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Chapter – THEORY CONTENT

OF INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
In the previous chapter, we have studied about the differentiation and its application. Now
in this chapter we will study about another main branch of calculus called integration.
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. The process of finding f(x), when its
derivative f (x) is given is known as integration.
1 INTEGRAL AS ANTI-DERIVATIVE
If f(x) is a differentiable function such that f (x) = g(x), then integration of g(x) w.r.t. x is
f(x) + c. Symbolically it is written as  g( x ) dx  f ( x )  c
here c is known as constant of integration and it can take any real value. For example
d
 sec
2
(tan x )  sec 2 x , so, x dx  tan x  c
dx
2 LIST FOR STANDARD FORMULAE
Based upon the about method and the previous knowledge of differentiation of standard
functions, here is the list of integration of standard functions.
Functions f(x)
(Integrand)
Integration f ( x ) dx 
constant k kx + c
x n 1
xn  c (n  1)
n 1
1/x (x  0) ln |x| + c
ax (a > 0) ax/ln a + c
x
e ex + c
sinx cosx + c
cosx sinx + c
sec2x tanx + c
cosec2x cotx + c
secx tanx secx + c
cosecx cotx cosecx + c

1
sin1x + c
1 x 2
1/(1+x2) tan1x + c
1
2 sec1 x + c
| x | x 1
 Mathematics

Theorem1.
d
dx
 f x  dx f x 
Proof: Let  f x  dx  F x  …(i)
d
Then, F x   f x 
dx


d
dx
 
f x  dx  f x 

Theorem 2.
Two integrals of the same function can differ only by a constant.
Proof:
Let f1(x) and f2(x) be two integrals of g(x). Then by definition f1(x) = g(x) and
f2(x) = g(x) for all possible values of real x.
 f1(x) = f2(x)  x  R
Let h(x) = f1(x)  f2(x)
 h(x) = 0  x  R
Now consider the interval [a, b] (a < b), then by Lagrange’s Mean value’s theorem, there
exists some c  (a, b) such that
h(b )  h(a)
h' (c ) 
ba
Since h(x) = 0  x  R so h(c) = 0
 h(b) = h(a)
 h(x) is a constant function
Let h(x) = c
 f1(x)  f2(x) = c
Hence two integrals of the same function can differ only by a constant.
Theorem 3.
(i)  af ( x )  bg( x )dx
= a  f ( x ) dx  b  g ( x ) dx
where a and b are constants
(ii)  f ( x ) dx  g( x )  c
1
then  f (ax  b) dx  a g(ax  b)  c
where a and b are constants and a  0
Illustration 1

Question: Evaluate: ( 3 sin x  cos x ) dx

Solution: ( 3 sin x  cos x ) dx =  

3 sin x dx  cos x dx

  
=  3 cos x  sin x  c =  2 cos x. cos  sin x. sin   c
 6 6 
 
=  2 cos  x    c
 6
 Mathematics

Illustration 2

 sec (3 x  5) dx
2
Question: Evaluate:

Solution: We know that  sec x dx  tan x  c

2

1
 sec
2
so (3 x  5) dx  tan (3 x  5)  c
3

3 INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

When the integrand consists of trigonometric functions, we use known identities to
convert it into a form which can easily be integrated. Some of the identities useful for this purpose
are given below:
x
(i) 2 sin 2    1  cos x 
2
x
(ii) 2 cos 2    1  cos x 
2
(iii) 2 sin a cos b  sina  b   sina  b 
(iv) 2 cos a sin b  sina  b   sina  b 
(v) 2 cos a cos b  cosa  b   cosa  b 
(vi) 2 sin a sin b  cosa  b   cosa  b 

Illustration 3

Question: Evaluate  sin 3 x sin 2 x dx .

Solution: Using 2 sin a sin b  cosa  b   cosa  b  , we have

1
 sin 3 x sin 2 x dx 
2  2 sin 3 x sin 2 x dx

1
=
2  cos x  cos 5x  dx
1 1 1 sin 5 x
=
2  cos x dx 
2  cos 5 x dx 
2
sin x 
10
c

Illustration 4

Question: Evaluate  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x dx .

1
Solution:  cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx = 2  2 cos x cos 2x  cos 3 x dx

 cos 
1 1
=  cos 3 x  cos x  cos 3 x dx  2
3 x  cos x cos 3 x dx
2 2

 2 cos 
1 1
= 2
3 x dx  2 cos x cos 3 x  dx

4 4
1
=  1  cos 6 x  dx  1 cos 4 x  cos 2 x  dx

4 4
1 1 1 1
=
4  dx 
4 
cos 6 x dx 
4 
cos 4 x dx 
4  cos 2 x dx
 Mathematics

1 1 sin 6 x 1 sin 4 x 1 sin 2 x x sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x

= x .  .  . c =    c
4 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 24 16 8

Illustration 5
dx
Question: Evaluate  4 cos x  3 sin x .
Solution: Put 4  r sin  and 3  r cos  so that
4
r 2  25 and  = tan 1  
3
dx dx
  4 cos x  3 sin x =  r sin  cos x  r cos  sin x
1 dx 1
=    cosec  x  dx
r sin  x  r
1     x  1  1 1  4  x 
= logtan   c = logtan tan      c
r   2  5   2  3  2 

4 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
It is not always possible to find the integral of a complicated function only by observation,
so we need some methods of integration and integration by substitution is one of them.
This methods has 3 parts:
(i) Direct substitution
(ii) Standard substitution
(iii) Indirect substitution
4.1 DIRECT SUBSTITUTION
If  f ( x ) dx  g ( x )  c then in I =  f h( x ) h' ( x ) dx ,
we put h(x) = t  h(x) dx = dt
so I  f (t )dt  g (t )  c  g h( x )  c

Illustration 6

Question: Evaluate:  cot x dx

cos x dx
Solution: I   cot x dx   sin x
put sinx = t

 cosx dx = dt
dt
so I 
t 
 ln | t |  c = ln |sinx| + c

Illustration 7
dx
Question: Evaluate: 2 x ( x  1)
Solution: Put x= t2  dx = 2t dt
dx 2t dt dt
So I  2 x ( x  1)
  2t (t 2
 1)
=  1 t 2
 tan 1 t  c = tan 1( x )  c
 Mathematics

4.2 STANDARD SUBSTITUTION

In some standard integrand or a part of it, we have standard substitution. List of standard
substitution is as follows:
Integrand Substitution
x2 + a2 or x 2  a2 x = atan
x2  a2 or x 2  a2 x = asec
a2  x2 or a2  x 2 x = asin or x = acos
a  x and ax x = acos2
( x  x 2  a 2 )n expression inside the bracket = t
2x 2x a2  x 2
, , x = atan
a2  x 2 a2  x 2 a2  x 2
2x2  1 x = cos
1 xa
(n  N, n > 1) t
1
1
1
1 xb
( x  a) n ( x  b) n

Illustration 8
dx
Question: Evaluate:  ( x  3) 15 / 16
( x  4) 17 / 16

II Solution: I   ( x  3)
dx
15 / 16
( x  4)17 / 16
dx
   x 3 15 / 16
  ( x  4) 2
 x  4
x3  ( x  4)  ( x  3)  dx dt
Put t    dx  dt  
x4  ( x  4 ) 2  ( x  4) 2 7
 
1 dt 1
t t
15 / 16
So I  15 / 16
 dt
7 7
1/ 16
 1 t 1 / 16 16 1/ 16  16  x  3 
 c  t c    c
7 1 / 16 7 7  x  4

Illustration 9
dx
Question: Evaluate:  (x  x 2  4 )5 / 3
dx
Solution: I   (x  x 2  4 )5 / 3

Put x  x2  4  t
 x
 1   dx  dt
 2 
 x 4

x  x2  4  t
 x2  4  t  x
 Mathematics

 x 2  4  t 2  x 2  2tx
t2  4
 x
2t
2 2
t2  4 4 2 2  2 
x 4
2   4  t  16  8t  16t   t  4 
 2t  4t 2  2t 
   
t2  4 t2  4
x2  4   dx    dt
2t  2t 2 
 
t2  4 1 1
I    
t 
5 / 3
so dt  dt  2 t 11/ 3 dt
 2t 2  t 5 / 3 2
 
1 t 2 / 3 t 8 / 3
 2 c
2  2/3 8/3
3  2 / 3 3 8 / 3
 t  t c
4 4
3 8 / 3
 t [1  t 2 ]  c
4
where t  (x  x 2  4 )
4.3 INDIRECT SUBSTITUTION
If integrand f(x) can be rewritten as product of two functions. f(x) = f1(x) f2(x), where f2(x) is
a function of integral of f1(x), then put integral of f1(x) = t.
Illustration 10


x
Question: Evaluate: dx
4  x3
x x dx
Solution: I   4x 3
dx   4  x3
2 3/2
Here integral of x  x and 4  x3 = 4  (x3/2)2
3
2
Put x3/2 = t  x dx  dt
3
2 dt 2 t 2  x3/2 
So I 
3  4 t2

3
sin 1    c  sin 1 
2 3  2 
c


Illustration 11

Question: Evaluate:  (cos x  sin x ) (3  4 sin 2x ) dx .

