1. The document provides information on light reflection and refraction, including the law of reflection, characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors, Snell's law of refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection.
2. Applications of optical concepts like plane mirrors, lenses, and fibres are discussed. Reflection and refraction examples are provided to illustrate the related concepts and formulas.
3. The document also explains lenses, lens equations, and applications of lenses like the compound microscope and astronomical telescope. Diagrams are included to supplement the explanations.
1. The document provides information on light reflection and refraction, including the law of reflection, characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors, Snell's law of refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection.
2. Applications of optical concepts like plane mirrors, lenses, and fibres are discussed. Reflection and refraction examples are provided to illustrate the related concepts and formulas.
3. The document also explains lenses, lens equations, and applications of lenses like the compound microscope and astronomical telescope. Diagrams are included to supplement the explanations.
1. The document provides information on light reflection and refraction, including the law of reflection, characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors, Snell's law of refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection.
2. Applications of optical concepts like plane mirrors, lenses, and fibres are discussed. Reflection and refraction examples are provided to illustrate the related concepts and formulas.
3. The document also explains lenses, lens equations, and applications of lenses like the compound microscope and astronomical telescope. Diagrams are included to supplement the explanations.
1. The document provides information on light reflection and refraction, including the law of reflection, characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors, Snell's law of refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection.
2. Applications of optical concepts like plane mirrors, lenses, and fibres are discussed. Reflection and refraction examples are provided to illustrate the related concepts and formulas.
3. The document also explains lenses, lens equations, and applications of lenses like the compound microscope and astronomical telescope. Diagrams are included to supplement the explanations.
Contact: 07 – 556 9461 / 012 – 458 5826 Physics Form 4 Chapter 5: Light Understanding Reflection of Light Understanding Refraction of Light
Understanding Total Internal
Understanding Lenses Reflection
Prepared by: Sharvinder Singh
Part 1: Understanding Reflection of Light ➢ Law of light reflection ❖ The reflected angle is always the same as the incident angle. ❖ The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line are in the same plane. ➢ Image characteristics of plane mirror ❖ Virtual, Upright ❖ Laterally inverted ❖ Same Size ❖ Same Distance Reflection of Light of a Plane Mirror Reflection of Light of a Plane Mirror Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror Applications (Plane Mirror) Eye Chart ➢ The illuminated letters are inverted for a person to see the letters correctly in the mirror. ➢ The letters appear far behind than they really are ➢ Thus, the room need not to be long.
Periscope ➢ It is used in a submarine to view objects above the surface of the sea. ➢ The image observed is upright and virtual. Applications (Concave Mirror) Applications (Convex Mirror) Part 2: Understanding Light Refraction
❑ A phenomenon where the direction of light is changed
(bending of light) when it crosses the boundary between two materials of different optical densities. ❑ It occurs as a result of a change in the velocity of light as it passes from one medium to another. Law of Refraction (Snell’s law) ❑ The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie on the same plane sin 𝑖 ❑ Refractive index, 𝑛 = sin 𝑟 ❑ Alternative formulas 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝐻 ❑ 𝑛= 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ,ℎ
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚, 𝑐
❑ 𝑛= 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝑣 Example 1 Example 2 A dancer stands at a distance of 2 m in The refractive index of paraffin is 1.44. front of a plane mirror. What is the new What is the speed of light in paraffin? distance between object and image when [c = 3 x 108 m s-1] the dancer moves 3 m away from the mirror. Example 3 Example 4 Figure shows a ray of light passing from The depth of a pool is 2 m. What is the air to water at an angle of incidence of apparent depth if the refractive index of 60o.Calculate: water is 4/3? a) the angle of refraction, r. b) the speed of light in water. [refractive index of water = 1.33] 12 PUSAT TUISYEN SINARAN INTENSIF 38A, Jalan Perkasa 2, Taman Ungku Tun Aminah Contact: 07 – 556 9461 / 012 – 458 5826
Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection
Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection
❑ Critical angle, c is the value of the incident angle when
the refracted angle is 90°. ❑ When i is increased to be greater than c, the light will be completely reflected back into the material. No light will be refracted. ❑ This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection. Example A ray of light passes through a transparent medium as shown. Calculate: a) the refractive index of the medium b) The angle of incidence, i. Applications (Optical Fibres) ❑ Optical fibres come in thousands of fine strands. Light rays entering the fibre will undergo many times of total internal reflection ❑ Used widely in telecommunications and medical equipment like endoscope ❑ The outer cladding must be of less dense compared to the inner core in order to allow total internal reflection to take place. Applications (Diamond)
❑ The critical angle of a diamond is about 24o
❑ Any light rays that enter the diamond at an angle greater than 24o will be totally reflected at the bottom facets ❑ Multiple total internal reflections and dispersion of white light makes a diamond sparkle. Applications (Mirage)
❑ The layers of air nearer the road warmer.
❑ The density of air decrease nearer to the road surface. ❑ The light travel from denser to less dense area. ❑ The light refract away from the normal ❑ When the angle of incidence exceed the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs Other Applications 20 Understanding Lenses (Concave Vs Convex) Lens equations
Lens equation Lens power Linear
magnification
Convex lens Concave lens
Object distance, u
Image distance, v
Focal length, f Example An object of height 3 cm is placed at 30 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Determine the position and size of the image. Example An object is placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave lens of focal length 15cm. The image formed has a height of 2cm. Determine the position of the image, the linear magnification, and the height of the object. Lens Applications (Complex Microscope) LENS APPLICATIONS (COMPLEX MICROSCOPE) ➢ Application: to view very small objects like microorganisms
➢ Uses 2 powerful convex lenses of short focal lengths.
❖ Objective lens:
❖ Eyepiece lens:
➢ Focal length fo for objective lens is shorter than the focal length for eyepiece lens, fe
➢ Object to observed must be placed between Fo and 2Fo
➢ Characteristics of 1st image: real, inverted, magnified
➢ The eyepiece lens is used as a magnifying glass to magnify the first image formed by the objective lens.
➢ The eyepiece lens must be positioned so that the first image is between the lens and Fe, the focal point of the eyepiece lens.
➢ Characteristics of final image formed by the eyepiece lens: virtual, upright and magnified.
➢ Normal Adjustment: The distance between the lenses is greater than the sum of their individual focal length (fo + fe) Lens Applications (Astronomical Telescope) LENS APPLICATIONS (ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE) ➢ Application : view very distant objects like the planets and the stars. ➢ Made up of two convex lenses :Objective lens and eyepiece lens ➢ Focal length fo for objective lens is longer than the focal length for eyepiece lens, fe ➢ The objective lens converges the parallel rays from a distant object and forms a real, inverted and diminished image at its focal point. ➢ The eyepiece lens is used as a magnifying glass to form a virtual, upright and magnified image. ➢ At normal adjustment the final image is formed at infinity. ➢ This is done by adjusting the position of the eyepiece lens so that the first real image becomes the object at the focal point, fe of the eyepiece lens. ➢ Normal adjustment: The distance between the lenses is fo + fe
Copy of Introduction Light is a Form of Energy. It is Fundamental in Our Day-To-day Life Because of Its Use in Various Fields, Including Physics, Engineering, And Medicine. the Phenomena of Reflec (1)
Copy of Introduction Light is a Form of Energy. It is Fundamental in Our Day-To-day Life Because of Its Use in Various Fields, Including Physics, Engineering, And Medicine. the Phenomena of Reflec (1)
