper than 8 in. (20 cm) must be reduced by
1/3 of the listed spacing.

20 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Smoke detector applications

Exposed beams
Beams are defined as any members extending 8 in. (20 cm) or more down from
the ceiling and spaced more than 3 ft. (1 m) apart. Note that this definition differs
from the one used in locating spot type heat detectors. The spacing of smoke
detectors must be reduced in the direction perpendicular to the beam. Detectors
may be mounted on the bottom of the beams that are less than 12 in. (30 cm). If
the beams are greater than 18 in. (46 cm) deep, each bay created by the beams
must have at least one detector mounted on the ceiling.
Smoke detectors should be mounted on the ceiling within each bay if the ratio of
beam depth (D) to ceiling height (H), D/H, is greater than 0.1, and the ratio of
beam spacing (W) to ceiling height (H), W/H, is greater than 0.4.
Smoke detectors should be mounted on the bottom of each beam if either the
ratio of beam depth (D) to ceiling height (H), D/H, is less than 0.1, or the ratio of
beam spacing (W) to ceiling height (H), W/H, is less than 0.4.
Calculation
D/H > 0.1 and W/H > 0.4 then mount the detector on the ceiling
D/H < 0.1 or W/H < 0.4 then mount the detector on the bottom of the beam

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 21

Smoke detector applications

Smoke detector spacing — beam construction

Ceiling section

W
D Smoke
detector

Beam

Smoke
Side view
detector [1]

Reduced spacing

1/2 S =
15 ft. (5 m)

S=
30 ft. (9 m)

1/2 S =
15 ft. (5 m)

Beam Deep beams Plan view

1/2 S =
15 ft. (5 m)

S=
30 ft. (9 m)

1/2 S =
15 ft. (5 m)

Beam Deep beams Plan view

and wide spacing

Item Description
Smoke detector

D Depth of joist
S Recommended detector spacing

W Joist spacing

22 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Smoke detector applications

Notes
• Detector can be located on the bottom beams if the beams are less than 12
in. (30 cm) deep and beam spacing is less than 8 ft. (2.4 m)
• Beams less than 8 in. (20 cm) deep are considered flat ceilings. Smoke
detectors must be mounted on the bottom of the beams.
• No definite spacing reduction is specified by code for beams deeper than 8 in.
(20 cm).
• If beam depth exceeds 18 in. (46 cm) and beam spacing exceeds 8.0 ft. (2.4
m) detectors must be installed on the ceiling in each bay.

Sloped ceilings
Rooms with peaked ceilings must have the first row of detectors placed within 3
ft. (1 m) (measured horizontally) of the ceiling peak. Additional detectors, if
required, must be spaced based upon the horizontal projection of the ceiling and
ceiling construction. This modification of spacing for smoke detectors on sloped
ceilings is identical to that used for spot type heat detectors.
Rooms with shed ceilings having a slope greater than 1 ft. in 8 ft. (1 m in 8 m)
must have the first row of detectors within 3 ft. (0.9 m) of the high end of the
ceiling. Additional detectors, if required, must be spaced based upon the
horizontal projection of the ceiling and ceiling construction. For roofs having a
slope less than 30 degrees, horizontal spacing must be adjusted according to the
height of the peak. For roofs having a slope greater than 30 degrees, horizontal
spacing must be adjusted according to the average sloped ceiling height. These
modifications of spacing for smoke detectors on shed ceilings is identical to that
used for spot type heat detectors.

High air movement

The use of spot type smoke detectors in areas of high air movement (greater
than 300 ft./min. [1.5 m/sec.]) requires a suitable reduction in detector spacing to
maintain detector performance. The table below should be used to reduce
detector spacing in these areas. The table is not valid for use under floor or
ceiling plenum areas, however, the principle of reduced spacing in these high
velocity areas applies.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 23

Smoke detector applications

High air movement area detector spacing reduction

Minutes per air change Number of air changes per hour Coverage per detector

1 60 125 sq. ft. (11.25 sq. m)

2 30 250 sq. ft. (22.50 sq. m)

3 20 375 sq. ft. (33.75 sq. m)

4 15 500 sq. ft. (45.00 sq. m)

5 12 625 sq. ft. (56.25 sq. m)

6 10 750 sq. ft. (67.50 sq. m)

7 8.6 875 sq. ft. (78.75 sq. m)

8 7.5 900 sq. ft. (81.00 sq. m)

9 6.7 900 sq. ft. (81.00 sq. m)

10 6 900 sq. ft. (81.00 sq. m)

Under floor installations

When spot type smoke detectors are installed under raised floors, they are
subjected to high air velocities and dust levels. Detectors should be installed
base up or base vertical (never down) as shown in the figure below. This
minimizes the effects of dirt, dust, and mechanical interference from cabling.