Solution: 
I  (cos x  sin x ) (3  4 sin 2 x ) dx

Here integration of cosx  sinx = sinx + cosx

and 3 + 4 sin2x = 3 + 4 ((sinx + cos)2  1)
Put sinx + cosx = t  (cosx  sinx) dx = dt
4t 3
so 
I  (3  4(t 2  1)) dt 
 ( 4t 2  1) dt 
3
t c


t
3
 sin x  cos x 
[ 4t 2  3]  c  
 3 

 4(sin x  cos x ) 2  3 
 sin x  cos x 
  1  4 sin 2 x   c
 3 
 Mathematics

Illustration 12
x2  4
Question: Evaluate  x 4  16
dx .

 4 
2 1  2 
x 4  x 
Solution:  4
x  16
dx =   2 16 
dx [dividing numerator and denominator by x 2 ]
x  2 
 x 
 4 
1  2 
 x  dt
=   4
2
dx   t 2
8 
x    8
 x
 4  4 
[putting  x    t and 1  2 dx  dt ]
 x   x 
dt 1  t 
=  t2   8 2

8
tan 1 
 8
c


 4
x 
x   c  1 tan 1  x  4   c
2
1 1 
= tan
8  8  2 2  2 2x 
   
 

Illustration 13
x2 1
Question: Evaluate  x4  x2  1
dx .

 1 
1  2 
x2 1  x 
Solution:  4
x  x 12
dx =   2 1 
dx [dividing numerator and denominator by x 2 ]
 x  2  1
 x 
1
1
x2 dt
=   1
2 
dx   t 2

1
 x    1
 x 

 1  1 
[putting  x    t and 1  2 dx  dt ]
 x  x 
1
x 1
1 t 1 1 x
= log  c  log c
2 t 1 2 1
x  1
x
1 x2  x 1
= log 2 c
2 x  x 1
 Mathematics

PROFICIENCY TEST I

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is greater than 80%. Do not
consult the study material while attempting the questions.
Integrate the following functions with respect to x.
1
1. x
x
sin x  cos x
2.
sin x  cos x
1
3. x
e 1
1
4.
x ln x
5. sec2 (4x  7)
cos (tan 1 x )
6.
(1  x 2 ) sin(tan 1 x )

1
1
7. x2
1
x2  2  3
x
8. tanx ln (cosx)
4 cos x  6 sin x
9.
3 cos x  2 sin x
dx
10.   1 
x 3 / 2 1  
 x
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST  I

2 3/2
1. x  ln | x | c
3
1
2. ln c
sin x  cos x

3. x  ln (ex + 1) + c
4. ln | lnx| + c
1
5. tan ( 4 x  7)  c
4

6. 2 sin(tan 1 x )  c

 1
7. tan 1  x    c
 x

(ln(cos x )) 2
8.  c
2
9. 2ln |2sinx + 3cosx | + c
1
10.  2 ln 1  c
x
 Mathematics

5 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
If integrand can be expressed as product of two functions, then we use the following formula.

 f (x) f
1 2 (x) dx  f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx  
 ((f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx )) dx
where f1(x) and f2(x) are known as first and second function respectively.
Remarks:
(i) We do not put constant of integration in 1st integral, we put this only once in the end.
(ii) Order of f1(x) and f2(x) is normally decided by the rule ILATE, where I  inverse,
L  Logarithms, A  Algebric, T  trigonometric and E  exponential.
Illustration 14

x
2
Question: Evaluate : sin x dx

x
2
Solution: sin x dx

  
 x 2 sin x dx  (2 x sin x dx ) dx

  x2 cos x  2 x cos x dx


  x 2 cos x  2 [ x cos x dx  (1 cos x dx ) dx  
  x 2 cos x  2 [ x sin x  sin x dx ] 
2
  x cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x  c

Illustration 15
 2x  2 
Question: Evaluate :  sin1
 2
 4 x  8 x  13
 dx


 2x  2 
Solution: I  sin 1   dx
 2 
 4 x  8 x  13 
   
2x  2  2x  2 
Here sin 1    sin 1
 
 2  2
 4 x  8 x  13   ( 2 x  2)  9 
Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan
3
dx = sec2 d
2
2x  2 3 tan 
Also   sin 
(2 x  2)  9 3 sec 
2

3
  sec
2
So I  d
2


3
2
 sec    (1  sec
2 2
 d) d 

3
2
. tan    tan  d
3
  tan   ln (cos )  c
2
3  2x  2  2x  2   3 
  tan 1    ln    c
2  3  3   2 
  4 x  8 x  13 
 Mathematics
5.1 SPECIAL USE OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS
(i)  f ( x ) dx   (f ( x )) . 1 dx
Now integrate taking f(x) as 1st function and 1 as 2nd function. In most of the cases, f x  is
an inverse or logarithmic function.
f (x) f (x) g'(x)
(ii) [ g ( x )] n
dx  . 
g ' ( x ) [ g ( x )] n
dx

f (x) g'(x)
Now integrate taking as 1st function and as 2nd function.
g' (x) [g ( x )] n
(iii) If integrand is of the form ex f(x), then rewrite f(x) as sum of two functions in which one is
derivative of other.

e 
x
f ( x ) dx  e x (g ( x )  g ' ( x )) dx
= ex g(x) + c
Illustration 16

Question: Evaluate :  ln x dx .
1
Solution:  
I  ln x dx  (ln x . 1) dx  ln x . x   x . x dx
= xlnx  x + c = x (lnx  1) + c

Illustration 17

Question: Evaluate  cos 1 x dx .

Solution: Let 1 is the second function and cos 1 x is the 1st function.
x
Then
 cos 1 x . 1 dx  cos 1 x . x   1 x 2
dx

x
= x cos 1 x 
 1 x 2
dx

Let 1  x 2  t 2  x dx  t dt
x t

 1 x 2
dx   t
dt    1 dt  t  c

=  1 x 2  c   cos 1 x dx  x cos 1 x  1  x   c
2

Illustration 18
x2
Question: Evaluate :  ( x sin x  cos x ) 2
.

x2  x cos x 
Solution: I  ( x sin x  cos x ) 2
  x. sec x  ( x sin x  cos x ) 2
 dx


 1  (sec x  x sec x. tan x ) ( 1)
 x sec x   
 ( x sin x  cos x ) 
 x sin x  cos x
dx

 x sec x
  tan x  c
x sin x  cos x
 Mathematics

Illustration 19
2
 x 1 
Question: Evaluate :   2  e x dx .
 x  1
2
 x 1  x 2  2x  1 1 2x
Solution:  2   2 2
 2  2
 x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2

1   2x 
   
( x 2  1)  ( x 2  1) 2 

1 2x
Here derivative of is
2
x 1 ( x  1) 2
2

2
 x 1   1 ( 2x ) 
So
 ex  2  dx  e x  2
 x  1   2
 ( x  1) ( x  1)
2
 dx


1 2x 2x
= 2
( x  1)
ex 
 (x 2
 1) 2
e x dx 
 (x 2
 1) 2
e x dx

x
e
= c
( x 2  1)

6 INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

f (x)
When integrand is a rational function i.e. of the form , where f(x) and g(x) are the
g( x )
polynomials functions of x, we use the method of partial fraction. For example we can rewrite
1 1 1
as  .
(3 x  1) (3 x  2) 3 (3 x  1) 3 (3 x  2)
If the degree of f(x) is less then degree of g(x) and g(x) = ( x  a1 ) 1 …… ( x 2  b1 x  c1 )1
……. then we can put
f (x) A1 A2 A1
   .......  …………
g ( x ) ( x  a1 ) ( x  a1 ) 2
( x  a1 ) 1
B1 x  C1 B2 x  C 2 B1 x  C 1
   ........  ........
( x 2  b1 x  c 1 ) ( x 2  b1 x  c 1 ) 2 ( x 2  b1 x  c 1 ) 1
Here A1, A2……., A1 …….. , B1 , B2 ……. , B1 …… C1, C2……. C 1 …….. are the real
constants and these can be calculated by reducing both sides of the above equation as identity in
polynomial form and then by comparing the coefficients of like powers. The constants can also
be obtained by putting some suitable numerical values of x in both sides of the identity.
If degree of f(x) is more than or equal to degree of g(x), then divide f(x) by g(x) so that the
remainder has degree less than of g(x).
Illustration 20
dx
Question: Evaluate :  ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3) .
1 A B C
Solution: Put =  
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3 ) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)
 1 = A (x  2) (x  3) + B (x  1) (x  3) + C (x  1) (x  2)
1
Put x = 1, we get, A =
2
x = 2, we get, B = 1
 Mathematics

1
x = 3, we get, C =
2
1 dx dx 1 dx
So Integral =
2  x 1  x  2  2  x  3
1 1
= ln | x  1 |  ln | x  2 |  ln | x  3 |  c
2 2
 x 2  4x  3 
= ln   c
 | x 2| 
 
Illustration 21
dx
Question: Evaluate :  ( x  2) ( x 2
 1)
.

