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Chemistry Definitions by Usman Sir

This document provides information about key chemistry concepts including: 1) Avogadro's constant, moles, molar mass, and how they relate to determining the number of particles in a sample of matter. 2) How to determine the empirical formula of a compound from its percentage composition. 3) The rules for writing balanced chemical equations, including ionic equations. 4) The three methods for calculating the amount of a substance in moles using mass, molarity, and volume. 5) Definitions and relationships involving concentration, molar volume, and calculating number of particles from moles.

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Mohammad usman
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155 views2 pages

Chemistry Definitions by Usman Sir

This document provides information about key chemistry concepts including: 1) Avogadro's constant, moles, molar mass, and how they relate to determining the number of particles in a sample of matter. 2) How to determine the empirical formula of a compound from its percentage composition. 3) The rules for writing balanced chemical equations, including ionic equations. 4) The three methods for calculating the amount of a substance in moles using mass, molarity, and volume. 5) Definitions and relationships involving concentration, molar volume, and calculating number of particles from moles.

Uploaded by

Mohammad usman
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Work of Hamza (Mathemagician) Unit 1.

Unit 1.2: Formulae, equations and moles

Learning bit:-

Avogadros constant is the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon-12
isotope. It is equal to 6.02x 10^23 mol^-1.

One mole of a substance is the amount of that substance that contains 6.02x 10^23
particles of that substance. This means that one mole of a substance is its relative
atomic or molecular mass expressed in grams.

The molar mass of a substance is the mass (in grams) of one mole.

Amount of substance is the number of moles of that substance.

The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of the elements in the
compound.

Calculation of empirical formulae from percentage data

Easy way of calculating it: -

Element % of element %/Ar Divide by lowest


Carbon 48.7 48.7/12 = 4.1 4.1/2.7=1.5
Hydrogen 8.1 8.1/1 = 8.1 8.1 / 2.7 = 3
Oxygen 43.2 43.2 / 16 = 2.7 2.7 / 2.7 = 1

The last column gives the empirical formula, but if any value in this column comes to
a non-integer value, multiply it by 2 or 4 etc
So here, the empirical formula is C3H6O2.

Equations
These must balance. The number of atoms of an element on one side of the equation
must be = to the other side

Ionic equations
3 rules: -
1. Write the ions separately for solutions of ionic compounds
2. Write full ‘molecular’ formulae for solids and all covalent substances
3. Spectator ions must be cancelled and so do not appear in the final equation.
***they must also balance for charge***
Work of Hamza (Mathemagician) Unit 1.2

Moles
There are 3 ways of calculating the amount of substance (in moles):

1. For pure substance (X)


Amount of X (in moles) = mass of X (in grams)/its molar mass

2. For solutions:
The amount of solute = concentration (in mol dm^-3) x volume (in dm^3)

3. For gases:
Amount of gas (in moles) = volume (in dm^3)/molar volume

***the molar volume of a gas is 24 dm^3 mol^-1, measured @ standard


conditions***

Calculation of number of particles

The no of particles can be calculated from the number of moles.


 The number of molecules = moles * avogadros constant

 The number of ions = moles * avogadros constant * number of ions in


the formula

Other stuff
Concentration of solutions: -

This is either: amount of solute (in moles)/ volume of solution in dm^-3


units: mol dm^-3
or:
mass of solute (in grams)/ volume of solution in dm^-3
units: g dm^-3

oh, and DON’T round up numbers during the calculation!!

The above is all what you really need to know. Its just about applying to different
situations. Such as titrations etc. Try writing out what you have before attempting the
question.

The only way to get good at these questions are by practice!!! They are easy marks in
the exam! 

-Mathemagician

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