GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
DAY 9: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell
PROKARYOTIC CELL
o Prokaryote is a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
o Consist of a single open space
o Contains lesser organelles
o Contains a tail, pili, capsule and other unique cell structures
o Examples: bacteria
EUKARYOTIC CELL
o Cells containing organized nucleus and organelles which are enveloped by
membrane-bound organelles
o Packed with fascinating array of subcellular structures that play important roles in
energy balance, metabolism and gene expression
o Contains a lot of organelles
o Examples: fungal cells, protozoans, animal cells, plant cells
Flagella- aid in bacterial locomotion
Ribosomes- lacks nucleus
Plasma Membrane- a semi-permeable membrane
Eukaryotes- has true nucleus
Prokaryotes- involve in protein synthesis
DAY 10: Animal Tissues
EPITHELIUM TISSUE
o Are thin tissues that cover all the exposed surfaces of the body
o Closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier
o Apical- free surface open to outside the body
o Cavity- free surface open inside an internal organ
o Has two types, SIMPLE and STRATIFIED
FUNCTION:
(1) Skin- protects us from the outside world
(2) Stomach and Intestinal Lining (gut)- absorbs
(3) Kidney- filters
(4) Secretes and forms glands
EXAMPLES:
Epithelium Tissues Functions
Simple Cuboidal Specialized for absorption, secretion(salivary glands and thyroid follicles) and
epithelium for diffusion(Kidney tubules)
Simple Squamous Absorption or transport of materials.
epithelium
Simple Columnar For secretion (ENZYMES) and absorption (DIGESTED FOOD).
epithelium
Ciliated epithelium For mucus transport, as in the human respiratory tract.
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MUSCULAR TISSUE
o A specialized tissue found in animals which functions by contracting, thereby
applying forces to different parts of the body
o Responsible for : BODY MOVEMENT, MOVES BLOOD, FOOD, WASTE &
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
o Muscle- for contraction and movement
EXAMPLES:
Muscular Tissues Functions
Skeletal muscle Attached to the bones that contract on tendons, blood vessels, and nerves.
(Voluntary)
Cardiac muscle To contract the heart to pump blood through the miles in your body.
(Involuntary)
Smooth muscle Determines the flow of blood in arteries, helps move through intestines, and
helps push out urine in bladder. (Mostly found on Internal organs)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
o Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs
CHARACTERISTICS:
(1) Wraps around cushions and protect organs
(2) Stores nutrients
(3) Internal support for organs
(4) As tendon and ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each
other
(5) Runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength
EXAMPLES:
Connective Tissues Functions
Adipose connective tissue Stores fats and nutrients
Dense connective tissue To resist stretch of ligaments and tendons.
Loose Connective Tissue Bind muscles together; bind blood vessel and nerve together.
Special connective tissue Bends a bit but resist stretch in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose,
(Cartilage) and the throat.
Blood Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide nutrients and waste materials
Bone Gives locomotion, support, and protection of small tissues.
Haversian system Provide channels for blood vessels and nerves.
NERVOUS TISSUE
o The main tissue component of the nervous system
o Conducts impulses to and from body organs via Neurons
o Exhibits irritability
o Neurons- Generates and conduct nerve impulses
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Nervous Tissue Functions
Neurons Generates and conduct nerve impulses
Neuroglia Support, nourish and protect neurons
Axon Carry impulse away from the brain
Myelin sheath Covers the axon cylinder
Dendrite Receive signals from other neurons, to process these signals, and to transfer the
information to the soma of the neuron.
VASCULAR TISSUE
o the tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system, consisting of
phloem and xylem, by which water and nutrients are conducted throughout the
plant.