1 A Bx  C
Solution: Let  
( x  2) ( x  1) 2 x  2 ( x 2  1)
 1 = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
1
Put x = 2, we get A 
5
Now compare the coefficients of x2 and constant term we get
0 = A + B and 1 = A + 2C
1 2
 B , C
5 5
1 dx 1 x 2 dx
So I=
5  x2  5  x 2
1
dx 
5 x 2
1
1 1 2
= ln | x  2 |  ln ( x 2  1)  tan 1 x  C .
5 10 5
Illustration 22

x 4 dx
Question: Evaluate :  ( x  1) ( x  1) 2

Solution: Here degree of numerator is more than the degree of denominator so first we have to
divide it to reduce it to proper fraction.
x4 2x 2  1
 ( x  1) 
( x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
2x 2  1 A B C
Put   
( x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
 2x2  1 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x  1) (x + 1) + C(x  1)
1 1
Put x = 1, we get A  , Put x = 1, we get C  
2 2
3
comparing the coefficient of x2, we get 2 = A + B  B =
2
1 dx 3 dx 1 dx
So 
I  ( x  1) dx 
2  ( x  1)  2  ( x  1)  2  ( x  2) 2

x2 1 3 1
  x  ln | x  1 |  ln | x  1 |  C
2 2 2 2( x  2)
 Mathematics

PROFICIENCY TEST II

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is greater than 80%. Do not
consult the study material while attempting the questions.
Integrate the following functions w.r.t. x
2 tan x sec 2 x
1.
tan 2 x  3 tan x  2

x3
2.
( x  1) ( x  2)

x
3.
( x  2) ( x  5 )

logex e  loge x e 
2
4.
x
2
5.
(1  x ) (1  x 2 )

6. tan1x

7. x ln x
8. x ex
9. ex (cosx  sinx)

2x 2
10.
( x 2  1) 2
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST  II

 tan x  24 
1. ln  c
 (tan x  1)2 
 

x2
2.  3 x  ln ( x  2)8  ln | x  1 |  c
2
2 5
3. ln | x  2 |  ln | x  5 |  c
7 7
ln x  1
4. ln c
ln x  2

1
5. ln (1  x 2 )  ln | 1  x |  tan 1 x  c
2
1
6. x tan 1 x  ln (1  x 2 )  c
2
x2
7. (2 ln x  1)  c
8
8. ex (x  1) + c
9. ex cosx + c
x
10.  tan 1 x  c
x2 1
 Mathematics

7 ALGEBRAIC INTEGRALS
Using the technique of standard substitution and integration by parts, we can derive the
following formulae.
dx 1 x
 2
x a 2
 tan 1  c
a a
dx 1 x a
 x a
2 2

2a
ln
xa
c

dx 1 ax
a 2
x 2

2a
ln
ax
c

dx x
 a2  x 2
 sin 1
a
c

dx
 x a2 2
 ln x  x 2  a 2  c

dx
 x a2 2
 ln x  x 2  a 2  c

x a2
 x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x 2  a2 
2
ln x  x 2  a 2  c

x a2
 x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x 2  a2 
2
ln x  x 2  a 2  c

x a2 x
 a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a2  x 2 
2
sin 1  c
a
7.1 INTEGRAL OF THE FORM
dx dx
 ax 2  bx  c
,  2
ax  bx  c
,  ax 2  bx  c dx

2
 b  4ac  b 2 b
Here in each case write ax + bx + c = a  x    2
put x   t and use the
 2a  4a 2a
standard formulae.
Illustration 23


dx
Question: Evaluate : .
2
 x  4x  6

Solution: x2 + 4x + 6 = (x2  4x + 4) + 10 = 10  (x  2)2


dx
I put x  2 = t  dx = dt
10  ( x  2) 2


dt t
I   sin 1 c
10  t 2 10
 x  2
 sin 1  c

 10 
 Mathematics

Illustration 24

Question: Evaluate:
 3 x 2  6 x  10 dx .

Solution: 3x2  6x + 10 = 3(x  1)2 + 7 Put x1=t

 dx = dt
t 7 

7 7 7
I 3 t2  dt  3  t2   ln t  t 2  c
3  2 3 6 3 

where t = x  1
7.2 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
(ax  b) dx (ax  b) dx
 cx 2  ex  f
,  cx 2  ex  f ,  (ax  b) cx 2  ex  f dx

Here write ax + b = A(2cx + e) + B

Find A and B by comparing, the coefficients of x and constant term.
Illustration 25
(3 x  5 ) dx
Question: Evaluate :
 x2  4x  3
.

3
Solution: Write 3x + 5 = A (2x + 4) + B  A , B  1
2
2x  4
 
3 dx
So I  
2 x 2  4x  3 x 2  4x  3
In 1st integral put x2 + 4x + 3 = t  (2x + 4) dx = dt

 
3 dt dx
I   3 x 2  4 x  3  ln ( x  2)  x 2  4 x  3  c
2 t 2
( x  2)  1

7.3 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

(ax 2  bx  c ) dx (ax 2  bx  c ) dx
 (ex 2  fx  g )
,  2
(ex  fx  g ) 
, (ax 2  bx  c ) (ex 2  fx  g ) dx

Here put ax2 + bx + c = A (ex2 + fx + g) + B(2ex + f) + c

find the values of A, B and C by comparing the coefficient of x2, x and constant term.

Illustration 26

( x 2  4 x  7)
Question:
 x2  x 1
.

Solution: Let x2 + 4x + 7 = A (x2 + x + 1) + B (2x + 1) + C

Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term, we get
3 9
A = 1, A + 2B = 4, A + B + C = 7  A = 1, B = ,C=
2 2
( 2 x  1) dx
  
3 9 dx
So I  x 2  x  1 dx  
2 x2  x 1 2 x2  x 1
2 2
 1  3
Now x2  x 1 x     
 2  2 
 
 Mathematics

 1
x 
2 3  1 
So I  x2  x 1  ln  x   x 2  x  1
 2  8  2 
 
 
9  1 
3 x2  x 1  ln  x   x 2  x  1  c
2  2 
7.4 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
dx dx
  ,

ax  b cx  d ax  b  cx  d
2

2
Here, put cx  d  t
7.5 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
dx
 (ax  b) ex 2  fx  g
1
Here put ax + b =
t
Illustration 27
dx
Question: Evaluate   x  1 x2
.

Solution: Put x  2  t , i.e., x  2  t 2

So that dx  2t dt
dx 2t dt
  x  1 x2
  t 2
1 t  dt  2  t 2
1 
1 t 1 x  2 1
= 2 . log  c  log c
2 t 1 x  2 1

Illustration 28
dx
Question: Evaluate  x 2
1  x
.

Solution: Put x  t , i.e. x  t 2 so that dx  2t dt

dx 2t
  x 2
1 x 
=  t 4
1 t  dt

2dt t 2
 
1  t2 1  dt
=  t 4
 1 

t 4
1 
 1  1
t 2
1  dt  t 2
1  dt  1  2 
 t 
1  2 
 t 
=  t 4
 1  t 4
 1   2 1
dt    2 1
dt
 t  2   t  2 
 t   t 
 1  1
1  2  1  2 
 t   t 
=   1
2
dt    1
2
dt
t    2 t    2
 t  t
du dv
=  u2   2
 2

v2   2 2
,
 Mathematics

1 1
where t   u in the 1st integral and t  = v in the 2nd integral
t t
1 u 1 v 2
= tan 1  log c
2 2 2 2 v 2
 1  1
t    t  2
1   t   1 t
= tan 1   log c
2  2  2 2 1
t  2
  t
 t 2  1 2
=
1
tan 1    1 log t  2 t  1  c
2  2t  2 2 t2  2 t 1
 
1  x  1 1 x  2x  1
= tan 1  
 log c
2  2x  2 2 x  2x  1

Illustration 29

 ( x  2)
dx
Question: Evaluate : .
x2  4x  8
1 dt
Solution: Put x2  dx 
t t2
Now x2 + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)2 + 4
dt
 
dt
So I 
1 1  4t 2
t 2 4
t


1 dt 1 1
  ln t  t 2  c
2 1 2 4
t2 
4
1 1 1 1
 ln   c
2 x2 ( x  2) 2 4

7.6 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

(ax  b ) dx
 (cx  e ) ex 2  fx  g
Here put (ax + b) = A (cx + e) + B
Find the values of A and B by comparing the coefficients of x and constant term.
Illustration 30
( 4 x  7)
Question: Evaluate :
 ( x  2) x2  4x  8
.

Solution: Let 4x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B

 A = 4, B = 1

  ( x  2)
dx dx
So I4 
x 2  4x  8 x 2  4x  8

1 1 1 1
= 4 ln  x  2  x 2  4 x  8   ln   c
  2 x2 ( x  2) 2 4
 Mathematics
7.7 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
(ax 2  bx  c ) dx
 (ex  f ) gx 2  hx  i
Here put ax2 + bx + c = A(ex + f) (2gx + h) + B(ex + f) + C
Find the values of A , B and C by comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.

Illustration 31

2 x 2  7 x  11
Question: Evaluate :
 ( x  2) x2  4x  8
.

