www.sakshieducation.

com

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Definition: If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f′(x) = g(x) then f(x) is called
antiderivative or primitive of g(x) with respect to x.

Note 1: If f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x) then f(x) + c is also an antiderivative of g(x) for all
c ∈ R.

Definition: If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) then F(x) + c, c ∈ R is called indefinite integral of

f(x) with respect to x. It is denoted by ∫ f (x) dx . The real number c is called constant of
integration.

Note:
1. The integral of a function need not exists. If a function f(x) has integral then f(x) is called an
integrable function.
2. The process of finding the integral of a function is known as Integration.
3. The integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

Corollary:
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions then ∫ (f ± g)(x) dx = ∫ f (x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx

Corollary:
If f1(x), f2(x), …,fn(x) are integrable functions then
∫ (f1 + f2 + ... + fn )(x)dx = ∫ f1(x)dx + ∫ f2 (x)dx + ... + ∫ fn (x)dx .

Corollary:
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions and k, l are two real numbers then
∫ (kf + lg)(x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + l∫ g(x)dx .

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

Integration by Substitution

1
Theorem: If ∫ f (x)dx = g(x) and a ≠ 0 then ∫ f (ax + b)dx = g(ax + b) + c .
a
Proof:
Put ax + b = t.
d dt 1
Then (ax + b) = ⇒ a ⋅ dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt
dx dx a
1
∴ ∫ f (ax + b)dx = ∫ f (t) ⋅ dt
a
1 1 1
= ∫ f (t)dt = g(t) + c = g(ax + b) + c
a a a
1 (ax + b)n +1
E.g. ∫ (ax + b)n dx = + c, (n ≠ −1)
a n +1

f ′(x)
Theorem: If f(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ f (x) dx = log | f (x) | +c .
Proof:
dt
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f ′(x) = ⇒ f ′(x)dx = dt
dx
f ′(x) 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ dt = log | t | + c = log | f (x) | + c
f (x) t

π
Theorem: ∫ tan x dx = log | sec x | +c for x ≠ (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z .
2
Proof:
sin x d(cos x)
∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x dx = −∫ cos x
dx

1
= − log | cos x | + c = log + c = log | sec x | + c
| cos x |

Theorem: ∫ cot x dx = log | sin x | +c for x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z.

Proof:
cos x
∫ cot x dx = ∫ sin x dx = log | sin x | +c

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

π
Theorem: ∫ sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | +c = log | tan(π / 4 + x / 2) + c for x ≠ (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z .
2
Proof:
sec x(sec x + tan x)
∫ sec x dx = ∫ sec x + tan x
dx

sec 2 x + sec x tan x

=∫ dx = log | sec x + tan x | + c
sec x + tan x
1 sin x 1 + sin x
= log + + c = log +c
cos x cos x cos x
1 − cos(π / 2 + x)
= log +c
sin(π / 2 + x)
π x
2sin 2  + 
= log 4 2 +c
π x π x
2sin  +  cos  + 
4 2 4 2
π x
= log tan  +  + c
4 2

Theorem: ∫ csc x dx = log | csc x − cot x | +c = log | tan x / 2 | +c for x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z .

Proof:
csc x(csc x − cot x)
∫ csc x dx = ∫ csc x − cot x
dx

csc2 x − csc x cot x

=∫ dx = log | csc x − cot x | + c
csc x − cot x
1 cos x 1 − cos x
= log − + c = log +c
sin x sin x sin x
2sin 2 x / 2
= log + c = log | tan x / 2 | +c
2sin x / 2 cos x / 2

[f (x)]n +1
Theorem: If f(x) is differentiable function and n ≠ –1 then ∫ [f (x)]n f ′(x)dx = +c.
n +1
Proof:
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f′(x) dx = dt
t n +1 [f (x)]n +1 f ′(x)
∴ ∫ [f (x)]n f ′(x)dx = ∫ t n dt = +c = + c Note : ∫ dx = 2 f (x) + c
n +1 n +1 f (x)

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

Theorem:If ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) and g(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = F[g(x)] + c .
Proof :
g(x) = t ⇒ g′(x) dx = dt
∴ ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f[g(x)]g′(x)dx
= ∫ f (t)dt = F(t) + c = F[g(x)] + c

Integration of Some Standard Functions

1 x
Theorem: ∫ dx = Sin −1   + c for x ∈ (–a, a).
a2 − x2 a
Proof:
Put x = a sin θ. Then dx = a cosθ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a cos θ dθ
a2 − x2 a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ
1 1
=∫ a cos θdθ = ∫ cos θdθ
a 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ
x
= ∫ dθ = θ + c = Sin −1   + c
a

1 x
Theorem: ∫ dx = Sinh −1   + c for x ∈ R.
a2 + x2 a
Proof:
Put x = a sinhθ. Then dx = a cos h θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a cosh θ dθ
a2 + x2 a 2 + a 2 sinh 2 θ
a cosh θ x
=∫ = ∫ dθ = θ + c = Sinh −1   + c
a cosh θ a

Theorem:
1 x
∫ dx = Cosh −1   + c for x ∈ (–∞, –a) ∪ (a, ∞).
x2 − a2 a
Proof :
Put x = a cosh θ. Then dx = a sinhθ dθ

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a sinh θ dθ
x −a2 2
a cosh 2 θ − a 2
2

a sinh θ x
=∫ dθ = ∫ dθ = θ + c = Cosh −1   + c
a sinh θ a

Theorem:
1 1 −1 
x
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a Tan   + c for x ∈ R .
a
Proof:
Put x = a tan θ. Then dx = a sec2θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ 2 2 a sec2 θ dθ
a +x22
a + a tan θ
2

1 1 sec2 θ
=∫
a ∫ sec2 θ
a sec 2
θd θ = dθ
a 2 (1 + tan 2 θ)
1 1 1 x
= ∫ dθ = θ + c = Tan −1   + c
a a a a

1 1 a+x
Theorem: ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x + c for x ≠ ±a
Proof:
1 1
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ (a + x)(a − x) dx
1  1 1  1
= ∫  +  dx = [ log | a + x | − log | a − x |] + c
2a  a + x a − x  2a
1 a+x
= log +c
2a a−x

1 1 x −a
Theorem: ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = 2a log x + a + c for x ≠ ±a
Proof:
1 1
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ (x − a)(x + a) dx
1  1 1  1
= ∫  −  dx = [ log | x − a | − log | x + a |] + c
2a  x − a x + a  2a
1 x −a
= log +c
2a x+a

