Lecture 7: Dimensions, Projection
CE-112 : Engineering Drawing for Civil Engineers
By: Dr. Mohammad Ashraf (engineerashraf@yahoo.com)
Office: CE: B109
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Peshawar
Introduction
The picture portion of a drawing defines the shape of the object and
the dimensions define its size
Dimensions are the most important part of any drawing
Dimensions should be clear, concise and understandable
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Types of Dimension
Four types of dimension are:
1. Linear dimension
2. Angular dimension
3. Radius and diameter
4. Leader dimension
Components of Linear and Angular
dimension
z Extension lines
z Dimension lines
z Arrowheads
z Text
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Components of Dimension
Extension line
Dimension line
Leader line
Arrowhead
Text
z Unidirectional
z Aligned system
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Locating and Presenting Dimensions
Place dimensions so that your reader
will have no difficulty understanding
which surface or which edge you are
defining
There should be no missing dimensions
Avoid over dimensioning
Text and arrowhead should be of
constant size
Try to put dimensions outside the
outlines of the object
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Locating and Presenting Dimensions
Do not squeeze dimensions into small
spaces
Do not place dimension too close to the
object
Try to place leader at the same angle
Leader line should change direction out
side the object
Do mix decimals and fractions
Do not mix unidirectional or aligned
system
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Locating and Presenting Dimensions
Space dimension evenly
As far as possible do not dimension to a
hidden line
Do not run extension or dimension lines
through other extension or dimension
lines unless there is absolutely no
alternative
Always include overall dimensions
except on object that have rounded
ends
Always dimension holes in the view in
which they appear as circle
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Orthographic Projection
Projection:
A figure formed on a plan when an object is
projected on it by drawing straight lines
(projectors) from the object towards plane.
Orthographic Projection:
A projection in which the projectors are
parallel to each other and also perpendicular
to the plane of projection.
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4
1st Angle and 3rd Angle Projection
In the first angle projection the object
is placed in the first quadrant while in
the 3rd angle projection the object is
placed in 3rd quadrant
First Angle Projection:
z The object is placed between the plane of
projection and the observer
z The top view is below the front view
z Right side view is placed to the left of front
view and left side view is placed to the
right of front view
z Each projection shows the view of that
surface which is remote from the plane
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1st Angle and 3rd Angle Projection (Cont..)
Third Angle Projection:
z The plane of projection is between the
object and the observer
z The top view is above the front view
z Right side view is placed to the right of
front view and left side view is placed to
the left of front view
z Each projection shows the view of that
surface which is nearest to the plane of
projection
Symbols for angle of Projection
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Home Work #3
1. Draw a straight line AB of any length. Mark a point F 65 mm from AB. Trace the
path of a point P moving in such a way the ratio of its distance from the point F, to
its distance from AB is, i. 1, ii. 3/2 and iii. 2/3
Plot at least 8 points and name each curve. Draw a normal and a tangent to each
curve at a point on it 50 mm from F.
2. The major and minor axes of an ellipse are 90 mm and 65 mm respectively. Draw
each quarter of ellipse by, i) Arc of circle method, ii) Concentric circle method,
iii) Oblong method, vi) Any method
Draw a tangent to the ellipse at a point on it 25 mm above the major axis.
3. Draw a rectangle having its sides 125 mm and 75 mm long. Inscribe two parabola
in it with their axes bisecting each other.
4. A point P is 30 mm and 50 mm respectively from two straight lines which are at
right angle to each other. Draw a rectangular hyperbola from P.
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