Solution: Put 2x2 + 7x + 11 = A (x + 2) (2x + 4) + B (x + 2) + C

Compare the coefficient of x2, x and constant term, we get
A = 1, 7 = 8A + B, C + 2B + 8A = 11  B = 1, C = 5
2x  4 dx dx
So I
 x 2  4x  8

 x 2  4x  8
5
 ( x  2) x 2  4x  8

= 2 x 2  4 x  8  ln ( x  2)  x 2  4 x  8

5 1 1 1
 ln   c
2 ( x  2) ( x  2)2 4
7.8 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
x dx
 (ax 2
 b ) (cx 2  e )
Here put cx2 + e = t2
Illustration 32
x dx
Question: Evaluate :
 (2 x 2
 3) x2 1
.

Solution: Put x2  1 = t2  x dx = t dt
t dt dt 1 dt
So I 
 2
( 2t  5 ) t
 2


2t  5 2 t 2  5 
2
1 2  
 . tan 1 t . 2   c
2 5  5 

1  2 
 tan 1  x 2  1  c
10  5 
 
7.9 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
dx
 (ax 2
 b ) (cx 2  e )
1
Here 1st put x  and then take the expression inside the square root as y2
t
 Mathematics

Illustration 33

 (x
dx
Question: Evaluate : .
2
 5) 2 x 2  3
1
Solution: Put x
t
dt
 dx  
t2
dt
So I
t 2 1  2
 2  5  2  3
t  t
t dt

 (1  5t 2
) 2  3t 2
y dy
Put 2  3t2 = y2   t dt 
3

  13  5y  5y
1 y dy dy
So I  2
3 2   13
y
 3 
 
y  13 / 5
y
1 dy 1
  ln C
5 2 13 5 y  13 / 5

5
7.10 INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE

I  xm (a + bxn)p dx (p  0).

Here we have the following cases.

Case I: If p is a natural number, then expand (a + bxn)p by binomial theorem and
integrate.
Case II: If p is a negative integer and m and n are rational number, then put x = tk, when k
is the LCM of denominators of m and n.
m 1
Case III: If is an integer and p is rational number, put (a + bxn) = tk, when k is the
n
denominator of p.
m 1 a  bx n
Case IV: If  p is an integer, put n
 tk ,
n x
where k is the denominator of p.
Illustration 34
1
2  2 
Question: Evaluate :
x 3 1  x 3  .




Solution: Here p = 1, is a negative integer and m and n are rational numbers.
Put x = t3
 dx = 3t2 dt

 
3 dt
So I  t 2 (1  t 2 ) 1 3t 2 dt  = 3tan1 t + c = 3tan1 (x1/3) + c
1 t 2
 Mathematics

Illustration 35
1  1 1 / 4
Question: Evaluate :
 x 3 1 


x  dx
3


.

1 1 1
Solution: Here m ,n  ,p 
3 3 4
m 1
 2 , which is an integer
n

So put 1  x
1/ 3
 t4 
dx
 2/3
 4t 3 dt
3x


I  12 (t 4  1) t 4 dt

9
12t 12t 5
  c
9 5


4
15

5t 9  9t 5  c 

4 5
15

t 5  9t 4  c 

4
15

1  x 1/ 3  5/4
[4  9 x 1/ 3 )  c

Illustration 36

Question: Evaluate :
 x 1  x 
 11 4 1 / 2
dx .

1
Solution: Here m = 11, m = 4, p = 
2
m 1 10 1
p   3 , which is an integer.
n 4 2
1 x 4
So put 4
 t2
x
1 4
 1 4
 t2  dx  2t dt
x x5
2
dx 1  1  1   4dx 
So I
 13 
1 
1/ 2

4   4
x   1 
1/ 2
 5 
 x 
x 1  4  1  4 
 x   x 
1 1
 (t
2
  1) 2 . . 2t dt
4 t
1 t5 t3 t

2  (t 4  2t 2  1) dt  
 10 3 2
 c

1
where t  1
x4
 Mathematics

8 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
8.1 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
 f (sin x , cos x ) 
  g (sin x , cos x )  dx =  R(sinx, cosx) dx

where f and g both are polynomials in sinx and cosx. Here we can convert them in
x x
2 tan 1  tan 2
x 2 and cos x  2.
algebraic by putting tan  t after writing sin x 
2 x x
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2
x x
Now, put tan  t and sec 2 dx  2dt .
2 2
The new integrand can now be easily integrated.
Some time instead of putting the above substitution we go for below procedure.
(i) If R (sinx, cosx) = R (sinx, cosx), put cosx = t
(ii) If R (sinx, cosx) = R (sinx, cosx), put sinx = t
(iii) If R (sinx, cosx) = R (sinx, cosx) put tanx = t, after dividing numerator and denominator
by cos2x.
Illustration 37


dx
Question: Evaluate : .
sin x (2 cos2 x  1)
1
Solution: Here R(sin x, cos x ) 
sin x (2 cos 2 x  1)
1
R(  sin x, cos x )   R(sin x, cos x )
 sin(2 cos 2 x  1)
So we put cos = t  sinx dx = dt

 
sin dx dt
I 2 2

(1  cos x ) (2 cos x  1) (t  1) (2t 2  1)
2

 t  1  2 2t  1
dt dt
 2 2

1
t
1 t 1 1 2 1 cos x  1 1 2 cos x  1
 ln  ln  C  ln  ln C
2 t 1 2 1 2 cos x  1 2 2 cos x  1
t
2

Illustration 38


cos x dx
Question: Evaluate : 2
.
sin x (sin x  cos x )
cos x
Solution: Here R(sin x, cos x )  2
sin x(sin x  cos x )
R (sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx)
So put tanx = t  sec2x dx = dt
cos x sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx dt
I
 sec 2 2
x sin x(sin x  cos x )

 tan 2
x(1  tan x )

t 2
(1  t )
 Mathematics

1 A B C
Let   2 
2
t (1  t ) t t (1  t )
or 1 = At ( 1 + t) + B(1 + t) + ct2
Put t = 0, we get B = 1, put t = 1, we get C = 1
compare the coefficients of t2, we get 0 = A + C  A = 1

  
dt dt dt
So I  
t t 2 1 t
1 1  tan x
  ln | t |   ln | 1  t |  c  ln  cot x  c
t tan x

Illustration 39
dx
Question: Evaluate 
2  cos x  sin x 
.

1  tan 2 x 2 2 tanx 2
Solution: Writing cos x  and sin x 
1  tan 2 x 2  1  tan 2 x 2
We have
dx dx
 2  cos x  sin x 
  1  tan x 2   2 tanx 2  
2
2  
1  tan 2 x 2  1  tan 2 x 2 

[1  tan 2 x 2]
=  [tan 2 x 2  2 tanx 2  3]
dx

sec 2 x 2
=  [tan 2 x 2  2 tanx 2  3]
dx

dt x x
= 2  t 2
 2t  3  , where tan
2
 t and sec 2 dx  2dt
2

dt 1  t  1
= 2  t  12
  2 2
 2.
2
tan 1 
 2 
c


 tanx 2  1
= 2 tan 1  c
 2 

Illustration 40
dx
Question: Evaluate  4 sin 2
x  5 cos 2 x .
Solution: Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x , we get
dx sec 2 x
 4 sin 2
x  5 cos 2 x   4 tan
= 2
x 5  dx
dt
= 
4t  5 2
[putting tan x = t ]

1 dt 1 dt 1 1 t
=
4 
 2 5
 .
4    
2
= .
4  5
tan 1
 5
c
t   t 2   5      
 4
     2   2 
 2      

1  2t  1  2 tan x 
= tan 1  c 
 tan 1  c

2 5  5 2 5  5 
 Mathematics
8.2 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
 p sin x  q cos x  r 
   dx
 a sin x  b cos x  c 
Here put psinx + qcosx + r = A(a sinx + bcosx + c) + B(acosx  bsinx) + C
Values of A, B and C can be obtained by comparing the coefficients of sinx, cosx and
constant term by this technique. The given integral becomes sum of 3 integrals in which
x
1st two are very easy and in 3rd we can put tan  t .
2
Illustration 41
(5 sin x  6) dx
Question: Evaluate :
 sin x  2 cos x  3 .
Solution: Let 5sinx + 6 = A (sinx + 2cosx + 3) + B(cosx  2sinx) + C
Equating the coefficients of sinx, cosx and constant term, we get
A  2B  5 

2 A  B  0   A = 1, B = 2, C = 3
3 A  C  6 
(cos x  2 sin x ) dx dx
So I 
 dx  2  sin x  2 cos x  3  3 sin x  2 cos x  3
x  2 ln sin x  2 cos x  3  3I1
x
sec 2
 sin x  2 cos x  3  
dx 2
Now I1 
x  x   x
2 tan  2 1  tan 2   3 1  tan 2 
2  2  2
x x
put tan  t  sec 2 dx  2dt
2 2
 x
 1  tan 
2dt 2dt 1  t  1 
So I1 
t 2
 2t  5

 (t  1) 2  4
 tan 
 2


 C  tan 1 


2
2  C


 
8.3INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

 sin
p
x cos q x dx
When any one or both of p and q are odd integers, then put cos x = t or sin x = t and
pq2
when p and q are rational number such that is a negative integer, then put tanx
2
= t or cotx = t.
Illustration 42

Question: Evaluate  sin 3 x cos 4 x dx .