Organ Based on location (Type of Based on Based on neural control
Muscle) appearances (Voluntary/Involuntary)
(Striated/Non-
striated)
1. Heart Cardiac Striated Involuntary
2. Stomach Smooth Non-striated Involuntary
3. Biceps Skeletal Striated Voluntary
4. Supporting Smooth Non-Striated Involuntary
tissues of
internal
organs
5. Triceps Skeletal Striated Voluntary
DAY 11: IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
PROTECTIVE TISSUE
o Covers the surface of leaves and the living cells of roots and stems
o Its cells are flattened with their top and bottom surfaces parallel
o EXAMPLES: Upper and Lower Epidermis / Epidermis, Periderm
o Periderm- protects plant from pathogen, prevent excessive water loss and
provide insulation for the plant
Protective Tissues Functions
Epidermis Single layer of closely packed cell known as “plant’s skin” that forms
boundary between the plant and the external environment.
Periderm Protect plant from pathogen, prevent excessive water loss and provide
insulation for the plant.
Cuticle Reduces the rate of water loss from the leaf surface.
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
o Tissues where cells are constantly dividing
o Apical Meristem- found at the growing points of roots and stems
o Lateral Meristem (buds)- found at the nodes of the stems where branching
occurs
o Cambium- found within mature stems and roots
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EXAMPLES:
(1) Apical Meristem- responsible for vertical growth of plants
(2) Lateral Meristem- responsible for horizontal growth of plants
(3) Intercalary Meristem- produce new cell and responsible for increase in length of
grasses
GROUND TISSUE
o Responsible in synthesizing organic compounds, supporting and providing
storage for the plant
o Comprises the majority of a young plant and lies between the vascular and
dermal tissue
EXAMPLES:
(1) Parenchyma- used for food and water storage of plant
(2) Collenchyma- Provide mechanical support (serves in new growing parts) and
elasticity to the plant.
(3) Chlorenchyma- tissue use for photosynthesis
(4) Sclerenchyma- stores water
(5) Aerenchyma
CONDUCTING TISSUE
o Transport water, dissolved salts, products of photosynthesis (assimilates), growth
regulators like photosynthesis
o Xylem- water-conducting tissues, upward
o Phloem- food-conducting tissue, downward
o Vascular Bundle- combined structure of Xylem and Phloem
SPECIALIZED TISSUE
o Accessory parts in the dermal tissue but contains many specialized functions
o Provide protection and have other specialized adaptations in different plant
organs
EXAMPLES:
(1) Stomata- used for respiration and photosynthesis of plant, surrounded by guard
cells
(2) Guard Cells- Specialized epidermal cells that opens and closes and acts as
turgor-driven valve for surrounding each stoma.
(3) Trichomes- protect mostly plant organs and prevent water evaporation
DAY 12:
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DAY 13: DESCRIBING CELLULAR MODIFICATION IN PLANTS
ANIMAL CELL MODIFICATION
o Specialized structures in animal cells in performing specific and important
functions
o Aid in adaptation, metabolism, homeostasis and other processes in animal cells
to maintain the organism’s well-being and to survive in the changing environment
EXAMPLES:
(1) Microvili
a. folded fingerlike protection with dense bundle of cross-linked actin
filaments
b. increase surface absorption, for secretion and cellular adhesion
(2) Cilia
a. Tail like projections usually found in respiratory organ
b. Helps in preventing accumulation of dust in breathing tubes by a
thin layer of mucous along tubes
(3) Stereo Cilia
a. Mechano-sensing organelles of hair cells usually found in epididymis,
ductus deferens
b. Pressure and mechanical stimuli turn into electrical messages and
neuronal signal
(4) Muscle Cells
a. Cells generally elongated and elastic containing large number of
mitochondria
b. For contraction and movement
(5) Red Blood Cells
a. Tiny, disc-like cell (biconcave shape) which has no nucleus
b. Supply and transport oxygen within the body’s organism
PLANT CELL MODIFICATION
o Specialized structures in plant cells in performing specific and important functions
o Aid in adaptation, metabolism, homeostasis and other processes in plant cells to
maintain the organism’s well-being and to survive in the changing environment
EXAMPLES:
(1) Trichomes
a. Cellular or multicellular hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis
b. Reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings
(2) Root Hairs
a. Tubular extension of individual epidermal cells
b. Increase the surface area of the root to enhance water and mineral
uptake
(3) Guard Cells
a. Paired, sausage shape cell in stomata
b. Act as turgor-driven value that open and close the stomata
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