Permissible smoke detector under floor mounting

Raised floor panel

Smoke Junction box secured Steel angle or

detector on floor support channel support

EMT Clamp
EMT EMT

24 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Smoke detector applications

Effects of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

(HVAC) systems
Because airflow is critical to the transportation of smoke to the detector location,
smoke detectors should never be located closer than 3 ft. (1 m) to an HVAC
supply diffuser. Where feasible, detectors should be located to favor the airflow
heading for HVAC return grills. Do not rely on the operation of the HVAC system
when spacing smoke detectors.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 25

Door release service

Door release service

Smoke detector locations

When spot type smoke detectors are installed to detect smoke coming from
either side of a doorway in order to release the door, smoke detectors must be
installed according to the figure below.

Smoke detector locations for door release service

Depth of wall section Ceiling mounted

above door

0-24 in. on both

sides of doorway
D

Max. of 5 ft.
Min. of D but
not less than
12 in.

One detector mounted on either side

Over 24 in. one

side only
D2 = 30 in.
D1 = 20 in.

Max. of 5 ft.
Min. = D2

One detector mounted on either side

Over 24 in. on
both sides

D D

Max. of Max. of 5 ft.

5 ft.
Min. = D Min. = D

Two detectors required

26 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Duct smoke detector applications

Duct smoke detector applications

Introduction
WARNING: Duct smoke detectors are not intended as substitutes for open area
protection.

The duct smoke detector uses the photoelectric method of smoke detection. The
duct smoke detector's primary purpose is to provide early warning of an
impending fire and shut down the HVAC unit in order to prevent smoke from
circulating throughout the building. It is typically used to detect smoke in the
supply side of the HVAC system but can provide supervision of the return side as
well.

Duct smoke detector application diagram

Remote
test
station
HVAC unit

Duct smoke
Return air
detector

HVAC
controls
Duct smoke Supply air
detector

Remote
test FACP
station

E-PDD Duct Smoke Detector installation guidelines

In order to obtain a representative sample of the air in an air handling system,
locate the detector so its sampling tube is positioned in a straight length of
square duct between six and ten duct widths from any bends or obstructions.
For detection of smoke in the supply air system, install the duct smoke detector
in the supply air duct at a point downstream from the supply fan and air filters.
For detection of smoke in the return air system, install the duct smoke detector in
the return air duct at a point before the return air stream is diluted by outside air

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 27

Duct smoke detector applications

Duct smoke detector placement

Bend or other
obstruction

Airflow

6 to 10 duct widths 1 duct

width

Air sampling tube

Air is introduced to the duct smoke detector's sensing chamber through a
sampling tube that extends into the HVAC duct and is directed back into the
ventilation system through an exhaust tube. The difference in air pressure
between the two tubes pulls the sampled air through the sensing chamber. When
a sufficient amount of smoke is detected in the sensing chamber, the duct smoke
detector notifies the fire alarm control panel.
NFPA requirements state that sampling tubes must extend at least two-thirds of
the way into the duct and those that are greater than 36 inches long must be
supported at both ends.

Air sampling tube requirements

Detector Detector
Exhaust tube Exhaust tube
HVAC HVAC
duct duct

Sampling Sampling
tube Sealant tube

Plug

Airflow Airflow

2/3 duct width  36 in

28 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Duct smoke detector applications

Air velocity
The duct smoke detector is designed for use in air handling systems having an
air velocity rating of 100 to 4,000 ft./min.

Avoidance of false alarms

Caution: Excess temperature differentials between the ambient air and the
sampled air can produce unwanted condensation inside the detector, which may
cause the detector to function improperly. Precautions should be taken to limit
the temperature range and the amount of condensation to which the detector is
exposed.