 sin 3 x cos 4 x dx =  sin x cos x sin x dx

2 4
Solution:

=  1  cos x cos x sin x dx    1  t t

2 4 2 4
dt

[putting cos x = t and sin x dx = dt]

7 5
t t 1 1
=  t 6 dt   t 4 dt 
7

5
 c = cos 7 x  cos 5 x  c
7 5
 Mathematics

Illustration 43

Question: Evaluate :
 sin 7 / 5
x cos  3 / 5 x dx

7 3 pq2
Solution: Here p ,q     2
5 5 2
cos 3 / 5 x
I
 sin 7 / 5 x cos 3 / 5 x dx 
 sin 3 / 5 2
x sin x
dx 
 (cot x ) 3 / 5
cosec 2 x dx

Put cotx = t  cosec2x = dt


5 2/5 5
So I   t 3 / 5 dt   t  c   (cot x ) 2 / 5  c
2 2

9 SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION IN INTEGRATION

Sometimes the integrand is a function of x as well as of n(n  N), then we use this
method.
Illustration 44

tan n 1 x
 tan n x dx , then prove that I n 
 tan x dx .
7
Question: If I n   I n 2 . Hence find
n 1

 tan  tan
n n 2
Solution: In  x dx  x. tan 2 x dx


n 2
= tan x.(sec 2 x  1) dx

tan n 1 x
=
 
tan n 2 x. sec 2 dx  tan n 2 x dx =
n 1
 I n 2
6
tan x
Now I7   I5
6
tan 6 x tan 4 x
   I3
6 4
tan 6 x tan 4 x tan 2 x
    I1
6 4 2
I1 
 tan x dx  ln sec x  c

tan 6 x tan 4 x tan 2 x

so
 tan 7 x dx 
6

4

2
 ln sec x  c
 Mathematics

PROFICIENCY TEST III

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Do not consult the study material while attempting the questions.
Integrate the following functions w.r.t. x
1
1.
x 2  4x  5
2x  3
2.
x2  x 1
1
3.
x x2  x 1
1
4.
1  2 cos x
5. x 1/ 3 (1  x 1/ 3 ) 2

1
6.
x (1  x 4 )
5

1
7. 2
sin x  sin 2 x
sin x
8.
sin x  cos x
cos 2 x
9.
sin x
1
10.
cos x sin x  cos 2 x
2
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST  III

1. ln ( x  2)  x 2  4x  5  c

 1
2. 2 x 2  x  1  4 ln  x    x 2  x  1  c
 2

1 1 1 1
3.  ln   2
 1  c
x 2 x x

x
3  tan
1 2 c
4. ln
3 x
3  tan
2

y2 1
5. 3  3 y  3 ln | y |    c , where y  1  x 1/ 3
 2 y

1 1  1 
6. ln 1  4  1  4   c
4 x  x 

1 tan x
7. ln c
2 tan x  2

8.
1
x  ln sin x  cos x  c
2
1 cos x  1
9. cos x  ln c
2 cos x  1

10. ln tan x  tan 2 x  1  c

 Mathematics

SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
tan x
 sin x cos x dx 
(a) 2 tan x (b) 2 cot x (c) cot x (d) tan x
Solution:
tan x tan x
 sin x cos x  tan x cos 
1
dx  2
dx  sec 2 x dx
x tan x

 2 tan x
Hence answer is (a)

Example 2:

 sin x 
dx

3 cos x
1  x 
(a) log tan   
2  2 6
1      
(b) log  cos ec  x    cot  x   
2   3  3 
1      
(c) log  sec  x    tan  x   
2   6  6 
1      
(d)  log  cos ec  x    cot  x   
2   3  3 
Solution:

 sin  x   
dx 1 dx 1 dx
 sin x  3 cos x

2  1 3

2
sin x  cos x
2 2  3 
 x 
sec 2   
2 6
 2 sin  x    cos  x    
1 dx 1
  dx
2 4  x 
tan   
2 6 2 6 2 6
 x 

1 dt 1
 where t = tan     log t
2 t 2 6 2
 x   x 
sin    2 sin 2   
 x  2 6 2 6
But log tan     log  log
 2 6  x   x   x 
cos    2 sin    cos   
2 6 2 6 2 6
 
1  cos  x  
 3      
 log  log cos ec  x    cot  x  
    3  3 
sin  x  
 3 
1
 log
     
cos ec  x    cot  x  
  3   3 
In the same way we can prove
 Mathematics

 x     
tan     sec  x    tan  x  
2 6  6  6
Hence answers are (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Example 3:


sin 2 x dx

a cos2 x  b 2 sin2 x
2

1
(a) ( b  a ) log ( a2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x ) (b) log ( a 2 cos2 x  b 2 sin2 x )
b  a2
2

1 1
(c) log ( a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x ) (d) log ( a 2 cos2 x  b 2 sin2 x )
b  a2
2
a  b2
2

Solution:

a
sin 2x dx
I 2 2 2 2
, put t = a 2 cos2 x  b 2 sin2 x
cos x  b sin x
 dt  (a sin 2x  b 2 sin 2x ) dx  (b 2  a 2 ) sin 2x dx
2


1 dt 1 1
I  2 2
 2 2
log t  2 log (a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin2 x )
b a t b a b  a2
Hence answer is (c)

Example 4:


x
dx 
a  x3
3

32 32
2x 2 x
(a)   (b) sin1  
3a 3 a
32 32
2 x 2 a
(c) cos 1   (d) sin1  
3 a 3 x
Solution:


x dx 3 3 2 2 3
I , put x  a sin  ; 3x dx  2a sin  cos  d
a3  x 3
3/2
a 1/ 2 sin1/ 3  2a 3 sin  cos  2 2 x
 
2
 d  d   sin 1  
3a 2 sin 4 / 3  a 3 / 2 cos  3 3 3 a
Hence answer is (b)

Example 5:

 1  x2 d x2   
(a)
2
3x
 1 x  2 32
(b)
2
3

1  x2 
32

(c)
2x
3
1 x2 32
(d)
2x
3

1  x2 
Solution:

 
2
1  x 2 d(x 2 )  1  x 2 d (1  x 2 )  (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2
3
Hence answer is (b)
 Mathematics
Example 6:
3 x dx
 1 9 x


1
(a) loge 3 (sin 1 (3 x )) (b) sin1 (3 x )
loge 3

(c) loge 3 (sin 1 (3 x 2 )) (d)

1
loge 3
 
sin1 3 x 2

Solution:
3 x dx 1 dt
 1 9 x

log 3  1 t 2
where t  3 x

1 1
 sin 1 t  sin 1 (3 x )
log 3 log 3
Hence answer is (b)
Example 7:

 xx
1
4
1  dx 
 x4  1  x 2  1
(a) log  4  (b) log  2 

 x  1
  2  x  1

(c)
1  x  1
log 
4
 (d) log

x x2  1 
4  2
4  x  x 1
Solution:

x  t (t
x dx 1 dt
l 2 4
 2
where t  x 2
(x  1) 2 1)
 1 1   t 2  1 1  x 4  1

1 2 1    
     dt  log  log
 t2  4  x4 
t  1 t
4 t  1 4    
Hence answer is (c)

Example 8:
 1 
log  1  
 x2 


e dx

1
x2  2
x
 1
x 
1  1 1 x
(a) tan1  x   (b) tan1 
2  x 2  2 
 
 
 1 1  1 
(c) 2 tan1  x   (d) tan1   x
 x 2  x 
Solution:
  1 1  1  1

d x  
log 1  

x2 
d x   x 
e  x  x 1 x
 2 1 dx   2 1   tan  1 
 1
2
2  2 
x  2 x  2 x    2  
x x  x  
Hence answer is (b)
 Mathematics
Example 9:

 2  x 
dx

1 x
1
(a) 2 tan 1 1  x (b) tan1 1  x
2
(c) tan 1 1  x (d) 
log 2  x  1  x 
Solution:

 (2  x )
dx
I , put 1  x  t 2  dx  2t dt
1 x

 (1  t
2t dt
I  2
 2 tan 1 t  2 tan 1 1  x
)t
Hence answer is (a)

Example 10:
If
 tan 4
x dx  a tan3 x  b tan x  cx , then

1
(a) a (b) b  1 (c) a 1 (d) c  1
3
Solution:
Given
 tan x dx  a tan x  b tan x  cx
4 3

 tan  
4 2 12 3 2
x  tan x(sec x  1) dx  tan x  (sec x  1) dx
3
1
 tan 3 x  tan x  x
3
1
 a  , b   1, c 1
3
Hence answers are (a), (b) and (d)
 Mathematics

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:

x
dx
Evaluate : 4
(x 3  2) 3
Solution:

 x (x  2)
dx
I 4 3 3

 x 1  2 
dx
 3
13
 
 x3 
2 6
Put 1 3
t   dx  dt
x x4
3 3
 1   t  1 1
 
1 1 6dx 1
I  3 3
 4    dt
6 x   2  x 6  2  t3
1  3 
 x 
(t 3  3t 2  3t  1)  1
 1 t  t
1 1 3 3

48  t 3
dt  
48 2
  dt
t3 
1  3 1 
 t  3 ln t  t  2   C
48  2t 
2
where t  1 
x3

Example 2:

