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Processes: Bibliographical Notes

Processes allow multiple programs to run concurrently on modern operating systems. A process is a program in execution and represents the unit of work. An operating system manages and schedules multiple processes to utilize system resources and the CPU. Processes can execute user or operating system code concurrently and communicate through inter-process communication methods like pipes and messages.

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70 views2 pages

Processes: Bibliographical Notes

Processes allow multiple programs to run concurrently on modern operating systems. A process is a program in execution and represents the unit of work. An operating system manages and schedules multiple processes to utilize system resources and the CPU. Processes can execute user or operating system code concurrently and communicate through inter-process communication methods like pipes and messages.

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Tugas Utomo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER

3
Processes

Early computers allowed only one program to be executed at a time. This pro-
gram had complete control of the system and had access to all the system’s
resources. In contrast, contemporary computer systems allow multiple pro-
grams to be loaded into memory and executed concurrently. This evolution
required firmer control and more compartmentalization of the various pro-
grams; and these needs resulted in the notion of a process, which is a program
in execution. A process is the unit of work in a modern computing system.
The more complex the operating system is, the more it is expected to do on
behalf of its users. Although its main concern is the execution of user programs,
it also needs to take care of various system tasks that are best done in user space,
rather than within the kernel. A system therefore consists of a collection of
processes, some executing user code, others executing operating system code.
Potentially, all these processes can execute concurrently, with the CPU (or CPUs)
multiplexed among them. In this chapter, you will read about what processes
are, how they are represented in an operating system, and how they work.

Bibliographical Notes
Process creation, management, and IPC in UNIX and Windows systems,
respectively, are discussed in [Robbins and Robbins (2003)] and [Russinovich
et al. (2017)]. [Love (2010)] covers support for processes in the Linux
kernel, and [Hart (2005)] covers Windows systems programming in detail.
Coverage of the multiprocess model used in Google’s Chrome can be found at
http://blog.chromium.org/2008/09/multi-process-architecture.html.
Message passing for multicore systems is discussed in [Holland and Seltzer
(2011)]. [Baumann et al. (2009)] describe performance issues in shared-memory
and message-passing systems. [Levin (2013)] describes message passing in the
Mach system, particularly with respect to macOS and iOS.
The implementation of RPCs is discussed by [Birrell and Nelson
(1984)]. [Staunstrup (1982)] discusses procedure calls versus message-
passing communication. [Harold (2005)] provides coverage of socket
programming in Java. Details on Android RPCs can be found at
https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl.html. [Hart (2005)]

57
58 Chapter 3 Processes

and [Robbins and Robbins (2003)] cover pipes in Windows and UNIX systems,
respectively.

Bibliography

[Baumann et al. (2009)] A. Baumann, P. Barham, P.-E. Dagand, T. Harris,


R. Isaacs, P. Simon, T. Roscoe, A. Schüpbach, and A. Singhania, “The multikernel:
a new OS architecture for scalable multicore systems” (2009), pages 29–44.
[Birrell and Nelson (1984)] A. D. Birrell and B. J. Nelson, “Implementing
Remote Procedure Calls”, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Volume 2,
Number 1 (1984), pages 39–59.
[Harold (2005)] E. R. Harold, Java Network Programming, Third Edition, O’Reilly
& Associates (2005).
[Hart (2005)] J. M. Hart, Windows System Programming, Third Edition, Addison-
Wesley (2005).
[Holland and Seltzer (2011)] D. Holland and M. Seltzer, “Multicore OSes: look-
ing forward from 1991, er, 2011”, Proceedings of the 13th USENIX conference on Hot
topics in operating systems (2011), pages 33–33.
[Levin (2013)] J. Levin, Mac OS X and iOS Internals to the Apple’s Core, Wiley
(2013).
[Love (2010)] R. Love, Linux Kernel Development, Third Edition, Developer’s
Library (2010).
[Robbins and Robbins (2003)] K. Robbins and S. Robbins, Unix Systems Pro-
gramming: Communication, Concurrency and Threads, Second Edition, Prentice
Hall (2003).
[Russinovich et al. (2017)] M. Russinovich, D. A. Solomon, and A. Ionescu, Win-
dows Internals - Part 1, Seventh Edition, Microsoft Press (2017).
[Staunstrup (1982)] J. Staunstrup, “Message Passing Communication Versus
Procedure Call Communication”, Software — Practice and Experience, Volume 12,
Number 3 (1982), pages 223–234.

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