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

x 2 a2 x
Theorem: ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = a − x 2 + sin −1   + c for x ∈ (–a, a).
2 2 a
Proof:
Put x = a sin θ. Then dx = a cosθ dθ
∴ ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ a cos θ dθ

= ∫ a 1 − sin 2 θ a cos θdθ = a 2 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ

1 + cos 2θ a2  1 
= a2 ∫ dθ = θ + 2 sin 2θ  + c
2 2
a2  1  a2 
=  θ + 2sin θ cos θ  + c = θ + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ 
2 2 2  

a2  x x x2 
= Sin −1   + 1− 2  + c
2  a a a 

a2 x x 2
= Sin −1   + a − x2 + c
2 a 2

Theorem:
x 2 a2 x
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a + x 2 + Sinh −1   + c for x ∈ R .
2 2 a
Proof:
Put x = sinhθ. Then dx = a coshθ dθ
∴ ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 + a 2 sinh 2 θ a cosh θdθ

= ∫ a 1 + sinh 2 θ a cosh θ dθ = a 2 ∫ cosh 2 θ dθ

1 + cosh 2θ a2  1 
= a2 ∫ dθ = θ + 2 sinh 2θ + c
2 2
a2  1 
=  θ + 2 2 sinh θ cosh θ  + c
2
a2 
= θ + sinh θ 1 + sinh 2 θ  + c
2 
 

a2  x x x2 
= Sinh −1   + 1+ 2  + c
2 
 a a a 

a2 x x 2
= Sinh −1   + a + x2 + c
2 a a

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

x a2 x
Theorem: ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x 2 − a 2 − Cosh −1   + c for x ∈ [a, ∞).
2 2 a
Proof:
Put x = a coshθ. Then dx = a sinhθ dθ
∴ ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ a 2 cosh 2 θ − a 2 a sinh θdθ

= ∫ a cosh 2 θ − 1 a sinh θ dθ = a 2 ∫ sinh 2 θ dθ

cosh 2θ − 1 a2  1 
=a ∫ 2
dθ =  sinh 2θ − θ + c
2 2 2 
a2 1 
=  2sinh θ cosh θ − θ + c
2 2 
a2 
= cosh θ cosh 2 θ − 1 − θ + c
c 
 

a2 x x2 
−1  x 
=  − 1 − Cosh   +c
2  a a2  a  

x 2 2 a2 x
= x − a − Cosh −1   + c
2 2 a

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

Very Short Answer Questions

Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ (x − 2x 2 + 3)dx
3
1.
x4 2 3
Sol. ∫ (x 3 − 2x 2 + 3)dx = ∫ x 3dx − ∫ 2x 2dx + 3∫ dx = − x + 3x + c
4 3

2. ∫ 2x x dx

2x 5 / 2 4
Sol. ∫ 2x x dx = 2 ∫ x 3 / 2dx = + c = x5 / 2 + c
(5 / 2) 5

∫
3
3. 2x 2 dx

Sol. ∫ 3 2x 2 dx = ∫ 21/ 3 ⋅ x 2 / 3 dx
x5 / 3 3
= 21/ 2 ⋅ + c = 3 2 ⋅ x5 / 3 + c
(5 / 3) 5

x 2 + 3x − 1
4. ∫ 2x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \{0}
x 2 + 3x − 1  x2 3 1 
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫  + −  dx
2x  2x 2 2x 
x 3 1 1
=∫ dx + ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 2 2 x
x2 3 1
= + x − log | x | + c
4 2 2

1− x
5. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
1− x dx x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ − ∫ dx
x x x
1
− +1
x 2
= log | x | − + c = log | x | −2 x + c
(1/ 2)

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

 2 3 
6. ∫ 1 + x − x 2  dx on I ⊂ R \ {0}.
 2 3  dx
Sol. ∫ 1 + − 2 
dx = ∫ dx + 2∫ − 3∫ x −2dx
 x x  x
3
= x + 2 log | x | + +c
x

 4 
7. ∫  x + 1 + x 2  dx on R.

 4  1
Sol. ∫  x + 2 
dx = ∫ xdx + 4∫ dx
 1+ x  1+ x2
x2
= + 4 tan −1 x + c
2

 1 2 
∫  e − +
x
8.  dx .
 x x2 −1 
 1  2
Sol. ∫  e x − +  dx
 x x
2
− 1 
1 1
= ∫ e x dx − ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
x x2 −1

= ex − log | x | +2log | x + x 2 − 1 | +c

 1 1 
9. ∫  1 − x 2 + 1 + x 2  dx
 1 1  1 1
Sol. ∫  + 2 
dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
 1− x 1+ x  1− x 1+ x2
2 2

= tanh −1 x + tan −1 x + c

 1 2 
10. ∫  + dx on (–1, 1).
 1− x 1+ x2 
2

 1 2 
Sol. ∫  + dx
 1− x 1+ x2 
2

1 1
=∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
1− x 2
1+ x2
= sin −1 x + 2 sinh −1 x + c

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

11. ∫ e
(
log 1+ tan 2 x ) dx

Sol. ∫ e (
log 1+ tan x )
2
log ( sec x )
2

dx = = ∫ e dx

= ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x + c

sin 2 x
12. ∫ dx
1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx
1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x
=∫ dx = ∫ tan 2 xdx
cos 2 x
= ∫ (1 + sec 2 x ) dx = x + tan x + c

∫e dx, x ∈ R .
2x
13.
e 2x
Sol. ∫ e2x dx = +C
2

14. ∫ sin 7x dx, x ∈ R

cos 7x
Sol. ∫ sin 7x dx = − +C
7

x
15. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx, x∈R

x 1 2x dx 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ = log(1 + x 2 ) + C
1+ x 2
2 1+ x 2
2

∫ 2x sin(x + 1)dx, x ∈ R
2
16.
Sol. ∫ 2x sin(x 2 + 1)dx
Put x 2 + 1 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt

∫ 2x ⋅ sin(x + 1)dx = ∫ sin t dt = − cot t + C

2

= − cos(x 2 + 1) + C

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

(log x)2
17. ∫ dx .
x
(log x)2
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
put log x = t ⇒ dt = dx
x
(log x) 2 t3 (log x)3
∫ x = ∫ ⋅ = + = +C
2
dx t dt C
3 3

−1
eTan x
18. ∫ dx on I ⊂ (0, ∞).
1+ x2
−1
eTan x
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x2
dx
put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2
−1
eTan x tan −1 x
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ e ⋅ dt = e + C = e + C
t t

sin(Tan −1x)
18. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx, x ∈ R
sin(Tan −1x)
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x2
dx
put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2
sin(Tan −1x)
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ sin t dt
= − cos t + t = − cos(tan −1 x) + C

1
19. ∫ 8 + 2x 2 dx on R.

