UNIT 6
6.1– THE MOLE
₋ Mole – (of subs) is the amount that contains the same number of units as the number of
carbon atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 (units can be atoms, molecules or ions)
o 24g of Mg contains same am atoms as 12 g carbon 12
₋ One mole of a substance is obtained by weighing out the Ar or Mr of a substance in grams.
Avogadro constant
- 12 g of carbon-12 contains 6.02x1023 carbon atoms – Avogrado constant
Finding the mass of a mole
- Write down symbol or formula
- Find its Ar or Mr
- Express mass in grams
- Mass of a N of moles=mass of 1mole x number of moles
mass
- Number of moles∈mass=
mass of 1mole
6.2 – CALCULATIONS FROM EQUATIONS USING THE MOLE
An equation tells you
- How many moles of each substance take part
- How many grams of each substance take part
- Ex
o 1 mole of carbon atoms reacts with 1 mole of oxygen molecules to give one mole of
carbon dioxide molecule
Calclulating masses from equations
1. Write balanced equation for the reaction (it gives moles)
2. Write down Ar or Mr for each of the substances
3. Using Ar or Mr change the moles in equation for grams
4. Once you know theoretical masses from equation you can find any actual mass
Working out equations from masses
1. Write down Ar or Mr for each of the substances
2. Change masses to moles of atoms ( g/Ar moles)
3. Write down equation
4. Add state symbols
6.2– REACTIONS INVOLVING GASSES
REMEMBER: Unit for V is dm3 NOT L
₋ Rtp - room t and pressure – 20ºC and 1 atmosphere
₋ Avogadro’s Law: 1 mole of every gas occupies the same volume at the same T and
pressure. At rtp it is 24dm3.
₋ Molar volume - volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas. 24dm3 at rtp.
₋ Two jars of diff gases occupying the same space have same N of molecules.
Calculating gas volumes from equations:
1. Write down equation for reaction
2. 1 molecule is like one volume. Ex: one volume of a substance will react w/2 volumes of
another
3. Volume of 2nd substance x amount of times of the other substance
4. V ( gas )=number of moles x 24 dm3
6.4 – CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
₋ Concentration of a solution - amount of solute, in g or moles that is dissolved in 1 dm3 of a
solution. g/dm3
mol number of moles
( )
₋ Concentration dm 3 =
volume of solution( Dm 3)
Finding concentration in moles
1. Change mass of solute to moles by dividing grams by MR
2. Divide amount of solute with the volume of solution
3. Mol/dm3 can be written as M
Finding amount of solute in a solution
1. Amount of solute (mol) = concentration M (mol/dm3) x volume (dm3)
2. Then you can convert moles to grams by multiplying amount of moles by MR.
6.5 – FINDING THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA
- Empirical formula – shows simplest ratio in which atoms combine
- A formula of a compound tells you:
o How many moles of diff atoms combine
o How many grams of diff elements combine
Finding the empirical formula
- If you know what masses combine, you can find the formula
1. Find the masses that combine (g) by experiment
2. Change grams to moles of atoms
3. Tells you ratio in which they combine
4. Write down formula
o Table
Elements that combine
Masses that combine
Ar
Moles of atoms that combine ex- 32/32=1
Ratio in which atoms combine ex – 1:2
Empirical formula
6.6 – FROM EMPIRICAL TO FINAL FORMULA
₋ Ionic compound – molecular / final formula is the same as its empirical formula
₋ Molecular compound – sometimes molecular formula isn’t the same as empirical -
common in organic compounds Hydrocarbon - a compound that contains only hydrogen
and carbon
₋ Molecular formula: shows the actual number of atoms that combine to form a molecule
(in the empirical formula it may be simplified)
How to find molecular formula
1. Find empirical formula
2. Find empirical mass: mass calculated using the empirical formula and Ar values
3. Use Mr to find out molecular formula
Mr
- =n ( number )
empirical mass for the compound
4. Multiply numbers in empirical formula by n
- So, molecular formula is n x empirical formula
5. Write final formula
Find molecular formula from mass %
1. Find empirical formula for compound.
If substance is n%, out of 100% of compound substance is ng out of 100g of
compound
Change masses to moles
Give ratio of moles as whole numbers es 1:2.25 – 4:9
2. Use Mr to find molecular formula
Mr
EMPIRICAL MASS
3. Calculate n
4. Multiply n by numbers in empirical formula
6.7 – FINDING % YIELD AND % PURITY
Yield: amount of product you obtain from a reaction
- Maximum yield: calculated amount of product if we expect reaction to work at 100%
actual mass obtained
₋ % yield= calculated mass ×100 %
1. Calculate Mr using Ar
2. Calculate moles (mass/Mr)
3. To calculate calculated mass of reaction multiply equaled mole by Mr of final product in
grams - ex: 1 mole of X gives 1 mole of Y – 1molY x g of final product= Zg
4. Calculate % yield
% Purity
Mass of pure product
- %purity = ×100 %
mass of impure product obtained
1. Calculate Mr of final product
2. Calculate mole of impurity
3. Moles of product reacts with the same amount of moles of impurity
4. Multiply moles of pure subs by Mr of final product (mass of pure product)
5. Calculate % purity
Percentage of composition: tells how much of e/ element it contains as % of total ass
mass of element
- %composition= ×100 %
molecular mass
