International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013 1
ISSN 2250-3153
Static Analysis on Custom Polyurethane Spokes of
Airless Tire
Anuj Suhag*, Rahul Dayal**
*
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, V.I.T University, India
**
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, V.I.T University, India
Abstract- The airless tire is a single unit replacing the pneumatic
tire, wheel and valve assembly. It replaces all the components of II. HISTORY
a typical radial tire and is comprised of a rigid hub, connected to For more than 100 years, vehicles have been rolling along on
a shear band by means of flexible, deformable polyurethane cushions of air encased in rubber. The pneumatic tire has served
spokes and a tread band, all functioning as a single unit. The drivers and passengers well on road and off, but a new design by
Tweel, a kind of airless tire, though finds its generic application Michelin could change all that – the Tweel Airless tire. This
in military and earth moving applications due to its flat proof report discusses what such Airless Tires are, why one would use
design can also render the pneumatic tire obsolete in domestic it in place of traditional tires, some of the problems that may
cars. occur with an airless tire and where one might see such Airless
Our project involves fabrication of an airless tire prototype for Tire in the future. When the tire is put to the road, the spokes
domestic cars; this will be followed by a stress analysis study of absorb road impacts the same way air pressure does in pneumatic
the prototype. The study has been done on the SolidWorks tires. The tread and shear bands deform temporarily as the spokes
design package wherein – stress and deflection studies have been bend, then quickly spring back into shape. Airless tires can be
performed. made with different spoke tensions, allowing for different
handling characteristics. More pliant spokes result in a more
Index Terms- Airless tire, MichelinR, Pneumatic tire, comfortable ride with improved handling. The lateral stiffness of
SolidWorks, Tweel. the tire is also adjustable. However, you can’t adjust a such a tire
once it has been manufactured. You’ll have to select a different
I. INTRODUCTION one. For testing, Michelin equipped an Audi A4 with Tweels
made with five times as much lateral stiffness as a pneumatic
tire, resulting in “very responsive handling”. Non-pneumatic
M ichelin first announced the Tweel in 2005. The name is a
combination of the words tire and wheel because the Tweel
doesn’t use a traditional wheel hub assembly. A solid
tires (NPT), or Airless tires, are tires that are not supported by air
pressure. They are used on some small vehicles such as riding
inner hub mounts to the axle that’s surrounded by polyurethane lawn mowers and motorized golf carts. They are also used on
spokes arrayed in a pattern of wedges. A shear band is stretched heavy equipment such as backhoes, which are required to operate
across the spokes, forming the outer edge of the tire (the part that on sites such as building demolition, where tire punctures are
comes in contact with the road). The tension of the shear band on likely. Tires composed of closed-cell polyurethane foam are also
the spokes and the strength of the spokes themselves replace the made for bicycles and wheelchairs. The main advantage of
air pressure of a traditional tire. The tread is then attached to the airless tires is that they cannot go flat, but they are far less
shear band. When the Tweel is put to the road, the spokes absorb common than air filled tires.
road impacts the same way air pressure does in pneumatic tires. Airless tires generally have higher rolling resistance and provide
The tread and shear bands deform temporarily as the spokes much less suspension than similarly shaped and sized pneumatic
bend, then quickly spring back into shape. tires. Other problems for airless tires include dissipating the heat
Airless tires can be made with different spoke tensions, allowing buildup that occurs when they are driven. Airless tires are often
for different handling characteristics. The lateral stiffness of the filled with compressed polymers (plastic), rather than air.
tire is also adjustable. Michelin is currently developing an integrated tire and wheel
combination, the "Tweel" (derived from "tire" and "wheel,"
1) Drawbacks of Pneumatic tire which, as the name "Tweel" suggests, are combined into one
One of the basic shortcomings of a tire filled with air is that the new, fused part), that operates entirely without air. Michelin
inflation pressure is distributed equally around the tire, both up claims its "Tweel" has load carrying, shock absorbing, and
and down (vertically) as well as side-to side (laterally). That handling characteristics that compare favorably to conventional
property keeps the tire round, but it also means that raising the pneumatic tires.
pressure to improve cornering - increasing lateral stiffness - also Automotive engineering group of mechanical engineering
adds up-down stiffness, making the ride harsh. department at Clemson University is developing a low energy
loss airless tire with Michelin through the NIST ATP project.
