LESSON 2
CELL: TYPES,
FUNCTIONS, AND
MODIFICATION
Presented by: MS. MARY RUTH ARCEO
CELLS
Cells are the basic
structures of all
living organisms.
Every organism is
composed of one or
two structurally
different types of
cells: prokaryotic
cells and eukaryotic
cells.
PROKARYOTES
Two domains of
organisms
comprise
prokaryotes:
Bacteria and
Archaea.
Bacteria make
up most of the
prokaryotes
Archaea are found
in extreme
environments such
as hot springs or
near volcanoes.
Archaea have a thicker
cell wall that is very
strong and protects it
from the heat and
chemicals found in
harsh environments.
Bacteria have a more
permeable cell wall that
provides less protection
from high temperatures
or extreme pH, but
takes less energy to
build.
A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled
(unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any
other membrane-bound organelle.
Both Bacteria and Archaea
consist of unicellular
organisms.
Prokaryotes are important to
all life on Earth for a number of
reasons.
[Link] play a critical role in the recycling of
nutrients by decomposing dead organisms
and allowing their nutrients to be re-used.
[Link] are also important for many metabolic
processes.
[Link] in our guts and mouth help with the
digestion of food by breaking down difficult
EUKARYOTES
• The oldest fossil evidence of
eukaryotes is about 2 billion
years old.
• Eukaryotes are combination of
two Greek terms eu meaning
“true” and karyon meaning
“nucleus.
• The word organelle means “little
organ,” and organelles have
specialized cellular functions,
just as the organs of your body
have specialized functions.
A cell has a
membrane-bound
nucleus and other
membrane bound
compartments or sacs,
called organelles,
which have specialized
functions.
The major organelles
found in a eukaryotic
cell are cell membrane,
cell wall, ribosomes,
nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum,
Four kingdoms of eukaryotic
organisms
Kingdom
Animalia
Plants are Animals are
photosyntheti organisms that
c organisms lack cell walls,
containing cell are capable of
walls and locomotion,
specialized and have a
reproductive digestive tract
tissue.
Fungi digest Protists are
their food single-celled
externally motile
and then organisms that
absorb it can be either
through their photosynthetic
cell walls. or
heterotrophic.
Animals developed external or internal
skeletons to provide support, skin to
prevent or lessen water loss, muscles that
allowed them to move to search for food,
brains and nervous systems for
integration of stimuli, and internal
digestive systems.
Animal tissues are divided into four main
types:
1. Epithelial Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue
2. Connective Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue
This type of tissue is commonly seen outside as coverings
or as linings of organs and cavities.
Cells that make up epithelial tissues have distinct arrangements:
[Link]- for secretion
[Link] columnar- brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active
absorption
[Link] squamous - plate-like cells; for exchange of material
through diffusion
[Link] squamous- multilayered and regenerates quickly for
protection
[Link]-stratified columnar - single layer of cells; may just look
stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract;
usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps
2. Connective Tissue
These tissues are composed of the following:
[Link]- made up of plasma (i.e., liquid
extracellular matrix): contains water, salts and
dissolve proteins, erythrocytes that carry
oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC),
and platelets for blood clotting.
[Link] TISSUE PROPER (CTP)- made
up of loose connective tissue that is found in
the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is
[Link] tissues are also examples of loose
connective tissues that store fats which functions to
insulate the body and store energy.
[Link]- characterized by collagenous fibers
embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are
the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin
sulfate. Cartilage functions are cushion between
bones.
[Link]- mineralized connective tissue made by
bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposits
collagen. Blood vessels and nerves are found at a
central canal surrounded by concentric circles of
3. Muscle Tissue
These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle
fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or
involuntary. It gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.
It is formed during embryonic development through a
process known as myogenesis
Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells also called as
muscle fibers. This tissue is responsible for movements
in our body.
Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming
from nerve cells.
Skeletal- striated: voluntary
movements, attached to the
skeleton
Cardiac- striated with
intercalated disk for
synchronized heart contraction,
involuntary, located in the walls
of the heart.