The duct smoke detector uses differential sensing to prevent gradual

environmental changes from triggering false alarms. A rapid change in
environmental conditions, such as smoke from a fire, causes the detector to
signal an alarm state but the accumulation of dust and debris over time does not.
The duct smoke detector issues a dirty sensor warning when it reaches a preset
limit. The dirty sensor warning indicates the sensor is operating within its
specified limits but is in need of servicing. When the detector’s ability to
compensate for environmental changes has reached its limit, the duct smoke
detector signals a trouble condition.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 29

Initial installation testing

Initial installation testing

Smoke and heat detector initial installation test

To do an initial installation test:

1. Before testing the smoke and heat detectors, notify the proper authorities that
the system is undergoing maintenance and, unless part of the test,
disconnect all auxiliary equipment.
2. Visually inspect each detector and verify it is installed in the correct location.
Make sure it will not be adversely affected by factors not apparent on the
plans.
3. Remove the detector from its base and verify that the proper detector
address, trouble signals, and messages are reported.
4. Activate smoke detectors using a chemical smoke aerosol spray (Smoke!-In-
A-Can model SM-200, is recommended) or a smoke generator.
5. Activate rate-of-rise heat detectors using a heating device (a 1200- to 1500-
watt commercial hair blow-dryer is recommended) approximately 3-inches
from the detector.
6. If wired for Class A operation, verify this operation with each data circuit
disconnected.
7. Place a ground on the data circuit and verify operation of ground fault
detection circuitry.
8. Run a device maintenance report on all detectors and verify that readings fall
within acceptable limits.
9. After you have finished testing the smoke and heat detectors, reset the
control panel in order to restore the detectors to their normal state.
10. Notify the proper authorities that the system maintenance is complete.

Duct smoke detector initial installation test

Controls and indicators
The following table provides a description of the duct smoke detector controls
and indicators.

30 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Initial installation testing

Duct smoke detector controls and indicators

Control or Description
indicator

Magnetic test Activates (alarm state) the detector

switch when it is in the normal state. The
switch is inoperative when the detector
is in the trouble state. The switch
cannot be used to reset the device,
this must be done at the control panel.

Alarm LED Indicates the detector is in the alarm

state as follows:
Flashes at a continuous rate if the first
detector in alarm
Flashes intermittently if not the first
detector in alarm
Power LED Off when the detector is in the alarm
state
Flashes intermittently when the
detector is in the normal state

Notes
The intermittent flash indicates each time the control
panel polls the detector.
Both LEDs are on continuously when the detector is in
alarm.

Duct smoke detector controls and indicators

Magnetic
test switch

Alarm Power

Normal state
The duct smoke detector operates in the normal state in the absence of any
trouble conditions and when its sensing chamber is free of smoke.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 31

Initial installation testing

Alarm state
The duct smoke detector enters the alarm state (is activated) when the amount of
smoke in its sensing chamber exceeds its alarm threshold setting or when an
alarm test is initiated. Upon entering the alarm state, the duct smoke detector’s:
• Alarm LED turns on
• Common alarm relay contacts switch positions (unless programmed
differently by the control panel)
• Remote alarm LED output turns on (is activated)
In addition, the duct smoke detector generates an alarm or supervisory event
message depending on the device type with which it is configured.

Trouble state
The duct smoke detector enters the trouble state under the following conditions:
• Its cover is removed and 20 minutes pass before it is properly secured
• Its environmental compensation limit is reached
• The detector is 100% dirty
• An internal detector fault is present
Upon entering the trouble state, the duct smoke detector generates an event
message based on the type of trouble encountered.
Note: All troubles are latched by the duct smoke detector. You must clear the
trouble condition then reset the control panel in order to restore the detector to its
normal state.

To do an initial installation test:

1. Before testing the duct smoke detectors, notify the proper authorities that the
system is undergoing maintenance and, unless part of the test, disconnect all
auxiliary equipment.
2. Visually inspect each detector and verify it is installed in the correct location.
Make sure it will not be adversely affected by factors not apparent on the
plans.
3. Verify that adequate airflow is available for the duct smoke detectors per the
installation instructions.
4. Verify that the detector address is correct.
Note: You cannot initiate an alarm test if the duct smoke detector is in the
trouble state.
5. If an SD-TRK remote test-reset station is installed, turn the key switch to the
TEST position for more than 5 seconds.