Resilient Technologies and the University of Wisconsin–
Madison's Polymer Engineering Center are creating a "non-
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013 2
ISSN 2250-3153
pneumatic tire", which is basically a round polymeric
honeycomb wrapped with a thick, black tread. The initial version 3.1) Rim Thickness
of the tire is for the SUVs and is expected to be available in t = D/200 + 6
2012.Resilient Technologies airless tires have been tested and are t = 0.36/200 + 6
used by the U.S. Army. t= 8mm
III. CALCULATIONS 3.2) Dimensions of arms in the Rim
The following calculations undertake the Shaft design, key Load on each wheel =0.375 ton = 375 kg.
design and rim design. Assumptions made during the Compressive stress of material = 180956404.3 N/mm2.
Load = n x cross section area x compressive stress of material.
calculations are underpinned.
The number of arms in each rim is assumed to be 4 i.e.. n=4
Area of each arm = 0.01 x 0.01 = 1 x 10 -4 m2.
1) Shaft Design Compressive load = 3678.75 /0.012 x 4 = 9197125N/mm2.
The shaft is a rod of circular cross section which is used in The compressive stress of design by calculation is much lesser
transmission of power over a long distance and also for load than the actual compressive stress of the material and well under
supporting. Axle shafts are used for transmitting rotating motion the safety limit.
of cam shaft to wheels. The following values are assumed to
design the axle shaft: 3.3) Dimensions of hub
Weight of car= 1.5ton The di is the inner diameter of the hub of the tweel.The d o is the
Power =100HP. outer diameter of the hub and the ds is the diameter of the shaft
Tire diameter=500mm which is equal to 80mm.The di is equal to ds.
RPM of tire, N1=6000 RPM. The do=1.5ds+25,
Material of the shaft is assumed to be Cast Iron The do=2ds (PSG DATA BOOK) for safe limits,
Gr3.Coressponding to the material the following values are The do is 160mm
obtained from PSG DATA BOOK. The Length of the hub is calculated to be 15 mm.
Tensile Stress = 520N/mm2.
Bending Stress = 270N/mm2. 4) Final Calculated Values
Shear Stress = 100N/mm2. Diameter of shaft = 80mm
Bending moment, M=5886Nm Diameter of key = 16mm
Twisting moment, T=3000Nm Diameter of rim = 360mm
Te= ((1.5x5880)2+ (1.2X3000)2)1/2=9526.4 Nm Number of arms = 4
Te ≤ (π/16) x 100x d3. Dimensions of arms: x=10mm
9520X103≤ (π/16) x 100 x d3 y =10mm
Diameter of shaft= 80mm. Diameter of the hub: Inner diameter = 80mm
Outer diameter = 160mm
2) Key Dimensions Length of the hub = 15mm
Keys are used as fasteners so that both shaft and the mounted
elements rotate together. The following calculations are
performed keeping in mind the” Pin key” type
IV. ANALYSIS
d’=0.2xd.
Diameter of key=16mm. According to the International Standard a pneumatic tire is
3) Design of Rim required to be inflated up to 25 psi in order to have a proper air
Rim is the skeleton of the tire and is the hardest part of the cushion for drive comfort and fuel efficiency. This air pressure is
wheel. It provides rigidity to the wheel and it is also responsible subject extrinsic properties like temperature. As per a study
for transmission of power. Material of the rim is considered to be performed on Yamuna Expressway, the tire pressure after an hour
Alloy Steel SS. of continuous journey the air pressure inside the tube of
Density of material = 7700 kg/m3. pneumatic tire reaches up to 56 psi.
Tensile Strength = 723825617 N/mm2. To simulate such dynamic environment the spokes are under
Poisson’s ratio = 0.28 the subjugation of force, torque and pressure due to car’s weight
Velocity of rim, V1=120km/hr. and acceleration. The spokes were under following conditions:
Stress St=density x v2
St=7700x120x5/18 Table 1.The values of these extensive parameters are decided to depict the
St=256666.6 N/m2. harshest condition a tire can withstand in normal on road performance.