1 1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ 2
8 + 2x 2
2 x + 22
1 1 x 1 x
= ⋅ tan −1   + C = tan −1   + C
2 2 2 4 2

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

3x 2
20. ∫ 1 + x 6 dx, on R.
3x 2
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x6
put x 3 = t ⇒ 3x 2dx = dt
3x 2 dx dt
∫ 1+ x6 = ∫ 1+ t2
= tan −1 (t) + C = tan −1 (x 3 ) + C

2
21. ∫ 25 + 9x 2
dx on R.

2 2 dx
Sol. ∫
3∫
dx =
25 + 9x 2 5
2
x + 
2
3
2  x  2 −1  3x 
= sinh −1   + C = sinh   + C
3  5/3 3  5 

3 1 
22. ∫ 9x − 1
2
dx on  , ∞ 
3 
3 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
9x 2 − 1 1
2
x2 −  
 3
 x 
= cosh −1  −1
 + C = cosh (3x) + C
 1/ 3 
1 x
∴∫ dx = cosh −1   + C
x2 − a2 a

23. ∫ sin mx cos nx dx on R, m ≠ n, m and n are positive integers.

1
Sol: ∫ sin mx cos nx dx = 2 ∫ 2sin mx cos nx dx
1
= [sin(mx + nx) + sin(mx − nx)dx
2∫
1
= ∫ [sin(m + n)x + sin(m − n)x]dx
2

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

−1 1
= cos(m + n)x − cos(m − n)x + c
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
−1  cos(m + n)x (m − n)x 
=  + cos +c
2  m+n m−n 

24. ∫ sin mx sin nx dx on R, m ≠ n, m and n are positive integers.

1
Sol: ∫ sin mx sin nx dx = 2 ∫ 2sin mx sin nx dx
1
= ∫ [cos(mx − nx) − sin(mx + nx)dx
2
1
= ∫ [cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x]dx
2
1 1
= sin(m − n)x − sin(m + n)x + c
2(m − n) 2(m + n)
1  cos(m − n)x (m + n)x 
=  − sin +c
2 m −n m+n 

25. ∫ cos mx cos nx dx on R, m ≠ n, m and n are positive integers.

1
Sol: ∫ cos mx cos nx dx = 2 ∫ 2cos mx cos nx dx
1
= ∫ [cos(mx + nx) + cos(mx − nx)]dx
2
1
= ∫ [cos(m + n)x + cos(m − n)x]dx
2
−1 1
= sin(m + n)x − sin(m − n)x
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
1  sin(m + n)x (m − n)x 
=−  + sin +c.
2 m+n m−n 

ex
26. ∫ e x / 2 + 1 dx on R.

1
Sol. t = 1 + ex / 2 ⇒ dt = ex / 2dx
2
1 
x ex / 2  e x / 2dx 
e 2 
∫ ex / 2 + 1 dx = 2∫ ex / 2 + 1

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

(t − 1)dt  1
= 2∫ = 2 ∫  1 −  dt = 2(t − log t) + C
t  t
= 2(1 + e x / 2 − log(1 + e x / 2 )) + C

3
 1
27. Evaluate ∫  x +  dx, x > 0 .
 x
3
 1  3 1  1 
Sol: ∫  x + x  dx = ∫  x + x 3 +  x + x   dx
 
dx dx
= ∫ x 3dx + 3∫ x dx + 3∫ +∫ 3 +c
x x
x 4 3x 2 1
= + + 3log | x | − 2 + c .
4 2 2x

28. Find ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx on R.

Sol: ∫ 1 + 2 sin x cos x dx

= ∫ sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x dx

= ∫ (sin x + cos x)2 dx

= ∫ (sin x + cos x)dx
π 3π
If 2nπ − ≤ x ≤ 2nπ + for some n ∈ Z
4 4
= ∫ − (sin x + cos x)dx other wise

∴ ∫ 1 + 2sin x cos x dx = − cos x + sin x + c

π 3π
If 2nπ − ≤ x ≤ 2nπ +
4 4
= cos x – sin x + c
3π 7π
If 2nπ + ≤ x ≤ 2nπ + .
4 4

 1
 1   x+ 
29. Find ∫ 1 − 2  e x dx on I where I = (0, ∞).
 x 
1  1 
Sol: Let x + = t then 1 − 2  dx = dt
x  x 
 1
 1   x+ 
∴ ∫ 1 − 2  e x  dx = ∫ e t dt
 x 
 1
 x+ 
= e +c =e
t  x
+ c.

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

Short Answer Questions

Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ (1 − x ) dx
2 3
1.
Sol. ∫ (1 − x 2 )3 dx = ∫ (1 − 3x 2 + 3x 4 − x 6 )dx
3 x7
= x − x3 + x5 − + c
5 7

 3 2 1 
2. ∫  − + 2  dx
x x 3x 
 3 2 1 
Sol. ∫  − + 2  dx =
 x x 3x 
dx dx 1
= 3∫ − 2 ∫ + ∫ x −2 dx
x x 3
1
= 3(2 x ) − 2 log | x | − +c
3x
1
= 6 x − 2log | x | − +c
3x

2
 x +1 
3. ∫  x  dx
 
2
 x +1  x +1+ 2 x
Sol. ∫   dx = ∫ dx
 x  x2
x dx x
=∫ 2
dx + ∫ 2 + 2 ∫ 2 dx
x x x
dx dx
= ∫ + ∫ 2 + 2 ∫ x −3 / 2 dx
x x
1 2x −1/ 2
= log | x | − + +c
x (−1/ 2)
1 4
= log | x | − − +c
x x

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

(3x + 1)2
4. ∫ 2x dx
(3x + 1)2 9x 2 + 6x + 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2x 2x
9 1 1
= ∫ xdx + 3∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2 x
9 x2 1
= ⋅ + 3x + log | x | +c
2 2 2
9 2 1
= x + 3x + log | x | + c
4 2

2
 2x − 1 
5. ∫  3 x  dx
2
 2x − 1  4x 2 − 4x + 1
Sol. ∫   dx = ∫ 9x dx
 3 x 
4 4 1 dx
=
9 ∫ x dx − ∫ dx + ∫
9 9 x
4 x2 4 1
= − x + log | x | +c
9 2 9 9
4 2 4 1
= x − x + log | x | + c
18 9 9

 1 2 3 
6. ∫  x x 2 − 1 2x 2  dx on (1, ∞)
 + −
 
 1 2 3  1 1 3 1
Sol. ∫  + − 2  dx = ∫
 dx + 2 ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx
 x x − 1 2x 
2 x x2 −1 2 x
3
= 2 x + 2 cosh −1 x + +c
2x

∫ (sec x − cos x + x 2 )dx,

2
7.

