NOTES ON ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & DESIGN

ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
AND
DESIGN

For Education purpose only

 NOTES ON ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & DESIGN

Engineering Graphics
Engineering drawings are a highly detailed way of representing three-dimensional objects on a two-
dimensional surface, such as paper or a computer screen. This can be accomplished by including
multiple views of different sides of an object in a single image or by including all three dimensions
of an object in a single image. Construction drawings are the result of the use of engineering
drawings to represent objects.

Need of Engineering Drawing

Every engineer must be able to read and interpret drawings and the data contained within
them. Projection methods are used to represent a 3D object in simple terms so that it can be
understood more easily. It’s used in mechanical drawing and design so that the structure created by a
designer can be communicated to manufacturers and builders. A pictorial view of a design can’t
always show the details in complicated shapes that contain information related to how it will be
manufactured.
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What is Projection?
In engineering drawing, a projection is a geometric representation of an object on a surface or
plane. It's a way to create a two-dimensional drawing of a three-dimensional object by flattening it
out.
Here are some things to know about projection in engineering drawing:
- Projection planes
The surface or plane on which the projection is created. This is usually the technical drawing
paper.
- Projectors
Rays that originate from the observer's eyes or the observer himself.
- Projection views
Different types of projection views, such as orthographic, isometric, and perspective, allow
engineers, architects, and designers to communicate complex spatial information.
- Projection methods
Perspective and parallel are two projection methods used in engineering drawing.

PROJECTIONS
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Orthographic Projections

Ortho - means “right-angle” and Ortho-graphic – means “right-angled drawing”.

When the projections are perpendicular to the plane on which the projection is obtained, it is
known as Orthographic Projection.
Orthographic Projections is a technical drawing in which different views of an object are projected on
different reference planes observing perpendicular to respective reference plane.
Different Reference planes are.
– Horizontal Plane (HP)
– Vertical Plane (VP) / Frontal Plane (FP)
– Side or Profile Plane (PP)
a. Right Profile Plane (RPP)
b. Left Profile Plane (LPP)

PRINCIPLE PLANES
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Different views are.

– Front View (FV) – Projected on VP
– Top View (TV) – Projected on HP
– Side View (SV) – Projected on PP

VIEWS ON PRINCIPLE PLANES

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Front view on Vertical Plane

Extend the rays or projectors further to meet a Vertical Plane (V.P) located behind the object. Join the
points at which the projectors meet the plane, in correct sequence. The resulting view (FV) is called
the Front View of the object which is shown in fig. (b)

Top on Horizontal Plane

Look at the object from the top. The projection of the top surface T is TH . TH is the Top View of the
object. Both T and TH are of exactly the same shape and size. Thus TH gives the Length (L) and
Breadth (B) of the block but not the Height (H).
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How to draw Projection on 2D Sheet.

For TOP VIEW & FRONT VIEW

1. For Ist QUADRANT

Ist Angle Projection

Above H.P. & In Front of V.P.

Front View -Above Reference line & Top View -Below Reference line

2. For IInd QUADRANT

IInd Angle Projection

Above H.P. & Behind V.P.

Front View -Above Reference line & Top View -Above Reference line

3. For IIIrd QUADRANT

IIIrd Angle Projection

Below H.P. & Behind V.P.

Front View -Below Reference line & Top View -Above Reference line

4. For IVth QUADRANT

IVth Angle Projection

below H.P. & Behind of V.P.

Front View -Below Reference line & Top View -below Reference line
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Why First and Third angle projection prefer of Design?

We generally consider that the horizontal plane rotates in a clockwise direction after having a
projection on it. In 2nd & 4th angle projection after the rotation TOP VIEW and FRONT VIEW
coincide on each other. That's the reason why we use 1st angle and 3rd angle projection. Because only
in these two quadrants we will get both views after clockwise rotation of the horizontal plane.

Difference between 1st angle and 3rd angle projection?

Parameter First Angle projection Third angle projection

Method of If you divide a plane into four quadrants, If you divide a plane into four
Projection you put any object in the first quadrant in a quadrants, you put any object in the
first angle projection. third quadrant in a third angle
projection.
Placement of In this projection, the object is placed In this projection, the object is placed
Objects between the observer and the plane of between the observer and the object.
projection.
The sequence The views come in the sequence given The views come in the sequence given
of Views below- top left, then clockwise, the Right below- the top view sits at the top of
view, the Front view, and the Top view. the front view, and the right view sits
on the right of the front view.
Uses Majorly used in India, Europe, Canada. Majorly used in Australia and the
United States.
Identification You can identify whether a drawing is in the You can identify whether a drawing is
first projection or not by checking the in third angle projection or not by
symbol of the first angle projection. This checking the symbol of the third angle
symbol of the angle of projection can be projection. This symbol of the angle
easily located near the Title block in the of projection can be easily located
angle of the projection block. near the Title block in the angle of the
projection block.
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Sheets Size
For Manual Drawing
A2 Sheet
Dimension of Sheet: 420 mm × 594 mm

Red line- Margin line

Title Box: Arrow Size:

Use of pencils:
2B 2H
Boundary Lines Projection Lines
Title Box Dimension Lines
Outer Lines Extension Lines
Final answer Lines Arrowhead
Dimensioning figures Centre line or Axis Line
Section Lines
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For AutoCAD
A4 Sheet
Dimension of sheet: 297 mm × 210 mm

Title Box

Basic Setting of AutoCAD

1. Unit Settings
2. Text Style Setting
3. Dimension line Setting
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Interface of AutoCAD

Application button Quick Access Toolbar Ribbon

Menu Bar

View Cube

Navigation Bar
Workspace

Crosshair

User Coordinate Command Line Status bar

System
Model/Layout Tab
AutoCAD Interface

Extension of AutoCAD file

Filename.DWG
I- For COMMAND LINE Visibility
CTRL + 9
II- For MENU BAR
Type MENUBAR in the Command line,
Then enter the Value <1>
III- For RIBBON
Type RIBBON on Command line
Then press ENTER
IV- For NAVIGATION BAR
In the QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR- VIEW -
Click on Navigation Bar in Left
V- For SAVE FILE
Click on APPLICATION Button
Then SAVE
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BASIC SETTINGS
All the basic Settings are in MENUBAR
Click on FORMAT
Drop Down Menu Appear

1. UNIT SETTING
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2. TEXT STYLE
For Text

3. DIMENSION STYLE
For Dimensions
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Select ISO-25
Then Click Modify
a. Lines

b. Symbols and Arrow

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c. Text

d. Primary Unit
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1. Projection of Points

Point
A point represents a location in space or on a drawing, and has no width, height and depth. A point
is represented by the intersection of two lines.

Point

POSITION OF POINTS
1. Ist quadrant, it will be above H.P. and in front of V.P.
2. IInd quadrant, it will be above H.P. and behind V.P.
3. IIIrd quadrant, it will be below H.P. and behind V.P.
4. IVth quadrant, it will be in front of V.P. and below H.P
NOTATION
View Notation
For Location in Space Capital Letter- A, B, C, etc.
For Top View Small Letter a, b, c, etc.
For Front View a’, b’, c’ etc.
For Side View a’’ , b’’, c’’ etc
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Projection of a point in the FIRST QUADRANT

Question: Point A is 20 mm above H.P. and 30 mm in front of V.P. draw its front view and
top view.

Solution:
 NOTES ON ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & DESIGN

Projection of a point in the SECOND QUADRANT

Question: A point B is 25 mm above H.P. and 35 mm behind V.P. Draw its projections.

Solution:
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Projection of a point in the THIRD QUADRANT

Question: A point C is 35 mm below H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P. Draw its projections.

Solution:
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Projection of a point in the THIRD QUADRANT

Question: A point D is 30 mm below H.P. and 40 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections.

Solution:
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Projection of Points in HP and VP summary

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

1. Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference line:

a) P, 35 mm behind the V.P. and 20 mm below the H.P.
b) Q, 40 mm in front of the V.P. and 30 mm above the H.P.
c) R, 50 mm behind the V.P. and 15 mm above the H.P.
d) S, 40 mm below the H.P. and in the V.P.
e) T, 30 mm in front of V.P. and 50 mm below the H.P.
f) U, 35 mm behind the V.P. and in the H.P.

2. Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference line:

a) P, 25 mm below the H.P. and in the V.P.
b) Q, 40 mm behind the V.P. and in the H.P.
c) R, 30 mm below the H.P. and 30 mm in front of the V.P.
d) S, 25 mm above the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.
e) T, 25 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm in front of the V.P.
f) U, in both the V.P. and the H.P.

3. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
distance between each projector. Name the quarants in which they lie.
a) E - 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP.
b) F - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
c) G - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
d) H - on HP and 35 mm behind VP.
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4. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
distance between each projector. Name the quadrant in which they lie.
a) M - 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP.
b) N - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
c) O - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
d) P - on HP and 35 mm behind VP.

5. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
distance between each projector. Name the quadrants in which they lie.
a) P - 20 mm above HP and 35 mm infront of VP.
b) Q - 30 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
c) R - 40 mm above HP and on VP.
d) S - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.

6. Draw the projections of the following points on the same reference XY line and state
thequadrants in which they lie.
a) E - 35 mm above HP and on VP.
b) F - 30 mm below HP and on VP.
c) G - on HP and 25 mm behind VP.
d) H - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP
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Projection of Points on Profile Plane

Location of Point: Ist Quadrant

Question: Point P is 40 mm in front of VP, 50 mm above HP, 30 mm in front

of left profile plane (PP)

Solution:
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PRACTICE QUESTION ON PROFILE PLANE

1. A point S is in first quadrant and equidistant of 50 mm from all the three
principal planes. Draw the projections of the point. Draw all the three
views of the point.
2. A point P is 30 mm Infront of VP, 40 mm above HP and 50 mm from
RPP. Draw its projections
3. A point is 30 mm infront of VP, 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront /
behind / from LPP. Draw its projects and name the side view.
4. A point P is 45 mm Infront of VP, 35 mm above HP and 35 mm from
LPP. Draw its projections