 (1  x ) (1  x
2 dx
Evaluate 2
)
Solution:
2 1 x 1
The integrand   2
(1  x ) (1  x ) 2 1 x x 1
1 1 2x 1
   2  2
1 x 2 x  1 x  1

 (1  x ) (1  x )   1  x  2  x x
2 dx dx 1 2 x dx dx
Hence 2 2
 2
1 1
1
  log (1  x )  log ( x 2  1)  tan  1 x
2

Example 3:


x
Evaluate: dx .
x2  x  1
Solution:
Express the numerator x as A  (d.c. of x2 + x + 1) + B
1 1
i.e. x  (2 x  1) 
2 2
1 (2 x  1) dx
 
1 dx
 I 
2 2
x  x 1 2 2
x  x 1
 Mathematics

 
1 du 1 dx
  where u  x 2  x  1
2 u 2 2
1 2  3 
(x  ) 
2  2 
 
 2 2
1  1  1  3 
 x  x  1   log x    x    
2 
2 2  2  2  
   
 
1  1 
 x2  x  1  log  x    x 2  x  1
2  2 

Example 4:
 1 
  1  dx .
Evaluate 
 log x (log x ) 2 
 
Solution:
1 dx
Let z  loge x  dz  dx  z
x e
1 1  1 
 
1
Now, I   2  e z dz  e z   2  dz
 z z   z z 
 1
 e z   since the integrand is of the form  e x ( f ( x )  f  ( x ) ) dx
z
x

log e x

Example 5:
Evaluate:
 cotx  tanx  dx .
Solution:

  dx   cos x  sin x
l  cot x  tan x dx
sin x cos x
cos x  sin x
 2
 2 sin x cos x
dx

cos x  sin x 
 2
 1  ( sin x  cos x ) 2
dx


dz
 2 where z  sin x  cos x
1  z2
 2 sin 1 z  2 sin 1 ( sin x  cos x )

Example 6:
x2  3
Find
x 3
 2x 2  x  2
dx .

Solution:
3 2
Note that ( x  2x  x  2)  ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2)
x2  3 A B C
   
( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2) x  1 x  1 x  2
( 1) 2  3 2 1
where A =  
( 1)  (1) ( 1  2) ( 2) ( 3 ) 3
 Mathematics

12  3 2
B  1
(1  1) (1  2) 2( 1)
22  3 1
C 
( 2  1) ( 2  1) 3
(Note: The constants are obtained respectively by putting
x = –1, in all the terms except x + 1
x = 1, in all the terms except x – 1
x = 2, in all the terms except x – 2).
( x 2  3 )dx
  x  1 dx   x  1 dx   x  2 dx
A B C

( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2)
1 1
 l n ( x  1)  l n ( x  1)  l n ( x  2)  C
3 3
1  A ( x  2) ( x  1) 3  1
 ln   where C  l n A
3  ( x  1)  3

Example 7:

 cos
dx
Evaluate : 6
.
x  sin 6 x
Solution:

 (cos  1  3 sin
dx dx
Integral = 2 2 4 2 2 4
= 2
x  sin x ) (cos x  cos x sin x  sin x ) x cos 2 x
sec 4 x dx
=
 sec 4
x  3 tan 2 x
Taking t = tan x

 1
1  2  dt
(1  t 2 ) dt (1  t 2 ) dt
 (1  t t 
 t 
= = =
2 2
)  3t 2 4
 t2 1 2 1
t  2 1
t

u
du 1
= 2
, where u = t –
1 t
1
= tan (u)
1  1 
= tan  tan x  C
 tan x 
1
= tan (tan x – cot x) + C

Example 8:
2  3 cos x
Evaluate :
 (3  2 cos x ) 2
dx

Solution:

 (g ( x) dx
f (x)
Here integrand is of the form 2

(2  3 cos x )
 (3  2 cos x )   (2cosecx  3 cot x ). (3  2 cos x )
sin x
I 2 2
dx

Integrating by parts
 1  1   2cosex cot x  3 cosec 2 x 
I  (2cosec x  3 cot x )   
 2 (3  2 cos x )  2  

 ( 3  2 cos x )
 dx


 Mathematics

2cosec x  3 cot x 1 cosec 2 x(2 cos x  3)


2(3  2 cos x )

2  (3  2 cos x )
dx

2 cos ecx  3 cot x 1

  cot x  C
2 (3  2 cos x ) 2

Example 9:

 2 sin x  3 sec x .
dx
Evaluate:

Solution:
(cos x  sin x ) dx 1 (cos x  sin x ) dx
 
dx cos x dx
 
1
I   
2 sin x  3 sec x 3  sin 2 x 2 3  sin 2 x 2 3  sin 2 x
(cos x  sin x ) dx (cos x  sin x ) dx
2  3  (1  (sin x  cos x ) ) 2  3  (sin x  cos x )  1
1 1
  2 2

in 1st integral put sinx  cosx = t

in 2nd integral put cosx + sinx = y
sin x  cos x  2  sin x  cos x 
 4t y
1 dt 1 dy 1 1
So I   ln  tan 1 

 C

2 2 2 2
2 8 sin x  cos x  2 2 2  2 

Example 10:
dx x 
Find the values of a and b such that
 1  sin x  tan  2  a   b .
Solution:
dx dx dx
 1  sin x   1  cos   x    2 cos 2  x
  
2   4 2 
2  x  x
 2 sec
1
    dx =  tan    c
 4 2 4 2
 x 
 tan    c
 2 4

Hence by comparison we get a   and b = c an arbitrary constant.
4
 Mathematics

MIND MAP

Substitution
Integration as anti derivative
(i) If  f ( x ) dx  g ( x )  c , then If f (x) = g(x), then

 f (h ( x ))h' ( x ) dx  g (h ( x ))  c
 g ( x ) dx  f ( x )  c
(ii) in x 2  a 2 put x = a tan
in x 2  a 2 put x = a sec
Partial function
in a 2  x 2 put x = a sin
f (x) A1 A2 An
   ...... 
in a  x , a  x put x = acos ( x  a) n
( x  a) ( x  a) 2
( x  a )n
in ( x  x 2  a 2 ) n put x  x 2  a 2  t g(x ) Ax B A x  Bm
(iii) If f1(x) is a function of integral of f2(x) then 2 m
 21  ....  2 m
( x  ax  b ) ( x  ax  b ) ( x  ax  b )m
in  f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx put integral of f2(x) = t.

INDEFINITE
INTEGRATION
Algebraic integrals
(i) in ax 2  bx  c By partial fraction
make the perfect square
( ax  b ) dx  f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx
(ii) in

cx 2  ex  f  
 f1( x )  f 2 ( x ) dx    f1'( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx  dx
write ax + b = A (2cx + e) + B  
(ax 2  bx  c ) dx and order of f1(x) and f2(x) are normally decided by
(iii) in  ILATE.
ex 2  fx  g
write ax2 + bx + c
= A (ex2 + fx + g) + B(2ex + f ) + C
Trigonometric integration

dx
(iv) in (i) in R (sinx, cosx)
(ax  b ) (cx 2  ex  f )
Put ax + b = 1/t If R (sinx, cosx) = R (sinx, cosx)
(ax  b) dx

Put sinx = t
(v) in
(cx  e ) fx 2  gx  h If R (sinx, cosx) = R (sinx, cosx)
Put ax + b = A(cx + e) + B Put cosx = t
(ax 2  bx  c ) dx
(vi) in

(ex  f ) gx 2  hx  i
If R (sinx, cosx) = R (sinx, cosx)
Put tanx = t
Put ax2 + bx + c
(a sin x  b cos x  c ) dx
= A (gx2 + hx + i) + B(2gx+ h) (ex + f) + C (ii) in  e sin x  f cos x  g

x dx
(vii) in
(ax  b ) (cx 2  e )
2 Put asinx + bcosx + c
Put cx2 + e = t2 = A (esinx + fcosx + g)
dx dx
(viii) in
2
ax  b cx  d
,
  ax  b  cx  d + B(ecosx  fsinx) + C

Put cx + d = t2
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – I

IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

d ( x 2  1)
1.  x2  2


(a) 2 x2  2  c (b) x2  2  c
1
(c) c (d) none of these
( x  2)3 / 2
2

ex


x
2. e e  ee  e x dx 
2
(a) ee  c
ex  ex 
(b)  ee   c
 
1 ee x
(c) e c (d) none of these
2

cos 2x
3.  (sin x  cos x ) dx  2

1
(a) c (b) log | sin x  cos x |  c
sin x  cos x
(c) log(sin x  cos x )  c (d) log(sin x  cos x )2  c

x
2
3
4. e x dx 

(a) 
x2 ex  1 + c
2
 (b)
1 2
2
2

x ex  1 + c 
(c)
1 x2
2
e x 2

1 + c (d)
1 x2
2

e 1 + c 
5. 
If f ( x )  x m 1dx , then f ( m 1) ( x )  0 if
(a) m is a negative integer (b) m=0
(c) m is not an integer (d) m is a positive integer

3
6.  | x | dx 
x4 x4
(a) c (b)  +c
4 4
| x |4
(c) +c (d) none of these
4
 Mathematics