Sol. ∫ (sec2 x − cos x + x 2 )dx

x3
= ∫ sec xdx − ∫ cos x dx + ∫ x dx = tan x − sin x + + c
2 2
3

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

 3 
8. ∫  sec x tan x + x − 4  dx
 3 
Sol. ∫  sec x tan x + − 4  dx
 x 
dx
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + 3∫ − 4∫ dx
x
= sec x + 3log | x | −4x + c

 2 
9. ∫  x−  dx on (0, 1).
1− x2 
 2  dx
Sol. ∫  x − 2 
dx = ∫ x dx − 2∫
 1− x  1− x2
x3 / 2
= − 2 tanh −1 x + c
(3 / 2)
2
= x x − 2 tanh −1 x + c
3

 3 4 
10. ∫
 x − cos x +  dx, x ∈ R
x +1 
2

 4 
Sol. ∫  x 3 − cos x +  dx
 x2 +1 
1
= ∫ x 3dx − ∫ cos x dx + 4∫ dx
x2 +1
x4
= − sin x + 4sinh −1 x + c
4

 1 
11. ∫  cosh x +  dx, x ∈ R
x +1 
2

 1 
Sol. ∫  cosh x +  dx
 x 2
+ 1 
dx
= ∫ cosh xdx + ∫
x2 +1
= sinh x + sinh −1 x + c

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

 1 
12. ∫  sinh x + (x 2 − 1)1/ 2  dx,
.
 1 
Sol. ∫  sinh x + 1/ 2 
dx
 (x − 1) 
2

dx
= ∫ sinh xdx + ∫
x2 −1

= cosh x + log(x + x 2 − 1) + c

(a x − b x ) 2
13. ∫ a x b x dx
(a x − b x ) 2
Sol. ∫ dx
a xbx
a 2x + b 2x − 2a x b x
=∫ dx
a x ⋅ bx
a 2x b 2x a x bx
=∫ dx + ∫ a x ⋅ bx dx − 2 ∫ a x ⋅ b x dx
a x ⋅ bx
x 2
a b
= ∫   dx + ∫   dx − 2 ∫ dx
b x
(a / b) x (b / a) x
= + − 2x + c
log(a / b) log(b / a)

1  a  x  b  x 
=   −    − 2x + c
(log a − log b)  b   a  

∫ sec
2
14. x csc2 x dx .
1
Sol. ∫ sec2 x csc2 x dx = ∫ cos2 x sin 2 x dx
sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1 1
=∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx = ∫ sec2 x dx + ∫ csc2 x dx = tan x − cot x + C
cos x ⋅ sin x
2 2 2
cos x sin x

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1 + cos2 x
15. ∫ dx .
1 − cos 2x
1 + cos2 x 1 + cos 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1 − cos 2x 2 sin 2 x
1 1 1
= ∫ 2 dx + ∫ cot 2 x dx
2 sin x 2
1 1
=
2 ∫ cos e c 2 x dx + ∫ (csc 2 x − 1)dx
2
1 x
= ∫ csc2 x dx − ∫ dx = − cot x − + C
2 2

16. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx

Sol. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx = ∫ 2sin 2 xdx

= ∫ 2 sin xdx = − 2 cos x + C

1
17. ∫ cosh x + sinh x dx on R.
Sol. ∫
1
dx = ∫
( cosh x − sinh x ) cosh x − sinh x
cosh x + sinh x ( cosh x + sinh x )( cosh x − sinh x )
dx = ∫ cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x dx
= ∫ (cosh x − sinh x)dx = sinh x − cosh x + C

1
18. ∫ 1 + cos x dx on R

1 1 − cos x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x) dx
1 + cos x
 1 − cos x   1 cos x 
= ∫ 2 
dx = ∫  2 − 2  dx
 1 − cos x   sin x sin x 
= ∫ csc2 (x)dx − ∫ csc x cot xdx

= − cot x + csc x + C

∫ (3x − 2)
1/2
19. dx

Sol. given integral = ∫ (3x − 2)1/2 dx

put 3x – 2=t ⇒ 3 dx = dt
1 1/ 2
∫ (3x − 2) dx =
3∫
1/ 2
t dt

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1 t 3/ 2 2
= + C = (3x − 2)3/ 2 + C
3 3/ 2 9

1  3
20. ∫ 7x + 3 dx on I ⊂ R \ − 7 
1
Sol. ∫ dx
7x + 3
Put 7x + 3=t ⇒ 7 dx = dt
1 1 dt
∫ 7x + 3 dx = 7 ∫t
1 1
= log | t | +C = log | 7x + 3 | +C
7 7

log(1 + x)
21. ∫ dx on (–1, ∞).
1+ x
log(1 + x)
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x
Put 1 + x = t ⇒ dx= dt
log(1 + x) log t
∫ 1+ x
dx = ∫ t
⋅ dt

(log t)2 1
= + C = log(1 + x) 2  + C
2 2

∫ (3x − 4)x dx on R .
2
22.
Sol. ∫ (3x 2 − 4)x dx
put 3x 2 − 4 = t ⇒ 6x dx = dt
1
∫ (3x − 4)x dx =
6∫
2
t dt

1 t2 (3x 2 − 4)2
= ⋅ +C = +C
6 2 12

dx  1 
23. ∫ 1 + 5x
dx on  − , ∞ 
 5 
dx
Sol. ∫
1 + 5x
2
Put 1 + 5x = t2 ; 5dx = 2t dt, dx = t dt
5
dx 2 t dt 2
∫ = ∫
1 + 5x 5 t
= ∫ dt
5

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

2 2
= t+C = 1 + 5x + C
5 5

∫ (1 − 2x )x dx
3 2
24. on R.
Sol. ∫ (1 − 2x3 )x 2dx
put 1 − 2x 3 = t ⇒ −6x 2 dx = dt
1
∫ (1 − 2x )x 2dx = −
6∫
3
t dt