32 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Initial installation testing

6. If an SD-TRM remote test-reset station is installed, hold the SD-MAG test

magnet to the target area for more than 5 seconds.
7. Hold the SD-MAG where indicated on the side of the duct smoke detector for
more than 5 seconds.
8. Verify the detector’s Alarm LED is flashing and the appropriate event
message or visual indication is reported on the fire alarm control panel.
9. Reset the control panel in order to restore the detector to its normal state.
10. Verify the remote test station’s Alarm LED is flashing and the appropriate
event message or visual indication is reported on the fire alarm control panel.
11. Place a ground on the data circuit and verify operation of ground fault
detection circuitry.
12. Run a device maintenance report on all detectors and verify that readings fall
within acceptable limits.
13. After you have finished testing the duct smoke detector, reset the control
panel in order to restore the detector to its normal state.
14. Notify the proper authorities that the system maintenance is complete.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 33

Sensitivity readings

Sensitivity readings
Acceptable sensitivity range
The control system to which these detectors are connected is capable of
interrogating each detector to determine its sensitivity. The system can provide a
hard copy of the results of sensitivity testing if a printer is installed. The table
below lists the acceptable range of sensitivity for smoke and heat detectors.

Acceptable sensitivity ranges as reported by the control panel

Model Detection Factory assigned Pre-alarm point Adjustable alarm
element(s) sensitivity (%obsc./ft.) point setting
(%obsc./ft.)

E-PD Photoelectric UL: 0.67 to 50 - 90% of alarm 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0,
3.66%/ft. setting, in 5% 3.5
obscuration increments (no
85% pre-alarm
ULC: 0.74 to
point)
3.70%/ft.
obscuration

E-PHD Photoelectric, UL: 0.67 to 50 - 90% of alarm 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0,
fixed-temperature 3.66%/ft. setting, in 5% 3.5
obscuration increments (no
85% pre-alarm
ULC: 0.87 to
point)
3.70%/ft.
obscuration

E-HD Fixed- 135°F (57°C), N/A N/A

temperature, rate- 15° F/minute
of-rise

E-P DD Photoelectric 0.79 to 2.46% N/A N/A

(duct) obsc./ft.

34 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Routine maintenance

Routine maintenance

Scheduled testing
To conduct a scheduled test:
Detectors shall be tested on a routine basis satisfactory to the authority having
jurisdiction, typically once every 6 months.
1. Before testing the smoke and heat detectors, notify the proper authorities that
the system is undergoing maintenance and, unless part of the test,
disconnect all auxiliary equipment.
2. Verify detector operation, wiring integrity, and control panel operation
sequences specific to that detector, if any.
3. Activate smoke detectors using a chemical smoke aerosol spray tester
(Smoke! In-A-Can recommended) or a smoke generator.
4. Activate rate-of-rise heat detectors using a heating device (a 1200- to 1500-
watt commercial hair blow-dryer is recommended) approximately 3 inches
from the detector.
5. Activate duct smoke detector using the SD-MAG magnetic test kit or a ST-
TRK/TRM remote test station.
6. Run a device maintenance report on all detectors and verify that readings fall
within acceptable limits. Detectors too close to the alarm threshold should be
cleaned according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
7. Reset the control panel in order to restore the detectors to their normal state.
8. Notify the proper authorities that the system maintenance is complete.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 35

Routine maintenance

Recommended Testing Schedule

Component Testing Testing Procedure
Interval

E-HD,E-PHD Semiannually 1. Visually inspect the heat detector. Verify that the green LED is
flashing.
2. Put the detector/zone in TEST mode.
CAUTION: Do not use excessive heat for too long or
permanent detector damage may result.
3. Hold the heating device (a 1200- to 1500-watt commercial hair
blow-dryer is recommended) approximately 3-inches from the
detector, directed towards the heat entry slots.
4. Turn the blower on at its highest setting. The detector should
alarm within 10 to 15 seconds and the red LED should
illuminate.
5. Verify that a detector activation indication is listed on the
printer.
E-PDD Semi-Annually 1. Visually inspect the duct smoke detector.
2. Verify that the green LED is flashing.
E-PD,E-PHD Annually 1. Visually inspect the smoke detector. Verify that the green LED
is flashing.
2. Put the detector/zone in TEST mode.
3. If a detector functional test is required, use Smoke!-In-A-Can
tester per instructions on the can.
4. Verify that a detector activation indication is listed on the
printer.
5. Run a device maintenance report.
E-P DD Annually 1. Visually inspect the duct smoke detector. Verify that the green
LED is flashing.
2. Put the detector/zone in TEST mode.
3. If a detector functional test is required, use the SD-MAG
magnetic test kit or the SD-TRM/TRK remote test station per
kit/test station instructions.
4. Verify that a detector activation indication is listed on the
printer.
5. Run a device maintenance report.