2x dx
7.
1 x 4


1
(a) tan 1 ( x 2 ) + c (b) tan 1 x 2 + c
2
 1 
(c) log ( 1  x 4 ) + c (d) tan 1  2  + c
 x 
x2 1
8.  x4  x2 1
dx 

1  x 2  1 1  x 2  1
(a) tan 1  c (b) tan 1  c
3  3x  3  3x 
   
1  x 2  1
(c) tan 1  c
 (d) none of these
3  3x 

x2
9. If f ( x ) 
1 x2
and g ( x )  sin x , then  (fog ) ( x ) cos(x ) dx =
(a) sin x  tan 1(sin x )  c (b) cos x  tan 1(sin x )  c
(c) cos x  tan 1(sin x )  c (d) sin x  tan 1(cos x )  c

1
10. If  (sin2x  cos 2x )dx  2
sin(2x  c )  a , then

 
(a) c  , a = arbitrary constant (b) c  , a = arbitrary constant
2 6

(c) c  , a = arbitrary constant (d) none of these
4

11.
 sin 2x log cos x dx 
1 1
(a) cos 2 x  cos 2 x log cos x + c (b) cos 2 x  cos 2 x log cos x + c
2 2
(c) cos 2 x  log cos x + c (d) cos 2 x 1  log cos x  + c

sin x
12.  sin x  cos x dx is equal to

1 1 1 1
(a) x  log | sin x  cos x | c (b) x  log | sin x  cos x | c
2 2 2 2
(c) x  log | sin x  cos x | c (d) none of these

2x
13. If  1 4 x
dx  K sin 1(2 x )  c , then K is equal to

1
(a) log 2 (b) log 2
2
1 1
(c) (d)
2 log 2
 Mathematics

1   
14. 
If f ( x )  cot 4 x dx 
3
cot3 x  cot x and f    , then f (x ) 
2 2

(a)  (b) x
2
(c) x (d) x

cos x
15. If  cos x   dx  Ax  B log cos x   , then
(a) A  cos  (b) B = tan 
(c) A  sin  (d) B  cos 

1  cos x
16.  cos x (1  cos x ) dx 
x x
(a) log(sec x  tan x )  2 tan +c (b) log(sec x  tan x )  2 tan +c
2 2
x
(c) log(sec x  tan x )  tan +c (d) none of these
2

dx
17.
e x
 a 2e x
(a  1) is equal to

 1 
(a) a tan1 ex + c (b) a tan1  x  + c
e 
1  a  1  ex 
(c) tan 1  x  + c (d) tan 1   +c

a e  a  a 

 (log(log x )  (log x )
1
18. ) dx 
x
(a) x log(log x )  c (b) x log(log x )  +c
log x
x
(c) x log(log x )  c (d) none of these
log x

log( x  x 2  4 )
19.  x2  4
dx 

1 1
(a) c (b) {log( x  x 2  4 )} 2  c
x 42 2
(c) 2( x 2  4)1/ 2  c (d) none of these

2
20. If  1  sin x f ( x ) dx 
3
(1  sin x )3 / 2  c , then f (x ) is

(a) cos x (b) sin x

(c) tan x (d) 1
 Mathematics

 cot
3
21. x cosec 2 x dx 

cot 2 x cot 4 x
(a) c (b)  c
2 4
cot 3 x cot 4 x
(c) c (d) c
3 4

1 x  x  x2
22.  x  1 x
dx 

1 2
(a) 1 x  c (b) (1  x )3 / 2  c
2 3
(c) 1 x  c (d) 2( x  1)3 / 2  c

 (1  cos x ) cosec
2
23. x dx 

x x
(a) tan c (b) cot   c
2 2
1 x x
(c) tan  c (d) 2 tan c
2 2 2

x cx  c x
e
2 2
24. If b log( x  1)  2  dx  e log( x  1)  K , then
 x  1 2
1 1
(a) b  1, c  2 (b) b  , c 
3 2
1
(c) b   , c 1 (d) b  2, c  3
2

( x 4  x )1/ 4
25.  x5
dx is equal to

5/4 5/4
4  1  4 1 
(a) 1  3  c (b) 1  3  c
15  x  5 x 
5/4
4  1 
(c) 1  3  c (d) none of these
15  x 
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – II

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

 x l x l x ...I x  
1
1. If I m stands for log log .. repeated m times, then 2 n
dx is

(a) I n  1 x  + c (b) I n x  + c
1
(c) I n  1 x  + c (d) +c
x

dx
2.
x 1  x3


1 1 x2  1 1 1 x3  1
(a) log +c (b) log +c
3 1 x2  1 3 1 x3  1

2 1 1
(c) log +c (d) log 1  x 3 +c
3 1 x3 3

dx
3. x 1/ 5
(1  x 4 / 5 )1 2


5
(a) 1 x 4/5  c (b) 1 x4/5  c
2
(c) x 4 / 5 (1  x 4 / 5 )1/ 2  c (d) none of these

x
3
4 The value of log x dx is
1 4 1
(a) { x log x  4 x 4  c } (b) {4 x 4 log x  x 4  c }
8 16
x 4 log x 1
(c) c (d) {4 x 4 log x  x 4  c }
4 16
1  x 
5.  e cos x 1 

 dx 
1  x 2 
1 1
(a) 1  x 2 e cos x
c (b) xe cos x
c
1
(c)  1  x 2 e cos x
c (d) none of these

1 x
6. x 1 x
dx 

x  1 x  1
(a)   1 1  x 2  sin 1 x + c (b)   1 1  x 2  sin 1 x + c
2  2 2  2
1 1
(c) 1 x 2  sin x + c (d) none of these
2
 Mathematics

1
7.  (e x
 1) 2
dx 

1 1
(a) x  log(e x  1)  x
+c (b) x  log(e x  1)  x
+c
e 1 e 1
1
(c) x  log(e x  1)  +c (d) none of these
ex  1

 1 1

8. If f ( x )  lim n 2  x n  x n 1 , x  0 , then
n  



 xf ( x ) dx is

1 2
(a) 0 (b) x
2
1 3
(c) x (d) none of these
3

1
9.  x( x n
 1)
dx 

xn 1 xn
(a) log +c (b) log n +c
xn 1 n x 1
1 xn
(c) log n +c (d) none of these
2n x 1

dx
10.  (1  x ) x  x2
is equal to

x 1  x  1
(a) c (b) 2 c
1 x  1 x 
 
2(1  x )
(c) c (d) none of these
1 x

dx
11.  3
sin x sin( x   )
is equal to

(a) cos   sin  cot x  c (b)  2 cos   sin  cot x  c

(c)  2 cos ec cos   sin  cot x  c (d) none of these

 g( x )dx  f ( x ) , then  x
3
12. If g ( x 2 ) dx is equal to

(a)
1
2
x f ( x )   f ( x )
2 2 2
dx (b)
2

1 2 2

x f (x )  f (x 2 )d(x 2 ) 
1 2 1 
 f ( x )
2
(c)  x f (x)  dx  (d) none of these
2 2 

13. If a function f is such that f " ( x )  sec 4 x  4, f ' (0)  0 and f (0 )  0 , then the function is
2 1 1
(a) log | sec x |  tan2 x  2 x 2 (b) log | sec x |  tan2 x  x 2
3 6 3
2 1
(c) log | sec x |  tan2 x  2x 2 (d) none of these
3 6
 Mathematics

dx
14. x an  x n
is equal to

1 an  x n  an 1 an  x n  an
(a) log c (b) log c
n an  x n  an n an an  x n  an

1 an  x n  an
(c) log c (d) none of these
an an  x n  an

1/ 2
 cos x  cos 3 x 
15.   
 1  cos 3 x  dx is equal to
 
1 1 2 1
(a) sin (cos3 / 2 x )  c (b)  sin (cos3 / 2 x )  c
3 3
4
(c) sin 1(cos3 / 2 x )  c (d) none of these
9

x2 1
16. x ( x 2  x  1)( x 2  x  1)
dx is equal to

 x 2  x  1  x 2   x  1 
(a) log c
 x 
 
 x  x  1  x   x  1 
2 2
(b) 2 log c
 x 
 
(c) log x  x  1  x  x  1  c
2 2
 
(d) none of these

1
17.  [( x  1) 3
( x  2) 5 ] 1 / 4
dx is equal to

1/ 4 1/ 4
4  x 1  4 x 2
(a)   +c (b)   c
3 x 2 3  x 1 
1/ 4 1/ 4
1  x 1  1 x 2
(c)   +c (d)   c
3 x 2 3  x 1 
cos 3 x  cos 5 x
18.  sin 2 x  sin 4 x
dx 

(a) sin x  (2 / sin x )  6 tan 1(sin x )  c (b) sin x  (2 / sin x )  5 tan1(sin x )  c

(c) sin x  6 tan1(sin x )  c (d) none of these

log( x  1  x 2 )
19. If  1 x 2
dx  (fog )x  c , then the functions f and g are respectively