1 t2 −(1 − 2x 3 ) 2
= − ⋅ +C = +C
6 2 12

sec 2 x  π 
25. ∫ (1 + tan x)3 dx on I ⊂ R \ nπ − 4 : n ∈ Z
sec 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx
(1 + tan x)3
put 1 + tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
sec 2 x dt −3
∫ (1 + tan x)3 dx = ∫ t 3 = ∫ t dt
t −2 1 1
= +C = − 2 +C = − +C
(−2) 2t 2(1 + tan x)2

∫ x sin x dx on R
3 4
26.
Sol. ∫ x 3 sin x 4dx
Put x 4 = t ⇒ 4x 3dx = dt
1
∫x 4∫
sin x 4dx =
sin t ⋅ dt
3

1 1
= − cos t + C = − ⋅ cos x 4 + C
4 4

cos x  3π 
27. ∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx on I ⊂ R \ 2nπ + 2
: n ∈ Z

cos x
Sol. ∫ dx
(1 + sin x)2
Put 1 + sin x = t ⇒ cos xdx = dt
cos x dt
∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx = ∫ t 2

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1 1
= − +C = − +C
t 1 + sin x

∫ sin x cos x dx on [2nππ, (2n + 1)ππ, (n ∈ Z)].

3
28.
Sol. ∫ 3 sin x cos x dx
Put sin x=t ⇒ cos x dx =dt
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ 3 t ⋅ dt
3

t4/3 3 3
= + C = t 4 / 3 + C = (sin x)4 / 3 + C
(4 / 3) 4 4

2
∫ 2x e dx on R.
x
29.
2
Sol. ∫ 2x e x dx
Let x2 =t⇒ 2x dx =dt
2 2
∫ 2x e dx = ∫ e dt = e + C = e + C
x t t x

elog x
30. ∫ x dx on (0, ∞)
elog x
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put log x= t ⇒ dx = dt
x
elog x
∫ x dx = ∫ e ⋅ dt = e + C
t t

= elog x + C = x + C

x2
31. ∫ 1 − x6
dx on I = (–1, 1).

x2
Sol. ∫ dx
1 − x6
Put x3=t ⇒ 3x2 dx =dt
x2 1 dt
∫ 1 − x6
dx = ∫
3 1− t2
1 1
= sin −1 t + C = sin −1 (x 3 ) + C
3 3

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

2x 3
32. ∫ 1 + x8 dx on R.
Sol. let x4=t⇒ 4x3 dx =dt
2x 3 1 dt
∫ 1 + x8 dx = 2 ∫ 1 + t 2
1 1
= tan −1 t + C = tan −1 (x 4 ) + C
2 2

x8
33. ∫ 1 + x18 dx
x8 x8
Sol. ∫ 1 + x18 dx = ∫ dx on R.
( )
2
1 + x9

Put x9= t⇒ 9x8 dx = dt

x8 x8 1 dt
∫ 1 + x18 dx = ∫ 1 + (x9 )2 dx = 9 ∫ 1 + t 2
1 1
= tan −1 t + C = tan −1 (x 9 ) + C
9 9

e x (1 + x)
34. ∫ cos2 (xex ) dx on

e x (1 + x)
Sol. ∫ dx
cos2 (xe x )
Put x ex =t
(x ⋅ ex + ex )dx = ex (1 + x)dx = dt
e x (1 + x) dt
G.I. = ∫ 2 x dx = ∫ 2 = ∫ sec2 t dt
cos (xe ) cos t
= tan t + C = tan(x ⋅ e x ) + C

csc2 x
35. ∫ dx on I ⊂ R \ {x∈
∈R : a + b cotx = 0}, where a, b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.
(a + b cot x)5
Sol.
csc2 x
G.I. = ∫ dx
(a + b cot x)5
Put a + b cot x =t ⇒ –b csc2 x dx =dt

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

csc2 x 1 dt 1 −5
∫ (a + b cot x)5 dx = − b ∫ t5 = − b ∫ t dt
1 t −4 1 1
=− +C = +C = +C
b −4 4bt 4
4b(a + b cot x)4

∫e
x
36. sin ex dx on R.
Sol. ex=t⇒ ex dx=dt
∫e sin ex dx = ∫ sin t dt
x

= − cot + C = − cos(ex ) + C

sin(log x)
37. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
sin(log x)
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
sin(log x)
∫ x dx = ∫ sin t dt
= − cot t + C = − cos(e x ) + C

1
38. ∫ x log x dx on (0, ∞)
1
Sol. ∫ dx
x log x
1
Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
1 1
∫ x log x dx = ∫ t dt = log t + C = log(log x + C)

(1 + log x)n
39. ∫ dx on (0, ∞), n ≠ –1.
x
(1 + log x)n
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put 1 + log x= t , ⇒ dx =dt
x
(1 + log x)n t n +1
∫ x = ∫ = +C
n
dx t dt
n +1
(1 + log x)n +1
= +C
n +1
www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

cos(log x)
40. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
cos(log x)
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x

cos(log x)
∫ x
dx = ∫ cos t dt

= sin t + C = sin(log x) + C

cos x
41. ∫ dx on (0, ∞)
x
1 dx
Sol. let x = t ⇒ dx = dt ⇒ 2dt =
2 x x
cos x
∫ x
dx = 2 ∫ cos tdx

= 2 sin t + C = 2sin x + C

2x + 1
42. ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx on R.

2x + 1
Sol. ∫ dx
x + x +1
2

put x2 + x + 1=t ⇒(2x + 1)dx =dt

2x + 1 dt
∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx = ∫ t
= log | t | +C = log | x 2 + x + 1| +C

ax n −1  c
∫ bx n + C dx , where n ∈N, a, b, c are real numbers, b ≠ 0 and x ∈ I ⊂ x ∈ R : x ≠ − b 
n
43.

ax n −1
Sol. ∫ dx
bx n + C
1
let bxn + C=t⇒ nbxn–1dx=dt, x n −1dx = dt
nb
ax n −1 a dt a
∫ bx n + C dx = nb ∫ t = nb log | t | +dt
a
= log | bx n + c | + k
nb

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1
44. ∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx on (1, ∞)

1
Sol. G.I. ∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx
1 1
Put log(log x)=t, ⋅ dx = dt
log x x
1 dt
∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C = log | log(log x) | + C

45. ∫ coth xdx on R.