The calculated stress value is less than tensile value of rim, Pressure 1.033e+005 N/m^2
therefore assumed velocity is in the safe limit. Force 10000 N
V1=π x D x N/60 Torque 11230 N-m
N=3350.526 RPM
The rim speed is well under the standard speed of the shaft, so it The conditions that are simulated are of zero initial velocity and
is under the safety limit of the wheel. positive acceleration. This is a scenario where the car has to
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013 3
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overcome static friction and the wheels posses’ higher stress. Table 2.Material Properties
In such cases the design of spokes is significant in deciding the
load bearing capacity and the materials elasticity. Therefore both Mass density 1200 kg/m^3
design and material of spokes, is pivotal in the success of airless
Tensile strength 3e+007 N/m^2
Compressive strength 1.38e+009 N/m^2
Yield strength 1.4e+008 N/m^2
Thermal expansion 1e-006 /Kelvin
coefficient
Thermal conductivity 0.209 W/(m.K)
Specific heat 1386 J/(kg.K)
Material damping ratio 0.4 NA
Elastic Modulus 6e+008 N/m^2
Poisson’s Ratio 0.23 NA
Shear Modulus 2.5e+007 N/m^2
Fig1. Isometric view of the wheel design .The design procedure is performed
on the SolidWorks design package basedon the calculated parameters.
A. Material properties V.RESULT
The material property of the polyurethane polymer used in The maximum deflection in the spokes that are subjected to the
spokes of the tweel are listed below.These valuese are utilized in
aforementioned stress, torque and pressure values, are within
the static stress analysis on the wheel.
the maximum permissible limits dictated by the material
properties. It is found out from the analysis that the design is
structurally rigid and stable to withstand all the simulated
conditions and enough ductile to retreat to its original dimensions.
Table 3.Results of the simulation
Name Min Max
Stress 3.36838 N/m^2 1.7002e+008
N/m^2
Displacement 0 mm 130.165 mm
Strain 1.14799e-008 0.187904
VI.CONCLUSION
Fig.2. Stress analysis of wheel spokes subjected to high torque, pressure and The spoke’s design has performed satisfactorily under pre de-
normal forces on the wheel face. -fined static conditions. The stress and deformation of
material in these conditions is under permissible limits of
material properties.
.
. References
Table 2.Material Properties
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013 4
ISSN 2250-3153
[1] The Computational Modelling Of Tire, Jan KRMELA, University of Conference on Economic Engineering and Manufacturing Systems Brasov,(
Pardubice, Czech Republic (2009). 26 – 27 November 2009).
[2] Wear of tire treads, D. Manas*, M. Manas, M. Staněk, V. Pata Department [6] A tyre-terrain interaction model for off-road vehicles M. A. A. Emam1*, S.
of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technology,Tomas Bata University Shaaban1, S. El-Demerdash1 and H. El-Zomor2 1Automotive and Tractor
in Zlin, TGM 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic ,( Received 13.09.2009; Engineering Department,Helwan University, Egypt. Higher Technological
published in revised form 01.12.2009). Institute, 10th of Ramadan City – 6th of October Branch, Egypt. (Accepted
[3] Representation of truck tire properties in braking and handling studies: THE 28 March, 2011).
INFLUENCE OF PAVEMENT AND TIRE CONDITIONS ON
FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, Zeev Bareket Paul Fancher
,(December 1989)
[4] 2ND INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON VEHICLE TYRE ROAD
AUTHORS
INTERACTION “FRICTION POTENTIAL AND SAFETY : First Author – Anuj Suhag, B.Tech student, VIT University, E-
PREDICTION OF HANDLING BEHAVIOR” ,EXTERNAL EXPERT
CONTRIBUTION FLORENCE , Title : Integration of Road and Tyre
mail: anuj.suhag27@gmail.com .
Design – Overview of New Zealand Research Authors :P.D.Cenek, S.Fong, Second Author – Rahul Dayal, B.Tech student, VIT University,
N.J.Jamieson, and M.W.McLarin (FEBRUARY 23rd 2001). E-mail: rahul.dayal2007@gmail.com.
[5] THE COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF TIRE Jan
KRMELA,University of Pardubice, Czech Republic, International
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