When a liquid evaporates its go through a process where

 the liquid heats up to the evaporation temperature

 the liquid evaporate at the evaporation temperature by changing state from fluid to gas

 the vapor heats above the evaporation temperature - superheating

The heat transferred to a substance when temperature changes is often referred to as sensible heat.
The heat required for changing state as evaporation is referred to as latent heat of evaporation.

The most common vapor is evaporated water - steam or moist.

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of a system is defined as the mass of the system - m - multiplied by the specific enthalpy - h - of
the system and can be expressed as:

H = m h (1)

where

H = enthalpy (kJ)

m = mass (kg)

h = specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Specific Enthalpy

Specific enthalpy is a property of the fluid and can be expressed as:

h=u+pv (2)

where

u = internal energy (kJ/kg)

p = absolute pressure (N/m2)

v = specific volume (m3/kg)

Part of the water vapor - steam - properties can be expressed in a table as:

p ts vf vg uf ug hf hg sf sg
(bar) (oC) (m3/kg) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg.K)

0.0061121) 0.01 0.0010002 206.1 0 2,375 0.0006 2,501 0 9.155

0,010 7.0 0.0010001 129.2 29 2,385 29 2,514 0.106 8.974

. . . . . . . . . .

1.01325 2) 100.0 0.001044 1.673 419 2,507 419 2,676 1.307 7.355
p ts vf vg uf ug hf hg sf sg
(bar) (oC) (m3/kg) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg.K)

. . . . . . . . . .

220 373.7 0.00269 0.00368 1,949 2,097 2,008 2,178 4.289 4.552

221.2 3) 374.15 0.00317 0.00317 2,014 2,014 2,084 2,084 4.430 4.430

 s is the steam entropy

 suffix - f - referrer to saturated liquid

 suffix - g - referrer to saturated vapor - steam

Internal energy - u - can be calculated from (2) and is often omitted in tables. vf - change very little and is
also often omitted.

 1)
referrer to absolute vacuum.

 2)
referrer to water boiling at standard atmosphere.

 3)
referrer to water critical point. For pressures above the critical point there is no definite
transition from liquid to vapor.

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water

Specific enthalpy of saturated water - hf - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on
the pressure.

For saturated water at standard atmosphere - 2) -the specific enthalpy - hf - is 419 kJ/kg. At standard
atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at100 oC (212 oF).

The specific enthalpy of water (in SI units) can be calculated from:

hf = cw (tf - t0) (3)

where

hf = enthalpy of water (kJ/kg)

cw = specific heat of water = 4.19 (kJ/kg.oC)

tf = saturation temperature (oC)

t0 = refer temperature = 0 (oC)

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Steam

Specific enthalpy of saturated steam - hg - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on
the pressure.

For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - 2) - the specific enthalpy - hg - is 2676 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from:

he = hg - hf (4)

where

he = specific evaporation enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Specific evaporation enthalpy for water at standard atmosphere is:

he = (2676 kJ/kg) - (419 kJ/kg)

= 2257 (kJ/kg)

Specific Enthalpy of Superheated Steam

The specific enthalpy of superheated steam can be calculated from:

hs = hg + cps (ts - tf) (5)

where

hs = enthalpy of superheated steam (kJ/kg)

cps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC)

tf = saturation temperature (oC)

ts = superheated steam temperature (oC)

cps = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC) at standard atmosphere. Be aware that cps varies with temperature.

Common Units for Specific Enthalpy

 1 kJ/kg = 1,000 J/kg

 1 erg/g = 1E-4 J/kg

 1 Btu/lbm = 2,326 J/kg

 1 cal/g = 4,184 J/kg

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Related Topics

 Gas and Compressed Air - Gas properties, capacities of pipelines, sizing of relief valves - air,
LNG, LPG and more

 Thermodynamics - Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications

Related Documents

 Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure in Bar - The Saturated Steam Table with properties as
boiling point, specific volume, density, specific enthalpy, specific heat and latent heat of
vaporization
  Enthalpy of Wet Steam - Wet steam, dryness fraction and enthalpy

 Fluids - Latent Heat of Evaporation - Latent heat of vaporization of some common fluids -
alcohol, ether, nitrogen, water and more ..

 Enthalpy of Superheated Steam - A table with the enthalpy of steam superheated to

 Heating Water by Injection Steam - Water can be heated by injecting steam

 Heat Transferred by Condensing Steam - Calculate heat transferred by condensing steam

 Mollier Diagram for Water-Steam - Enthalpy-entropy diagram for water and steam

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