Sol. sinh x=t⇒ cosh x dx=dt
dt
∫ coth xdx = ∫ t
= log | t | +C

= log | sinh x | +C

1  1 1
46. ∫ 1 − 4x
dx on  − , 
2  2 2
1 1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 − 4x 2 2 (1/ 2 )2 − x 2
1  x  1 −1
= sin −1   + C = sin (2x) + C
2  1/ 2  2

dx
47. ∫ 25 + x 2
on R

dx dx x
Sol. ∫ =∫ = sinh −1   + C
25 + x 2 x 2 + 52 5

1
48. ∫ (x + 3) dx on I ⊂ (–2, ∞)
x+2
Sol. put x + 2 = t2 , dx = 2t dt
1 2t dt dt
∫ (x + 3) x+2
dx = ∫
t(t + 1)
2
= 2∫ 2
t +1
= 2 tan −1 (t) + C = 2 tan −1 ( x + 2) + C

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1  nπ π 
49. ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx on I ⊂ R \  2 + (−1) n
4
: n ∈ Z

1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 + sin 2x 1+
2 tan x
1 + tan 2 x
(1 + tan 2 x)dx sec 2 xdx
=∫
1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan x ∫ (1 + tan x)2
=

put1 + tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt

1 dt 1 1
∫ 1 + sin 2x dx = ∫ t 2 = − t + C = − 1 + tan x + C

x2 + 1
50. ∫ x 4 + 1 dx on R.
1
1+
x +1
2
x 2 dx
Sol: ∫ x4 + 1dx = ∫ 2 1
x + 2
x
 1 
1 + x 2 
=∫ 2
. dx
 1 
 x − x  + 2

(∵ a 2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab)
1  1 
Take x − = t then 1 + 2  dx = dt
x  x 
x2 + 1 dt dt
∴∫ dx = ∫ 2 =∫ 2
x +1
4
t +2 t + ( 2) 2
1  t 
= tan −1  +c
2  2
 1 
 x− 
1
= tan −1  x
+c
2  2 
1  x2 − 1 
= tan −1  +c.
2  2x 

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

dx  π   −1 1 
51. ∫ cos2 x + sin2x on I ⊂ R /  (2n + 1) 2 : n ∈ Z ∪ 2nπ + Tan 2 : n ∈ Z
   
dx dx
Sol: ∫ cos2 x + sin2x = ∫ cos2 x + 2sin x cos x
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
=∫ dx
cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
1 + tan 2 x sec2 xdx
=∫ dx = ∫
1 + 2 tan x 1 + 2 tan x
Let 1 + 2 tan x = t then 2 sec2 x dx = dt
1
⇒ sec2 xdx = dt
2
dx 1 dt
∴∫ = ∫
cos x + sin 2x 2 t
2

1
= log | t | +c
2
1
= log |1 + 2 tan x | +c .
2

 3π π
52. ∫ 1 − sin 2x dx on I ⊂  2nπ − , 2nπ +  , n ∈ Z .
 4 4
Sol: ∫ 1 − sin 2x dx

= ∫ sin 2 x + cos 2 x − 2 sin x cos x dx

= ∫ (sin x − cos x) 2 dx

= ∫ (cos x − sin x) 2 dx
= ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx

= ∫ cos x dx − ∫ sin x dx

= sin x + cos x + c
 3π π
For x ∈  2nπ − , 2nπ + 
 4 4

∫ 1 − sin 2x dx = (sin x + cos x) + c .

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

 3π π
53. ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx on I ⊂ 2nπ − , 2nπ +  , n ∈ Z .
 4 4

Sol: ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx = ∫ 1 + 2 cos 2 x − 1 dx

= ∫ 2 cos 2 x dx

= 2 ∫ cos x dx + c

= 2 sin x + c
 3π π
For x ∈  2nπ − , 2nπ + 
 4 4

cos x + sin x  π 3π 
54. ∫ 1 + sin 2x
dx on I ⊂  2nπ − 4 , 2nπ + 4  , n ∈ Z .
cos x + sin x
Sol: ∫ 1 + sin 2x
dx

(cos x + sin x)
=∫
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
cos x + sin x
=∫ dx
(cos x + sin x) 2
 cos x + sin x   π 3π 
= ∫  dx = ∫ dx = x + c, For x ∈  2nπ − , 2nπ + 
 cos x + sin x   4 4

sin 2x R,if | a |>| b |

55. ∫ (a + b cos x)2 dx on I ⊂ {x ∈ R : a + b cos x ≠ 0},if | a |<| b | .

sin 2x 2sin x cos x
Sol: ∫ (a + b cos x)2 dx = ∫ (a + b cos x)2 dx
Let a + b cos x = t, then –b sin x dx = dt
1
⇒ sin x dx = − dt
b
Also b cos x = t – a
t −a
⇒ cos x =
b
sin 2x 2  t−a 
∴∫ dx = − 2 ∫  2  dt
(a + b cos x) 2
b  t 
2  1 1 
=− 2 ∫
dt − a ∫ 2 dt 
b  t t 
2  a
=− log(| t |) + t  + c
b2

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

2  a 
=− log | a + b cos x | + a + b cos x  + c .
b2

sec x  π 
56. ∫ (sec x + tan x)2 dx on I ⊂ R − (2n + 1) 2 , n ∈ Z .
sec x sec x(sec x + tan x)
Sol: ∫ (sec x + tan x)2 =∫ dx
(sec x + tan x)3
Let sec x + tan x = t
then (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx = dt
⇒ sec x(sec x + tan x)dx = dt
sec x
∴∫ dx
(sec x + tan x)2
dt −3 t −2
=∫ = ∫ t dt =
t3 −2
1 1
=− =− +c
2t 2
2(sec x + tan x)2

dx
57. ∫ on R, a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0.
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
2 2

dx
Sol: ∫ 2 2
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x,
sec 2 xdx
=∫
a 2 . tan 2 x + b 2
Let tan x = t, then sec2 x dt = dt
dx dt
∴∫ =∫ 2 2
a sin x + b cos x
2 2
2 2
a t + b2
1 dt
= 2∫ 2
a 2 b
t + 
a
1 1 t 1 at
= tan −1 = Tan −1
a  
2 b
 b  ab b
   
a a
1  a tan x 
= Tan −1  +c .
ab  b 

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

sec 2 x
58. ∫ dx , a, b are positive real numbers, on I ⊂ R \
a + b tan x
 a   (2n + 1)π 
  x ∈ R : tan x < − b  ∪  : n ∈ Z 
   2 
Put a + b tan x = t