(a) log 1  x 2 , x (b) log( x  1  x 2 ), x 2

x2
(c) , log( x  1  x 2 ) (d) none of these
2
 Mathematics

e x ( x  1)
20.  ( x  1)3
dx 

ex ex
(a) +c (b) +c
x 1 ( x  1)2
ex ex
(c)  +c (d)  +c
x 1 ( x  1) 2

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

dx
1. If  2  3x  x 2
 GF ( x )  c , then G x , F x  is

2x  3
(a) G x   tan 1 x (b) F x  
17
1 1 x
(c) Gx   sin 1 x (d) G x   log
17 1 x

 x log(1 x
2
2. If ) dx  ( x )  log(1  x 2 )  ( x )  c , then

1 x 2 1 x 2
(a) ( x )  (b) ( x ) 
2 2
1 x 2 1 x 2
(c) ( x )   (d) ( x )  
2 2

 e f ( x )  f ( x )dx  ( x ); then
x
3. Let

 e  f ( x )  dx  2 ( x )  e f ( x )  
1
e
x
(a) x x
(b)  f ( x )  dx  ( x )  e x f ( x )

(c)  e  dx  2e 
x 2 x 2
(d)  (e
x 2
)  dx 
2
 
1 x
e
2

4.  cos
sin 2 x
2 2
x  5 sin x

dx  1 log  2 cos 2 x   3 sin 2 x   4 , then 
1
(a) 1 = , 2 = 1 (b) 2 = 5, 3 = 1
4
1
(c) 3 = 5, 1 = (d) 4 > 0
4

 sin x  dx  a2  x cos x   b  

2/3
5. 3 3 3
x  sin 3 x
(a) a = 3 (b) b = 2
(c) a = 1 (d) b = 1

6.  sin x d sec x   f x   g x   c , then

(a) f x   sec x (b) f x   tan x
(c) g x   2 x (d) g x   x
 Mathematics

7. If I   sec 2 x cosec 4 x dx  K cot 3 x  L tan x  M cot x  C , then

1
(a) K   (b) L = 2
3
(c) M  2 (d) none of these

 u2 u9 
8. If I n  cot n x dx and I 0  I1  2I 2  .......  I 8   I 9  I10  A u 
  ......   , where

 2 9 
u  cot x , then
(a) A is constant (b) A = –1
(c) A = 1 (d) A is dependent on x

dx
9. The value of 
1 e cos x
must be same as

1  1 e x
(a) tan 1  tan   c , (e lies between 0 and 1)
 1 e 2 
1 e2 
2  1 e x
(b) tan 1  tan   c , (e lies between 0 and 1
 1 e 2 
1 e2 
1 e  cos x  e 2  1 sin x
(c) log  c, (e is greater than 1)
e2  1 1  e cos x

2 e  cos x  e 2  1 sin x
(d) log  c , (e is greater than 1)
e2  1 1  e cos x

1
10. The integral of must be
sin x  tan 2 x2

1 1  1  1 1  1 
(a)  tan x  tan 1  tan x    c (b)  cot x  tan 1  tan x   c
2  2  2   2  2  2 
 1  1  1 1  1 
(c)  cot x  tan 1  tan x   c (d)  cot x  cot 1  tan x   c
 2  2  2  2  2 
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – III

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II

1.

Column I Column II
 x  cos x 
2 2
cosec x
I.  
 1 x 2

 cosec 2 x dx


= A cot 1 x  B
sec x
,
A. A = 1
then
32
B
II. x  x 2  2 dx = 3A  x  x 2  2   ,
   x  x 2  1 B. A = –1
 
then
2  x  x2
III.  x2
dx

2  x  x2 B  4  x  2 2 2  x  x 2 

=A  C. B = 2
x 4 2  x 

 2x  1
 sin 1   , then
 3 

IV.  4
sin 2 x
4
 
dx  B cot 1 tan 2 x , then
D. A = 3
sin x  cos x
E. B = –1
 Mathematics
REASONING TYPE
Direction: Read the following questions and choose:
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.

1. Statement-1 :  f x  dx  k  g x  dx; k  R  f x   kg x  .
Statement-2 :  f x   kg x  dx  0  f x   kg x   0 .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
dx 1 x  2  sin 2 
2. Statement-1 :  
x 2  2  sin 2  2 2  sin 2 
ln
x  2  sin 
 c , x R.

dx 1 x 
Statement-2 :  2
x 

2 
ln
x 
 c , where  is any real constant.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

 x
 tan 
dx
10 2   4  sin x  .
3. Statement-1 :  
5  4 cos x  27
2
tan 1 
 3  9  5  4 cos x 
 
 
dx
Statement-2 : In order to evaluate the integral of type 
a  b cos x 2
integration by

parts can be used.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
dx
4. Statement-1 : If a > 0 and b 2  4ac  0 , then the value of the integral  2
ax  bx  c
xA
will be of the type  tan 1  C , where A, B, C,  are constants.
B
Statement-2 : If a  0, b 2  4ac  0 , then ax 2  bx  c can be written as sum of two
squares.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

y x  y   x ,
2
5. Statement-1 : If y is a function of x such that then
dx 1
  [logx  y   1]
2

x  3y 2
dx
Statement-2 :   logx  3y   c .
x  3y
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
 Mathematics
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Integrals of class of functions following a definite pattern can be found by the method of
reduction and recursion. If the integral of member of the class having positive integral
power can be found, then the other member of the class can be found by successive
application of the recursion formula. In case of definite integrals, the limits can be put in
the portion which has been integrated. While deriving a recursion formula, we integrate by
parts and try to bring back the original integral.
For example, let

 sin x 
n
In  dx ,

  sin x  sin x dx = sin x   cos x    n  1sin x n 2 cos x  cos x  dx

n 1 n 1
Then In

=  sin x  cos x  n  1
 sin x  cos x dx
n 1 n 2 2

=  sin x  cos x  n  1 sin x  1  sin x  dx

n 1 n 2 2

=  sin x n 1 cos x  n  1I n 2  n  1I n

 nI n  sin x 
n 1
cos x  n  1I n 2  In 
sin x  cos x n  1
n 1
 I n 2
n n
which is the required reduction formula. If I 0 and I1 are known all I n ’s can be determined.
Indeed I 0  x  c and I 1   cos x  c

1. If I n   tan n x dx , then the value of I 3 must be equal to

(a) sec 2 x  log cos x  c (b) sec 2 x  log cos x  c

1 1
(c) sec 2 x  log cos x  c (d) sec 2 x  log cos x  c
2 2

2. If I n   tan n x dx , then

tan n 1 x tan n 2 x
(a) I n   I n 2 (b) I n   I n 1
n 1 n2
tan n 1 x
(c) I n   I n 1 (d) none of these
n 1

 x m 1  x  dx , then I m, n is equal to
n
3. If I m, n 
0

n m
(a) I m 1, n 1 (b) I m 1, n 1
m 1 n 1
m
(c) I m 1, n 1 (d) none of these
m  n 1

 log x 
n
4. If I n  dx , then I n  n . I n 1 is equal to

(a) x log x n (b) x log x n

(c) log x n 1 (d) n . log x 
n
 Mathematics
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

Evaluate the following integrals (question 1 to 9) with respect to x:

1
1.  sin x 3  2 cos x  dx
1
2. a 2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2
dx

sin x
3.  sin 3x dx

4.  cosec 2 x  2 dx

1 3 a  x
5.  1 3
ax
dx

 x cos 3 x  sin x 
6.  e sin x 
 cos 2 x
 dx



x3  5
7.  ( x  5)3 ( x  1)
dx

1 x
8.  x(1  x e x 2
)
dx

 10
log2 x
9. dx

10. Evaluate:
 2x  2 
(i)  sin 1   dx
 2 
 4 x  8 x  13 

 x  
3m 1m
(ii) For any natural number m, evaluate  x 2m  x m 2 x 2 m  3 x m  6 dx, x  0 .
 Mathematics

ANSWERS

EXERCISE – I

IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)

11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a)

16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a)

EXERCISE – II

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)

13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a)

17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)

21. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b)

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1.(b, d) 2. (a, c) 3. (a, d) 4. (a, c) 5. (a, b)

6. (b, d) 7. (a, c) 8. (a, b) 9. (b, c) 10. (b, d)

EXERCISE – III

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I-(A), (E), II-(A),(C) III-(C), (E), IV-(E)

 Mathematics
REASONING TYPE

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a)

EXERCISE – IV

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1 1 2
1. log (1  cos x )  log (1  cos x )  log ( 3  2 cos x ) + c
10 2 5

1  a tan x 
2. tan 1  + c
ab  b 

1 3  tan x
3. log +c
2 3 3  tan x

4.  log  cot x  cot 2 x  1   2 log

 
 
2 cos x  cos 2 x + c

5.  [6 ln | t  1| + t3 + 3t2 + 6t ] + c, where t  3 a  x

6. esin (x  secx) + c

35 85 1 65 1 3
7. ln x  5    ln x  1  c
32 8 ( x  5) 4 ( x  5 ) 2
32

xe x 1
8. ln x
 c
1  xe 1  xe x

x log2 20
9. c
log 2 20

10. (i) x  1 tan 1  2x  2   3 log4 x 2  8 x  13   c

 3  4

(ii)
1
6m  1

. 2x 3 m  3 x 2m  6 x m 
m 1 m
c