This document provides an introduction to conic sections and circles. It defines four types of conic sections formed from slicing a double cone: parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Circles are formed from a horizontal slice. It also defines key parts of circles and provides the standard and general equations of a circle. The document continues to define parts of parabolas and provide their standard equations. It concludes by defining ellipses as curves where the sum of distances to two focal points is constant, and provides properties and equations of ellipses.
This document provides an introduction to conic sections and circles. It defines four types of conic sections formed from slicing a double cone: parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Circles are formed from a horizontal slice. It also defines key parts of circles and provides the standard and general equations of a circle. The document continues to define parts of parabolas and provide their standard equations. It concludes by defining ellipses as curves where the sum of distances to two focal points is constant, and provides properties and equations of ellipses.
This document provides an introduction to conic sections and circles. It defines four types of conic sections formed from slicing a double cone: parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Circles are formed from a horizontal slice. It also defines key parts of circles and provides the standard and general equations of a circle. The document continues to define parts of parabolas and provide their standard equations. It concludes by defining ellipses as curves where the sum of distances to two focal points is constant, and provides properties and equations of ellipses.
This document provides an introduction to conic sections and circles. It defines four types of conic sections formed from slicing a double cone: parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. Circles are formed from a horizontal slice. It also defines key parts of circles and provides the standard and general equations of a circle. The document continues to define parts of parabolas and provide their standard equations. It concludes by defining ellipses as curves where the sum of distances to two focal points is constant, and provides properties and equations of ellipses.
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PRE-CALCULUS UNIT 1: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Lesson 1.1.
INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTIONS AND CIRCLES
Conic Sections - are curves which can be derived from taking slices from a double napped cone. - a particular class of curves which oftentimes appear in nature and which have applications in other fields. - It is also called conics.
The conics were named and studied as long ago as 200
BC, when Apollonius of Perga undertook a systematic study of their properties. Figure 1. Parts of a double napped-cone
CONIC SECTIONS
Parabola- when the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded curve. Circle- when the plane is horizontal. Ellipse- when the tilted plane intersects only one cone to form a bounded curve. Hyperbola- when the plane (not necessarily vertical) intersects both cones to form an unbounded curve. DEGENERATE CONICS
1 PRE-CALCULUS UNIT 1: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Lesson 1.1.
DEFINITION AND EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
A circle is a looped figure that contains all sets of points with a fixed distance known as the radius to a fixed point known as the center. In short, a circle contains all set of points equidistant to the center. Parts of a Circle
Center-A fixed point inside a circle which is equidistant to all the points along the circumference of a circle. Circumference-The actual length of the circle when opened and made straight into a line. Chord-The line segment connecting both ends of a circle. Diameter-A special type of chord that passes through the center, and it is usually 2 times the radius. Tangent-A line that intersects a circle at only 1 point. Secant-A line that passes through a circle at 2 points. Central Angles- An angle formed by 2 radii. Inscribed Angle- An angle formed by 2 chords intersecting at a point in the circumference of a circle. Usually half the measure of the central angle. Arc-A part of the circle's circumference. Can be a minor arc, which measures less than 180°, a major arc, which measures more than 180°, and a semicircle, which measures 180°. Sector-A part of a circle formed by an arc and 2 radii. Segment-A part of a circle formed by a chord and an arc.
FORMULAS
STANDARD EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
(x-h)2+(y-k)2=r2 Where: (h,k) is the center r2 is the radius
2 PRE-CALCULUS UNIT 1: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Lesson 1.1.
When given the "general form", it will be necessary to covert the equation into the center-radius form to determine the center and the radius and to graph the circle. To accomplish this conversion, you will need to "complete the square" on the equation.
Start by grouping the x-related terms together and the y-related terms together. Move any numerical constants (plain numbers) to the other side. Get ready to insert the needed values for creating perfect square trinomials. Remember to balance both sides of the equation. Find the missing value by taking half of the "middle term" (the linear coefficient) of the trinomial and squaring it. This value will always be positive as a result of the squaring process. Rewrite in factored form
3 PRE-CALCULUS UNIT 1: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Lesson 1.2
PARABOLAS A u-shaped curve with certain specific properties. Formally, a parabola is defined as follows: For a given point, called the focus, and a given line not through the focus, called the directrix, a parabola is the focus of points such that the distance to the focus equals the distance to the directrix.
PARTS OF A PARABOLA Directrix- a fixed line used in describing a curve or surface. Focus- a fixed point on the interior of a parabola used in the formal definition of a curve. Vertex- a point on the parabola between the focus and directrix. Latus Rectum- is the chord (line segment) that passes through the focus, is perpendicular to the major axis and has both endpoints on the curve. o The length of the parabola ’s latus rectum is equal to four times the focal length.
OTHER FORMULAS: Parabola Centered at Origin Vertical 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚 Horizontal 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙
Standard Equation Shift vertex to Resulting Equation
4 PRE-CALCULUS UNIT 1: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Lesson 1.2
ELLIPSES is a curve in a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum of the distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve. The elongation of an ellipse is represented by its eccentricity, which for an ellipse can be any number from 0 (the limiting case of a circle) to arbitrarily close to but less than 1. the set of all points P, the sum of whose distances from two specified points F sub 1 and F sub 2 is a constant number. The point F sub 1 and F sub 2 are called the 'foci' (each is a focus) of the ellipse.
Figure 2. Ellipse examples
Figure 1. Parts of an Ellipse
where a > b > 0. Let c = square root a2 – b2. The graph has the following properties: a. Its center C is the origin. b. The major axis is on x-axis has the length of 2a. Ita endpoints are the vertices V sub 1 (-a, 0) and V sub 2 (a, 0). c. The minor axis is on the y-axis and has length 2b. Its endpoints are the covertices W sub 1 (0, -b) and W sub 2 (0, b). d. The foci are F sub 1 (-c, 0) and F sub 2 (c, 0), on the major axis. e. For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from two foci is 2a.