2
Ans. a + b tan x + C
b

dx
59. ∫ sin(x − a) sin(x − b) on I ⊂ R \ ({a + nπ : n ∈ Z} ∪ {b + nπ : n ∈ Z}) .

dx
Sol. ∫
sin(x − a) sin(x − b)
[Hint: ∫ cot xdx = log | sin x | +C ]
1 sin(b − a)
= ∫
sin(b − a) sin(x − a) sin(x − b)
dx

1 sin{(x − a) − (x − b)}
= ∫
sin(b − a) sin(x − a)sin(x − b)
dx

1
=
sin(b − a)
 sin(x − a) cos(x − b) − cos(x − a)sin(x − b) 
∫  sin(x − a) sin(x − b)
 dx

1
{cot(x − b) − cot(x − a)} dx
sin(b − a) ∫
=

1
= [log | sin(x − b) | − log | sin(x − a) |] + C
sin(b − a)
1 sin(x − b)
= log +C
sin(b − a) sin(x − a)

1  (2n + 1)π   π 
60. ∫ cos(x − a) cos(x − b) dx ⊂ R \  a +
on I⊂ : n ∈ Z  ∪ b + (2n + 1) : n ∈ Z  
 2   2 
1
Sol. ∫ dx
cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
1 sin(a − b)
= ∫
sin(a − b) cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
dx

1 sin(x − b − x − a)
= ∫
sin(a − b) cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
dx

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1
=
sin(a − b)
sin(x − b) cos(x − a) − cos(x − b) sin(x − a)
∫ cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
dx

1
{tan(x − b) − tan(x − a)}dx
sin(a − b) ∫
=

1
= [ log | sec(x − b) | − log | sec(x − a) |] + C
sin(a − b)
1 sec(x − b)
= log +C
sin(a − b) sec(x − a)

 1  1 
61. ∫ 1 + sec x dx on  2n −  π,  2n +  π  , n ∈ Z .
 2  2 

sec 2 x − 1
Sol. ∫ 1 + sec x dx = dx
sec x − 1
sin x
tan x
=∫ dx = ∫ cos x dx
sec x − 1 1 − cos x
cos x
sin x
=∫ dx
cos x 1 − cos x
Put cos x = t ⇒ sin x dx = –dt
−dt 1
=∫ = −∫ dt
t 1− t t − t2
1
= −∫
2 2
1  1
  −t − 
2  2
 1
 t− 
= − sin −1  2 + C = − t2 − t + 1 − 1 
1   4 4 
 
 2 
2
−1 1  1
= − sin (2t − 1) + C = −  t − 
4  2
= − sin −1 [ 2cos x − 1] + C

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

sin 2x
62. ∫ a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x dx
Sol. put a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x = t
( a(2 cos x)(− sin x) + b(2 sin x cos x) ) dx = dt
= sin 2x(b − a)dx
1
sin 2x ⋅ dx = dt
(b − a)
sin 2x 1 dt
∫ a cos2 x + b sin 2 x dx = (b − a) ∫ t
1
= log | t | + C
(b − a)
1
= log | a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x | + C
(b − a)

cot(log x)
63. ∫ dx , x ∈ I ⊂ (0, ∞ ) \ {e nπ : n ∈ Z} .
x
1
Sol. Put log x =t⇒dt = dx =dt
x
cot(log x)
∫ x dx = ∫ cot t dt = log(sin t) + C
= log(sin(log x)) + C

∫e ⋅ cot e x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \ {log nπ : n ∈ Z}

x
64.
Sol. Put ex=t⇒ ex dx =dt
∫e ⋅ cot e x dx = ∫ cot t dt = log | sin t | + C
x

= log(sin e x ) + C

∫ sec x(tan x) sec

2
65. x dx ,

Sol. tan x=t⇒ sec2 x dx=dt

∫ sec x(tan x) sec x dx = ∫ sec t ⋅ dt
2

π t 
= log tan  +  + C
 4 2
  π tan x  
= log  tan  +  +C
 4 2  

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

66. ∫ sin x cos x dx on [2nπ, (2n + 1)π] , n ∈ Z.

Sol. t = sin x ⇒dt = cosx dx
2 3/ 2
∫ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ∫ t dt =
3
t +C

2
= (sin x)3/ 2 + C
3

 (2n + 1)π 
67. ∫ tan
4
x sec 2 x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \  : n ∈ Z
 2 
Sol. tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt
∫ tan x sec 2 x dx = ∫ t 4 dt
4

t5 (tan x)5
= +C= +C
5 t

2x + 3
68. ∫ dx , x ∈ I ⊂ R \ [−4,1] .
x + 3x − 4
2

Sol. Let x2 + 3x – 4 =t⇒ (2x + 3)dx=dt

2x + 3 dt
∫ dx = ∫ = 2 t +C
x 2 + 3x − 4 t

= 2 x 2 + 3x − 4 + C

 π
∫ csc
2
69. x cot x dx on  0, 
 2
Sol. put cot x = t ⇒ − csc 2 x dx = dt

∫ csc x cot x dx = − ∫ t dt
2

2 2
= − t t + C = − cot(x)3/ 2 + C
3 3

 π
70. ∫ sec x log(sec x + tan x)dx on  0, 2 
Sol. log(sec x + tan x) = t
(sec x ⋅ tan x + sec2 x)dx
⇒ = dt = sec x dx
(sec x + tan x)

∫ sec x ⋅ log ( sec x + tan x )dx = ∫ t dt

t2 (log(sec x + tan x))2
= +C = +C
2 2

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

∫ sin
3
71. x dx on R.

Sol. since sin 3x = 3sin x − 4sin 3 x

1
sin 3 x = (3sin x − sin 3x)
4
3 1
∫ sin x dx = 4 ∫ sin x − 4 ∫ sin 3x dx
3

3 1
= − cos x + cos 3x + C
4 12
1
= (cos 3x − 9 cos x) + C
12

∫ cos
3
72. xdx on R.

Sol. since cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3cos x

1
cos3 x = (3cos x + cos 3x)
4
3 1
∫ cos x dx = 4 ∫ cos x dx + 4 ∫ cos 3x dx
3

3 1
= sin x + sin 3x + C
4 12
1
= (9sin x + sin 3x) + C
12

73. ∫ cos x cos 2x dx on R.

1
Sol. cos 2x cos x = (2 cos 2x ⋅ cos x)
2
1
∫ cos x = cos 2x dx = 2 ∫ (cos 3x + cos x)dx
1 1
=
2 ∫ cos 3xdx + ∫ cos xdx
2
1  sin 3x  sin 3x + 3sin x
=  + sin x  + C = +C
2 3  6

74. ∫ cos x cos 3x dx on R.