36 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Routine maintenance

Detector cleaning procedure

To clean the heat detector (E-HD, E-PHD):
No cleaning is required.

To clean the smoke detector (E-PD, E-PHD):

Caution: Before cleaning the smoke detector, notify the proper authorities that
the fire alarm system is undergoing maintenance and take steps to prevent the
control panel from responding to a false alarm.

Note: Clean the smoke detector when it becomes 80% to 99% dirty or sooner if
conditions warrant.
1. Disable the detector/zone to prevent false alarms.
2. Remove the detector from the base.
3. Insert a screwdriver in the small slot where the detector cap connects to the
detector body.
4. Pry the detector cap off of the detector body.
5. Squeeze the optical block chamber at the two arrows labeled, “squeeze
here.” Pull off the optical block chamber.
6. Blow off the optical block base in the detector body using clean compressed
air.
7. Snap a new optical block chamber in place. Make sure you line up the two
arrows on the block chamber with the snaps on the optical block base.
8. Connect the detector cap to the detector body by rotating the cap clockwise
until is snaps into a locked position.
9. Install the detector onto the base.
Note: To verify the effectiveness of the cleaning, recalibrate the device and
run a device maintenance report. Refer to “recalibrate a device and record
detector sensitivity and available compensation.”
10. Test the detector and verify sensitivity.
11. Notify the proper authorities that the system maintenance is complete.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 37

Routine maintenance

To clean the duct smoke detector (E-PDD):

Caution: Before cleaning the smoke detector, notify the proper authorities that
the fire alarm system is undergoing maintenance and take steps to prevent the
control panel from responding to a false alarm.

Note: Clean the smoke detector when it becomes 80% to 99% dirty or sooner if
conditions warrant.
1. Disable the detector/zone to prevent false alarms.
2. Remove the detector’s cover then power down the detector by disconnecting
the SLC loop wiring.
3. Using a vacuum cleaner, clean compressed air, or a soft bristle brush,
remove loose dirt and debris from inside the detector housing and cover.
4. Use isopropyl alcohol and a lint-free cloth to remove dirt and other
contaminants from the gasket on the detector’s cover.
5. Squeeze the retainer clips on both sides of the optic housing then lift the
housing away from the printed circuit board.
6. Gently remove dirt and debris from around the optic plate and inside the optic
housing.
7. Install the optic housing and detector cover, then connect the SLC loop
wiring.
Note: To verify the effectiveness of the cleaning, recalibrate the device and
run a device maintenance report. Refer to “recalibrate a device and record
detector sensitivity and available compensation.”
8. Test the detector and verify sensitivity.
9. Notify the proper authorities that the system maintenance is complete.

38 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin

 Routine maintenance

Duct smoke detector cleaning

Sampling HVAC duct

tube Detector
housing

Optic
Airflow plate

Retainer
clip

Optic
housing

Recalibrate a device and record detector sensitivity and

available compensation
Environmental compensation circuits and the alarm algorithm used in these
detectors guarantee that a detector’s sensitivity setting is maintained as long as a
detector has compensation headroom. When the detector reaches 80% dirty, the
system generates a maintenance alert indicating the detector should be cleaned
in the near future. When the detector reaches 100% dirty, a detector trouble
condition is annunciated.
To properly judge the effectiveness of the detector cleaning process, you must
observe the effect cleaning had on the detector’s dirtiness level. This can be
accomplished using the control panel recalibrate device feature.
Recalibrate device is used to reset a detector after it has been cleaned. The
recalibrate command resets the environmental compensation and dirtiness level
faster than the normal amount of time it takes the panel to recognize that the
detector has been cleaned and reset it. Once a detector has been cleaned, you
can quickly reset the detector by using this command to either clear the trouble
or determine that more cleaning is necessary because the trouble did not clear
for the device.

Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin 39

Routine maintenance

To recalibrate a device after cleaning:

1. Clean the detector.
2. Press the Menu button on the control panel, then select Diagnostics.
3. Select Recalibrate Device.
4. Choose the loop the device is on. Note: If your panel only has one loop, the
loop selection screen does not display. Go to the next step.
5. Choose the device (number) that you want to recalibrate, then press Enter.
6. Run the device maintenance report to print a list of detector sensitivity and
compensation readings.

40 Smoke, Heat, and Duct Detectors Application Bulletin