Smooth- not striated;
involuntary, located in walls of
hollow visceral organs
4. Nervous Tissue
These tissues are composed of
nerve cells called neuron and glial
cells that function as support cells.
These neurons sense stimuli and
transmit electrical signals
throughout the animal body.
Neurons connect to other neuron
that receives impulses from other
neurons, while the axon is the part
where the impulse is transmitted to
other neurons.
Plant
cells
It come in several forms: vascular, ,
epidermal ground, and meristematic.
Each type of tissue consists of different
types of cells, has different functions,
and is located in different places.
Plant tissues are divided into two main
types:
1. Meristematic tissue
is actively dividing to produce new cells.
It consists of undifferentiated small cell, with dense
cytoplasm and large nuclei.
A. Apical Meristem- are located at the growing
points at the tips of roots and stems and results in an
increase in the length of these structures.
B. Lateral Meristem- results in the growth in
thickness or width of woody roots and stems. “cambium;
cork cambium” divides to form the cork cells that form
the outer bark of a woody plant. Vascular cambium
divides to make xylem and phloem tissue
2. Permanent Tissue
These are specialized in function and do not divide
constantly. There are three groups of permanent tissue:
A. Epidermal Tissue - This is the outermost layer of
cells that covers the roots, stems, and leaves. They are
tightly packed, with no intercellular air spaces. The main
function of the epidermal cells is to protect the underlying
tissue from injury.
B. Guard cells - are bean- shaped epidermal cells that
occur on either side of a stoma- which is the opening that
occurs on the surface of a leaf. The guard cells function to
open and close the stoma, thus controlling the loss of
C. Hair cells - are formed by an extension of the cell
wall. The hair functions to increase the surface area of the
root to maximize the uptake of water and nutrients.
D. Vascular tissue - functions to transport and
support.
E. Xylem Tissue- transport water and mineral salts
from the ground water through the roots to the stems and
leaves. It consists of vessels and tracheid's- both cells
have cell walls that are strengthened with lignin and both
types of cells are dead at maturity.
F. Phloem Tissue- transport food from the leaves,
where photosynthesis takes place, to areas undergoing
growth or storage sites. Phloem tissue consists of long
3. Ground Tissue
This type of tissue forms the body of the plant and is
responsible for support, storage, and photosynthesis.
There are three types of ground tissue:
A. Parenchyma - thin walled and alive at
maturity; often multifaceted.
B. Collenchyma - thick walled and alive at
maturity
C. Sclerenchyma- thick walled and dead at
maturity
3. Ground Tissue
This type of tissue forms the body of the plant and is
responsible for support, storage, and photosynthesis.
There are three types of ground tissue:
A. Parenchyma - thin walled and alive at
maturity; often multifaceted.
B. Collenchyma - thick walled and alive at
maturity
C. Sclerenchyma- thick walled and dead at
maturity
Part 1. Directions: In your notebook, write T if
the statement is correct and write F if not.
__________1. Eukaryotes are complex cells with
a nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles.
__________2. Bacteria are examples of
eukaryotes.
__________3. Bioengineers try to kill all bacteria
because they are all harmful.
__________4. Through a process called
bioremediation, bioengineers try to promote
Part 2. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your
answer in your notebook.
A. B.
5. Epithelial Tissue A. It is a type of plant tissue that are specialized in function and do not
6. Connective Tissue divide constantly. It serves as guard and protection.
7. Muscle Tissue B. These type of tissue forms the body of the plant and is responsible for
8. Nervous Tissue support, storage, and photosynthesis.
9. Meristematic tissue
C. The tissues that are responsible for plant growth. They are present at
10. Permanent Tissue
the tips of roots, stem, and branches.
11. Ground Tissue
D. This type of tissue is commonly seen outside as coverings or as linings
of organs and cavities.
E. Group of tissues in the body that maintain the form of the body and its
organs and provide cohesion and internal support.
F. These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow
the body to move voluntary or involuntary. It gives rise to muscles' ability
to contract.
G. These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neuron and glial cells
that function as support cells.