1
Sol. cos 3x cos x = (2 cos 3x ⋅ cos x)
2
1
(cos 4x + cos 2x)
2
1 1
∫ cos x cos 3x dx = 2 ∫ cos 4x dx + 2 cos 2x dx

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1  sin 4x sin 2x 
=  + +C
2 4 2 
1
= ( sin 4x + 2sin 2x ) + C
8

∫ cos
4
75. x dx on R.
2
1 + cos 2x 
Sol. cos 4 x = (cos 2 x) 2 =  
 2 
1
= (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos 2 2x)
4
1 1 + cos 4x 
= 1 + 2 cos 2x + 
4 2 
1
= (2 + 4 cos 2x + 1 + cos 4x)
8
1
= (3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x)
8
1
(
= 3∫ dx + 4 ∫ cos 2x dx + ∫ cos 4x dx
8
)
1 sin 2x sin 4x 
=  3x + 4 + +C
8 2 4 
1
= (12x + 8sin 2x + sin 4x ) + C
32

 3 
76. ∫x 4x + 3 dx on  − , ∞  .
 4 
Sol. put 4x + 3 = t 2 ⇒ 4dx = 2t dt
1 t2 − 3
dx = t dt ⇒ x =
2 4
t2 − 3 1
∫ x 4x + 3 dx = ∫ 4
⋅ t ⋅ t dt
2
1 4 1  t5 3 
8∫
= (t − 3t 2
)dt =  − t  + C
8  5 
(4x + 3)5/ 2 1
= − (4x + 3)3/ 2 + C
40 8

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

dx
77. ∫ on {x ∈ R :| b + cx |< a} , where a, b, c are real numbers c ≠ 0 and a > 0.
a 2 − (b + cx) 2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ =∫
a 2 − (b + cx) 2 a b 
2 2
c   − −x
c c 
b 
  + x 
= sin −1  
1 c   + K = 1 sin −1  b + cx  + K
 
c  a  c  a 
 c 
   

dx
78. ∫ a 2 + (b + cx)2 on R, where a, b, c are real numbers, c ≠ 0 and a > 0.
dx 1 dx
Sol. ∫ = ∫  a 2
a + (b + cx)
2 2
c 2
b 
2
  + + x
c c 
b 
+x
1 −1  c
= tan  +C
a  a 
a2 ⋅
c  c 
1  b + cx 
= tan −1  +C
ac  a 

dx
79. ∫ 1 + ex , x ∈ R
dx  1 + ex − ex 
Sol. ∫ = ∫  1 + ex  dx
1 + ex  
 ex 
= ∫ 1 −  dx = x − log(1 + e ) + C
x
 1 + ex
 

x2  a
80. ∫ (1 + bx)2 dx , x ∈ I ⊂ R \ − b  , where a, b are real numbers, b ≠ 0.
1
Sol. Put a + bx=t ,⇒ b dx =dt⇒ dx = ⋅ dt
b
2
 t −a 
x 2
1  b 
∫ (a + bx)2 dx =
b∫ t2
dt

1 t 2 − 2at + a 2
=
b3
∫ t2
dt

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1  2a a 2 
= ∫ 1 − t + t 2  + C
b3  
1  a2 
=  t − 2a log | t | − +C
b3  t 

1  a2 
= 3 (a + bx) − 2a log | a + bx | − +C
b  (a + bx) 

x2
81. ∫ 1− x
dx, x ∈ (−∞,1)

Sol. Put 1 − x = t 2 , −dx = 2t dt

x2 −2t
∫ 1− x
dx = ∫ (1 − t 2 ) 2 ⋅
t
dt

 2 t5 
= 2∫ (1 − 2t 2 + t 4 )dt = −2  t − t 3 +  + C
 3 5 

 2 1 
= −2  1 − x − (1 − x)3/ 2 + (1 − x)5/ 2  + C
 3 5 

1 − tan x  π 
82. ∫ 1 + tan x dx for x ∈ I ⊂ R \ nπ − 4 : n ∈ Z
sin x
1−
1 − tan x
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ cos x dx
1 + tan x 1+
sin x
cos x
cos x − sin x
=∫ dx
cos x + sin x
cos x + sin x = t
⇒ dt = − sin x + cos x dx
1 − tan x dt
∫ 1 + tan x dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C

= log | cos x + sin x | + C

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

1
83. Evaluate ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx where a, b ∈ and a2 + b2≠ 0 on r.

Sol. We can find real numbers r and θ such that a = cosθ, b = r sin θ
a b
Then r = a 2 + b2 , cos θ = and sin θ =
r r
a sin x + b cos x = r ⋅ cos θ sin x + r sin θ cos x
= r[cos θ sin x + sin θ cos x] = r sin(x + θ)
1 1 1
∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = r ∫ sin(x + θ) dx
1 1 1
= (csc(x + θ))dx = log tan (x + θ) + C
r r 2
1 1
= log tan (x + θ) + C
a +b
2 2 2

For all x ∈ I where I is an internal disjoint with {nπ– θ : n ∈ Z}.

84. ∫ sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx on R.

Sol: Consider sin x sin 2x sin 3x
1
= (2sin x sin 2x sin 3x)
2
1
= [cos(3x − 2x) − cos(3x + 2x)]sin x
2
1
= [sin x cos x − sin x cos 5x]
2
1
= [2sin x cos x − 2sin x cos 5x]
4
1
= [sin 2x − [sin(5x + x) + sin(x − 5x)]
4
1
= [sin 2x − [sin 6x − sin 4x)]
4
1
= [sin 2x − sin 6x + sin 4x]
4
1 1
∴ ∫ sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx = ∫ sin 2x dx − ∫ sin 6x dx
4 4
1 1 1
= − cos 2x + cos 6x − cos 4x + c
8 24 16
1  cos 6x cos 4x cos 2x 
= − − +c
4  6 4 2 

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

sin x
85. ∫ sin(a + x) dx on I ⊂ R − {nπ − a : n ∈ Z} .

sin x sin(x + a − a)
Sol: ∫ sin(a + x) dx = ∫ sin(x + a)
dx

 sin(x + a) cos a − cos(x + a) sin a 

= ∫  dx
 sin(x + a) 
cos(x + a)
= cos a ∫ dx − sin a ∫ dx
sin(x + a)
= x cos a − sin a − log | sin(x + a) | +c.

www.sakshieducation.com